Descriptive metadata strategy for TEI headers a University of Michigan Library case study
Identifieur interne : 000089 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000088; suivant : 000090Descriptive metadata strategy for TEI headers a University of Michigan Library case study
Auteurs : Lynn Marko ; Christina PowellSource :
- OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives [ 1065-075X ] ; 2001-09-01.
Abstract
The Text Encoding Initiative TEI standard was developed for the humanities scholars to encode textual documents for data interchange and analytic research. Its header segment contains rich tag sets, which can sufficiently support library cataloging practice with AACR2 rules and authority control. Presents a strategy that is currently used by the Making of America MoA project for transferring complete MARC data created on the librarys online system to the header of the TEI encoded documents. Also describes the cooperation for achieving this task between the Digital Library Production Services DLPS and Monograph Cataloging Division at the University of Michigan Library.
Url:
DOI: 10.1108/10650750110402585
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ISTEX:38BF70918547BEE9E68D9494483E5A51821FE88DLe document en format XML
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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="case-report"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oclc</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/oclc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1065-075X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MCB UP Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/10650750110402585</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">1640170302.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">1640170302</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">case-report</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Case study</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-RMP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Records management & preservation</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IREP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information repositories</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Descriptive metadata strategy for TEI headers: a University of Michigan Library case study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Lynn</given-names> <surname>Marko</surname></string-name><aff>Librarian, Library Technical/Access Services, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Christina</given-names> <surname>Powell</surname></string-name><aff>Associate Librarian, Coordinator, Humanities Text Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Abor, Michigan, USA.</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2001</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>117</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© MCB UP Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2001</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="10650750110402585.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) standard was developed for the humanities scholars to encode textual documents for data interchange and analytic research. Its header segment contains rich tag sets, which can sufficiently support library cataloging practice with AACR2 rules and authority control. Presents a strategy that is currently used by the Making of America (MoA) project for transferring complete MARC data created on the library’s online system to the header of the TEI encoded documents. Also describes the cooperation for achieving this task between the Digital Library Production Services (DLPS) and Monograph Cataloging Division at the University of Michigan Library.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Libraries</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Electronic data interchange</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Computer languages</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Cataloguing</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><ack><p>The developmental work for this effort occurred in the Digital Library Production Service, headed by John Price Wilkin.</p></ack></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>For the last several years, librarians have pondered the practical relationships between the primary metadata schema used in libraries, AACR2 and MARC, and other primary metadata systems. Description and access rules will continue to play an important part in predictable service delivery by libraries. However, as they develop repositories of data not encoded using the predominant MARC system, it will be important to explore strategies for maintaining different types of metadata in their native states to avoid data and functionality loss. At the same time, the well‐developed rules of AACR2 for description are understood at least generally by many scholarly communities. As a result of that common understanding, it would seem beneficial to examine ways to transfer AACR2 managed content as well as authority control into other library uses without mapping one encoding scheme into another. One of those opportunities to test how metadata schema can relate to each other is presented by object data encoded in Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) headers as well as MARC/AACR2 bibliographic records.</p><p>TEI is an international project exploring the encoding of electronic textual materials. It is an effort that grew out of technology‐based textual analysis applications employed by humanities scholars. The initiative began in l987 as a joint project of the Association of Computers in the Humanities, the Association of Computational Linguistics, and the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing. One of this effort’s many outcomes was a modular and extensible SGML document type definition (DTD) that has been widely used by humanities scholars. Another was the publication of the <italic>TEI Guidelines</italic>, edited by Michael Sperberg‐McQueen and Lou Burnard. To this day, TEI continues to develop and maintain encoding standards for electronic textual materials for research. It has created base tag sets that are suggested for various genres of literary text, such as drama or transcribed manuscripts. A TEI header precedes the text, allowing the text editor to provide bibliographic history and provenance information, as well as information about the electronic text and its creation (name of the encoder, file size, file availability, encoding practices, etc.). It is this capacity for additional information that the University of Michigan Library is exploring.</p></sec><sec><title>Digital Library Production Services</title><p>The University of Michigan Library is a very large, well‐known research library. In addition to acquiring, preserving, and providing access to a wide range of materials, it has established strategic partnerships with campus initiatives to extend its service to the digital frontier. One such partnership, with the Information Technology Division, the Media Union, and the School of Information resulted in the development of the Digital Library Program. The Digital Library Production Services (DLPS) is an outgrowth of these efforts established in l996 to provide production level (24/7) support for digital resources. This support includes both access systems and digitization services. DLPS can be visited on the Web at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.umdl.umich.edu">http://www.umdl.umich. edu</ext-link>. One of DLPS’s major roles is the operation and maintenance of digital collections for the campus. Although this article will focus on the text collections, the service is not limited to text and in fact provides support for materials such as museum images, visual resources, and numeric and spatial data.