Morphological and ecological divergence of Lilium and Nomocharis within the Hengduan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may result from habitat specialization and hybridization
Identifieur interne : 000083 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000082; suivant : 000084Morphological and ecological divergence of Lilium and Nomocharis within the Hengduan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may result from habitat specialization and hybridization
Auteurs : Yun-Dong Gao [République populaire de Chine] ; Aj Harris [États-Unis] ; Xing-Jin He [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- BMC Evolutionary Biology [ 1471-2148 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Several previous studies have shown that some morphologically distinctive, small genera of vascular plants that are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent Hengduan Mountains appear to have unexpected and complex phylogenetic relationships with their putative sisters, which are typically more widespread and more species rich. In particular, the endemic genera may form one or more poorly resolved paraphyletic clades within the sister group despite distinctive morphology. Plausible explanations for this evolutionary and biogeographic pattern include extreme habitat specialization and hybridization. One genus consistent with this pattern is
Our phylogenetic reconstruction revealed several
The timing of speciation and ecological and morphological evolutionary events in
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0405-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0405-2
PubMed: 26219287
PubMed Central: 4518642
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4518642Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Morphological and ecological divergence of <italic>Lilium</italic>
and <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
within the Hengduan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may result from habitat specialization and hybridization</title>
<author><name sortKey="Gao, Yun Dong" sort="Gao, Yun Dong" uniqKey="Gao Y" first="Yun-Dong" last="Gao">Yun-Dong Gao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, Aj" sort="Harris, Aj" uniqKey="Harris A" first="Aj" last="Harris">Aj Harris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 301 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Oklahoma</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 301 Physical Sciences, Stillwater</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xing Jin" sort="He, Xing Jin" uniqKey="He X" first="Xing-Jin" last="He">Xing-Jin He</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">26219287</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4518642</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4518642</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4518642</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1186/s12862-015-0405-2</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000165</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000165</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000083</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Morphological and ecological divergence of <italic>Lilium</italic>
and <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
within the Hengduan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may result from habitat specialization and hybridization</title>
<author><name sortKey="Gao, Yun Dong" sort="Gao, Yun Dong" uniqKey="Gao Y" first="Yun-Dong" last="Gao">Yun-Dong Gao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, Aj" sort="Harris, Aj" uniqKey="Harris A" first="Aj" last="Harris">Aj Harris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 301 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Oklahoma</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 301 Physical Sciences, Stillwater</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xing Jin" sort="He, Xing Jin" uniqKey="He X" first="Xing-Jin" last="He">Xing-Jin He</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMC Evolutionary Biology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2148</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Several previous studies have shown that some morphologically distinctive, small genera of vascular plants that are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent Hengduan Mountains appear to have unexpected and complex phylogenetic relationships with their putative sisters, which are typically more widespread and more species rich. In particular, the endemic genera may form one or more poorly resolved paraphyletic clades within the sister group despite distinctive morphology. Plausible explanations for this evolutionary and biogeographic pattern include extreme habitat specialization and hybridization. One genus consistent with this pattern is <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
Franchet. <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
comprises 7–15 species bearing showy-flowers that are endemic to the H-D Mountains. <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
has long been treated as sister to <italic>Lilium</italic>
L., which is comprised of more than 120 species distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Although <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
appears morphologically distinctive, recent molecular studies have shown that it is nested within <italic>Lilium</italic>
, from which is exhibits very little sequence divergence. In this study, we have used a dated molecular phylogenetic framework to gain insight into the timing of morphological and ecological divergence in <italic>Lilium</italic>
-<italic>Nomocharis</italic>
and to preliminarily explore possible hybridization events. We accomplished our objectives using dated phylogenies reconstructed from nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and six chloroplast markers.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Our phylogenetic reconstruction revealed several <italic>Lilium</italic>
species nested within a clade of <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
, which evolved ca. 12 million years ago and is itself nested within the rest of <italic>Lilium</italic>
. Flat/open and horizon oriented flowers are ancestral in <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
. Species of <italic>Lilium</italic>
nested within <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
diverged from <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
ca. 6.5 million years ago. These <italic>Lilium</italic>
evolved recurved and campanifolium flowers as well as the nodding habit by at least 3.5 million years ago. <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
and the nested <italic>Lilium</italic>
species had relatively low elevation ancestors (<1000 m) and underwent diversification into new, higher elevational habitats 3.5 and 5.5 million years ago, respectively. Our phylogeny reveals signatures of hybridization including incongruence between the plastid and nuclear gene trees, geographic clustering of the maternal (i.e., plastid) lineages, and divergence ages of the nuclear gene trees consistent with speciation and secondary contact, respectively.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>The timing of speciation and ecological and morphological evolutionary events in <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
are temporally consistent with uplift in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and of the Hengduan Mountains 7 and 3–4 million years ago, respectively. Thus, we speculate that the mountain building may have provided new habitats that led to specialization of morphological and ecological features in <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
and the nested <italic>Lilium</italic>
along ecological gradients. Additionally, we suspect that the mountain building may have led to secondary contact events that enabled hybridization in <italic>Lilium-Nomocharis</italic>
. Both the habitat specialization and hybridization have probably played a role in generating the striking morphological differences between <italic>Lilium</italic>
and <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0405-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Myers, N" uniqKey="Myers N">N Myers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mittermeier, Ra" uniqKey="Mittermeier R">RA Mittermeier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mittermeier, Cg" uniqKey="Mittermeier C">CG Mittermeier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Da Fonseca, Gab" uniqKey="Da Fonseca G">GAB da Fonseca</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kent, J" uniqKey="Kent J">J Kent</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Yj" uniqKey="Wang Y">YJ Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Al" uniqKey="Wang A">AL Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ohba, H" uniqKey="Ohba H">H Ohba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abbott, Rj" uniqKey="Abbott R">RJ Abbott</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yue, Jp" uniqKey="Yue J">JP Yue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, H" uniqKey="Sun H">H Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Shehbaz, Ia" uniqKey="Al Shehbaz I">IA Al-Shehbaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Jh" uniqKey="Li J">JH Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peterson, A" uniqKey="Peterson A">A Peterson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levichev, Ig" uniqKey="Levichev I">IG Levichev</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, J" uniqKey="Peterson J">J Peterson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yj" uniqKey="Wang Y">YJ Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Xx" uniqKey="Li X">XX Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hao, G" uniqKey="Hao G">G Hao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Jq" uniqKey="Li J">JQ Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Zd" uniqKey="Chen Z">ZD Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, Am" uniqKey="Lu A">AM Lu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Friesen, N" uniqKey="Friesen N">N Friesen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fritsch, Rm" uniqKey="Fritsch R">RM Fritsch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pollner, S" uniqKey="Pollner S">S Pollner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blattner, F" uniqKey="Blattner F">F Blattner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, Hg" uniqKey="Tang H">HG Tang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meng, Lh" uniqKey="Meng L">LH Meng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ao, Sm" uniqKey="Ao S">SM Ao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tian, B" uniqKey="Tian B">B Tian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raudnitschka, D" uniqKey="Raudnitschka D">D Raudnitschka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hensen, I" uniqKey="Hensen I">I Hensen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberprieler, C" uniqKey="Oberprieler C">C Oberprieler</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carling, Md" uniqKey="Carling M">MD Carling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomassen, Ha" uniqKey="Thomassen H">HA Thomassen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Balfour, B" uniqKey="Balfour B">B Balfour</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sealy, Jr" uniqKey="Sealy J">JR Sealy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sealy, Jr" uniqKey="Sealy J">JR Sealy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, Sy" uniqKey="Liang S">SY Liang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, Yd" uniqKey="Gao Y">YD Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hohenegger, M" uniqKey="Hohenegger M">M Hohenegger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, A" uniqKey="Harris A">A Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Sd" uniqKey="Zhou S">SD Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xj" uniqKey="He X">XJ He</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wan, J" uniqKey="Wan J">J Wan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, Yd" uniqKey="Gao Y">YD Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, A" uniqKey="Harris A">A Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Sd" uniqKey="Zhou S">SD Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xj" uniqKey="He X">XJ He</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hayashi, K" uniqKey="Hayashi