</p><p>DLPS has become a content provider for materials being reformatted, in addition to materials leased and purchased by the library. One of the most extensive endeavors is the Making of America Project (MoA), undertaken with support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Making of America is a digital library collection of American imprints from the mid to late nineteenth century in such fields as education, psychology, history, religion, science, and technology. At the present time, the collection contains images for approximately 8,500 monographs and 50,000 journal articles: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://moa.umdl.umich.edu">http://moa.umdl.umich.edu</ext-link>. This is an important collection, but only one of many managed by DLPS. This extensive effort has led to collaboration between various parts of the library, including the Monograph Cataloging Division.</p><p>Pages selected for inclusion in MoA were captured at 600dpi in TIFF image format and compressed using CCITT Group 4. Minimal information about each page (such as number, sequence, and special features) was captured by the contracted to do the scanning. The images were then converted to text by DLPS staff using Prime Recognition optical character recognition (OCR) software. Then, an automated process concatenated all the converted pages for a given document into a single SGML file with gross divisions, inserted SGML page break tags, information about the page images from the database created by the vendor to associate the page of text with its page image, and then combined the document text to the TEI header. The texts were then encoded using the TEI Lite DTD. TEI Lite is a smaller tag subset developed for scholars and text creators who do not need the level of detail in larger TEI DTDs. MoA uses very few elements outside of the TEI header, so TEI Lite was sufficient. More information about the first round of this process is available in the online D‐Lib Magazine at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july97/america/07shaw.html">http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july97/america/07shaw.html</ext-link>. It is important to note that the Notis IDs in original MARC records are used by the vendor to track and name the e‐texts. In many ways, the original MARC record informs the text creation, storage, and access processes.</p></sec><sec><title>Crosswalk between TEI and MARC</title><p>TEI headers contain important information about the subsequent text, including what is often thought of as bibliographic data. There is a close relationship between the TEI header and a MARC‐structured bibliographic record. There always has been communication between the TEI and MARC communities, often facilitated by e‐text centers or text creation groups such as Michigan’s DLPS. Common interests have led the Library of Congress to produce a MARC to SGML crosswalk <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/marcsgml.html">http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/marcsgml.html</ext-link>. Furthermore, to foster and facilitate communication between the two communities, the Library of Congress and the Digital Library Federation presented a workshop, “TEI and XML in Digital Libraries” in June, l998. Several groups of librarians who attended this workshop prepared follow‐up recommendations, including “TEI/MARC best practices focusing on the TEI header” <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jaheim/teiguide.html">http://www‐personal.umich.edu/∼jaheim/teiguide.html</ext-link>, which resulted from an effort led by Judy Ahronheim of the University of Michigan and Jaclyn Shieh, then of the University of Virginia. This document outlines a common header practice and offers suggestions for how communities can format data to benefit each other.</p><p>At Michigan, we have developed descriptive metadata practices that take advantage of both the strong content standards and authority control inherent in AACR2/MARC systems, as well as the information‐rich full text encoding important to scholars. This was achieved by reapplying existing MARC data to the TEI header rather than trying to recreate data independently by hand for each TEI header, whether this was done by staff in DLPS or descriptive cataloging units. We have learned that authoritative descriptive metadata needs to be created just once. For example, in the case of the MoA, DLPS would search for a complete record in the library’s online catalog, Mirlyn. The complete record would then be extracted from the catalog and used to fill in the TEI header using Perl scripts; the scripts apply MARC fields to appropriate sections of the header, following conventions suggested in Ahronheim and Shieh’s <italic>Best Practices</italic> guide. The MARC record in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640170302001">Figure 1</xref> would result in an original source description (SOURCEDESC) in the TEI header, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640170302002">Figure 2</xref>. Other MARC fields are encoded into other TEI header elements, including subject headings. Nothing in the MARC record is discarded</p><p>The MARC 035 field becomes the identification number (the element “IDNO” in the TEI DTD) for the text, so the TEI header and the MARC record remain linked by that element. This allows catalog extraction and refreshing of TEI header data to occur on a regular basis, taking advantage of the catalog heading management that is a regular part of Monograph Cataloging Division services. This linkage also highlights inconsistent cataloging practice that need adjustment in the online catalog, Mirlyn. In this way, both sets of records remain consistent with best cataloging practices. At the present time, it is relatively easy for this transformation to occur for materials with MARC records. The hope for the future is that we would be able to transform texts with TEI headers into MARC records just as easily.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Initially, digital libraries all too often developed parallel to, but not in association with more traditional library endeavors. Several years ago, it became clear that this was not a forward‐looking organizational model. Collaborative efforts highlighted a different model that takes strengths from both tradition and innovation to provide integrated library services. This integration has generated important added value for the library patron. Furthermore, it has brought significant value to the library in the consistent management of bibliographic records and digital holdings. Authority control management makes its way into both systems without replicated effort and expertise. Digital content will always be represented by the current data from the latest catalog extraction. Inconsistent past cataloging is highlighted and brought up to current standards in both systems. As this collaboration grows, hopefully data that now exists only in TEI headers will move into the MARC‐based catalog through a reverse process. Should TEI header formats become standardized by the scholarly, e‐text, and library communities, there would be many advantages in that other institutions could take advantage of the concepts outlined above. It would be possible for scholarly and AACR2/MARC data to have dual purposes. Content standards as represented by AACR2 could be maintained over time in both communities. Finally, as has happened at our institution, the opportunities for metadata exchange would foster communication between several communities, thereby influencing standards development and maintenance to the benefit of all.