K">K Hayashi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawano, S" uniqKey="Kawano S">S Kawano</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, Sy" uniqKey="Liang S">SY Liang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, Sy" uniqKey="Liang S">SY Liang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamura, M" uniqKey="Tamura M">M Tamura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, Yd" uniqKey="Gao Y">YD Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Sd" uniqKey="Zhou S">SD Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xj" uniqKey="He X">XJ He</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, Zy" uniqKey="Wu Z">ZY Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Sg" uniqKey="Wu S">SG Wu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Comber, Hf" uniqKey="Comber H">HF Comber</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haw, Sg" uniqKey="Haw S">SG Haw</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Fb" uniqKey="Chen F">FB Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Fb" uniqKey="Chen F">FB Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Tm" uniqKey="Harrison T">TM Harrison</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Copeland, P" uniqKey="Copeland P">P Copeland</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kidd, Wsf" uniqKey="Kidd W">WSF Kidd</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, A" uniqKey="Yin A">A Yin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Jj" uniqKey="Li J">JJ Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shi, Yf" uniqKey="Shi Y">YF Shi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, By" uniqKey="Li B">BY Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Ma" uniqKey="Chapman M">MA Chapman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hiscock, Sj" uniqKey="Hiscock S">SJ Hiscock</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Filatov, Da" uniqKey="Filatov D">DA Filatov</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mao, Yy" uniqKey="Mao Y">YY Mao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Sq" uniqKey="Huang S">SQ Huang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meng, Ll" uniqKey="Meng L">LL Meng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Yp" uniqKey="Yang Y">YP Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duan, Yw" uniqKey="Duan Y">YW Duan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yj" uniqKey="Wang Y">YJ Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Al" uniqKey="Wang A">AL Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, My" uniqKey="Yang M">MY Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koener, C" uniqKey="Koener C">C Köener</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ushimaru, A" uniqKey="Ushimaru A">A Ushimaru</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dohzono, I" uniqKey="Dohzono I">I Dohzono</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takami, Y" uniqKey="Takami Y">Y Takami</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hyodo, F" uniqKey="Hyodo F">F Hyodo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ushimaru, A" uniqKey="Ushimaru A">A Ushimaru</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hyodo, F" uniqKey="Hyodo F">F Hyodo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, Sq" uniqKey="Huang S">SQ Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Y" uniqKey="Takahashi Y">Y Takahashi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dafni, A" uniqKey="Dafni A">A Dafni</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, Jf" uniqKey="Sun J">JF Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gong, Yb" uniqKey="Gong Y">YB Gong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Renner, Ss" uniqKey="Renner S">SS Renner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Sq" uniqKey="Huang S">SQ Huang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fenster, Cb" uniqKey="Fenster C">CB Fenster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Armbruster, Ws" uniqKey="Armbruster W">WS Armbruster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dudash, Mr" uniqKey="Dudash M">MR Dudash</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maddison, W" uniqKey="Maddison W">W Maddison</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knowles, Ll" uniqKey="Knowles L">LL Knowles</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Ao" uniqKey="Richardson A">AO Richardson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palmer, Jd" uniqKey="Palmer J">JD Palmer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minami, S" uniqKey="Minami S">S Minami</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azuma, A" uniqKey="Azuma A">A Azuma</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hiramatsu, M" uniqKey="Hiramatsu M">M Hiramatsu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ii, K" uniqKey="Ii K">K Ii</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Okubo, H" uniqKey="Okubo H">H Okubo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Kl" uniqKey="Huang K">KL Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Cw" uniqKey="Huang C">CW Huang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Tb" uniqKey="Patterson T">TB Patterson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Givnish, Tj" uniqKey="Givnish T">TJ Givnish</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shaw, J" uniqKey="Shaw J">J Shaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lickey, Eb" uniqKey="Lickey E">EB Lickey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schilling, Ee" uniqKey="Schilling E">EE Schilling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Small, Rl" uniqKey="Small R">RL Small</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doyle, Jj" uniqKey="Doyle J">JJ Doyle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doyle, Jl" uniqKey="Doyle J">JL Doyle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wiens, Jj" uniqKey="Wiens J">JJ Wiens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morrill, Mc" uniqKey="Morrill M">MC Morrill</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Jd" uniqKey="Thompson J">JD Thompson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gibson, Tj" uniqKey="Gibson T">TJ Gibson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plewniak, F" uniqKey="Plewniak