</p></sec><sec><title>Implications for practitioners</title><p>This summary has been provided to allow a rapid appreciation of the significance of the content of this article. Browsers may then choose to read the article in toto, to derive full benefit from the authors’ work.</p><p><italic>The University of Michigan Library is at the forefront of investigations into the way primary metadata schemes connect with one another.</italic></p><p><italic>One way to explore this area is offered by object data encoded in Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) headers and MARC/AACR2 bibliographic records. TEI, an international project exploring the encoding of electronic textual manuals, started 14 years ago. A TEI header allows the text editor to provide bibliographic history and information on the electronic text and its creation.</italic></p><p><italic>At Michigan the library is exploring this capacity for additional information through a variety of initiatives. It has also established strategic partnerships to extend digital services. They include the Digital Library Production Service (DLPS) which supports both access systems and digitization services.</italic></p><p><italic>DLPS grew out of efforts five years ago to provide production level support for digital resources and it plays a major role in operation and maintenance of digital collections for the campus. It has become a content provider for materials being reformatted, as well as those leased and bought by the library. The Making of America Project, supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, is one such initiative.</italic></p><p><italic>Text creation groups such as DLPS also support communication between TEI and MARC communities. These share a close relationship, as TEI headers contain important information about the subsequent text, including bibliographic data. Similar common interests have resulted in a MARC to SGML crosswalk, produced by the Library of Congress.</italic></p><p><italic>A further example of communication between communities is revealed in the June 1998 workshop, presented by the Library of Congress and the Digital Library Federation. Follow‐up recommendations produced by several groups of librarians included “TEI/MARC Best Practices Focusing on the TEI Header”. This outlines a common header practice and offers suggestions for how communities can format date to benefit one another.</italic></p><p><italic>Librarians at Michigan have developed descriptive metadata practices which have two strengths. They take advantage of strong content standards and authority control which are a feature of AACR2/MARC systems and information‐rich full text encoding. One lesson learned is that authoritative descriptive metadata needs to be created just once.</italic></p><p><italic>To encode MARC fields into TEI header elements, including subject headings, is not a complex process and all the MARC record is retained. In future, Michigan staff hope to see the reverse process – texts with TEI headers transformed into MARC records – achieved just as easily.</italic></p><p><italic>At the heart of current collaborative efforts is the realization that digital libraries should be developed in association with traditional library endeavors, rather than merely running parallel to them. </italic></p><p><italic>Tradition and innovation are important. Integration of both can produce more consistent management of bibliographic records and digital holdings.</italic></p><p><italic>Standardized TEI header formats will allow other institutions to take advantage of some of the concepts outlined here. And with greater opportunities for metadata exchange, communication among communities would be enhanced, raising standards of information control and retention.</italic></p><p>(Précis provided to MCB University Press by consultants).</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640170302001"><label><bold>Figure 1 <x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>MARC record</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640170302001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640170302002"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>TEI header fragment</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640170302002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Descriptive metadata strategy for TEI headers a University of Michigan Library case study</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Descriptive metadata strategy for TEI headers a University of Michigan Library case study</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lynn</namePart><namePart type="family">Marko</namePart><affiliation>Librarian, Library TechnicalAccess Services, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christina</namePart><namePart type="family">Powell</namePart><affiliation>Associate Librarian, Coordinator, Humanities Text Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Abor, Michigan, USA.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="case-report" displayLabel="case-report"></genre><originInfo><publisher>MCB UP Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001-09-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The Text Encoding Initiative TEI standard was developed for the humanities scholars to encode textual documents for data interchange and analytic research. Its header segment contains rich tag sets, which can sufficiently support library cataloging practice with AACR2 rules and authority control. Presents a strategy that is currently used by the Making of America MoA project for transferring complete MARC data created on the librarys online system to the header of the TEI encoded documents. Also describes the cooperation for achieving this task between the Digital Library Production Services DLPS and Monograph Cataloging Division at the University of Michigan Library.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Libraries</topic><topic>Electronic data interchange</topic><topic>Computer languages</topic><topic>Cataloguing</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-RMP">Records management & preservation</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IREP">Information repositories</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1065-075X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">oclc</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/oclc</identifier><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>117</start><end>121</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">38BF70918547BEE9E68D9494483E5A51821FE88D</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/10650750110402585</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">1640170302</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">1640170302.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">10650750110402585.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© MCB UP Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><json:item><type>refBibs</type><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/38BF70918547BEE9E68D9494483E5A51821FE88D/enrichments/refBibs</uri></json:item></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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