F">F Plewniak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jeanmougin, F" uniqKey="Jeanmougin F">F Jeanmougin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Higgins, Dg" uniqKey="Higgins D">DG Higgins</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tamura, K" uniqKey="Tamura K">K Tamura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dudley, J" uniqKey="Dudley J">J Dudley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nei, M" uniqKey="Nei M">M Nei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S Kumar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morrison, Da" uniqKey="Morrison D">DA Morrison</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Swofford, Dl" uniqKey="Swofford D">DL Swofford</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huelsenbeck, Jp" uniqKey="Huelsenbeck J">JP Huelsenbeck</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nylander, Jaa" uniqKey="Nylander J">JAA Nylander</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A Rambaut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drummond, Aj" uniqKey="Drummond A">AJ Drummond</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Susko, E" uniqKey="Susko E">E Susko</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clement, M" uniqKey="Clement M">M Clement</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Posada, D" uniqKey="Posada D">D Posada</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Crandall, Ka" uniqKey="Crandall K">KA Crandall</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crandall, Ka" uniqKey="Crandall K">KA Crandall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Templeton, Ar" uniqKey="Templeton A">AR Templeton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bremer, K" uniqKey="Bremer K">K Bremer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vinnersten, A" uniqKey="Vinnersten A">A Vinnersten</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bremer, K" uniqKey="Bremer K">K Bremer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A Rambaut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bromham, L" uniqKey="Bromham L">L Bromham</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Graur, D" uniqKey="Graur D">D Graur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, W" uniqKey="Martin W">W Martin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drummond, Aj" uniqKey="Drummond A">AJ Drummond</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A Rambaut</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dilcher, Dl" uniqKey="Dilcher D">DL Dilcher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lott, Ta" uniqKey="Lott T">TA Lott</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Potter, F" uniqKey="Potter F">F Potter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dilcher, D" uniqKey="Dilcher D">D Dilcher</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, G" uniqKey="Sun G">G Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dilcher, Dl" uniqKey="Dilcher D">DL Dilcher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, H" uniqKey="Wang H">H Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Z" uniqKey="Chen Z">Z Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Conran, Jg" uniqKey="Conran J">JG Conran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carpenter, Rj" uniqKey="Carpenter R">RJ Carpenter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jordan, Gj" uniqKey="Jordan G">GJ Jordan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, Rj" uniqKey="Carpenter R">RJ Carpenter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jordan, Gj" uniqKey="Jordan G">GJ Jordan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hill, Rs" uniqKey="Hill R">RS Hill</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Js" uniqKey="Kim J">JS Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hong, Jk" uniqKey="Hong J">JK Hong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chase, Mw" uniqKey="Chase M">MW Chase</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fay, Mf" uniqKey="Fay M">MF Fay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Jh" uniqKey="Kim J">JH Kim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drummond, Aj" uniqKey="Drummond A">AJ Drummond</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ho, Syw" uniqKey="Ho S">SYW Ho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Phillips, Mj" uniqKey="Phillips M">MJ Phillips</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A Rambaut</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yu, Y" uniqKey="Yu Y">Y Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, A" uniqKey="Harris A">A Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xj" uniqKey="He X">XJ He</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yu, Y" uniqKey="Yu Y">Y Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, Aj" uniqKey="Harris A">AJ Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, Xj" uniqKey="He X">XJ He</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcrae, Ea" uniqKey="Mcrae E">EA McRae</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ree, Rh" uniqKey="Ree R">RH Ree</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Sa" uniqKey="Smith S">SA Smith</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rutishauser, R" uniqKey="Rutishauser R">R Rutishauser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stover, Bc" uniqKey="Stover B">BC Stöver</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muller, Kf" uniqKey="Muller K">KF Müller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ho, Tn" uniqKey="Ho T">TN Ho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pringle, Js" uniqKey="Pringle J">JS Pringle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levan, A" uniqKey="Levan A">A Levan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tian, Xm" uniqKey="Tian X">XM Tian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luo, J" uniqKey="Luo J">J Luo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Al" uniqKey="Wang A">AL Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mao, Ks" uniqKey="Mao K">KS Mao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jq" uniqKey="Liu J">JQ Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hu, Cm" uniqKey="Hu C">CM Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelso, S" uniqKey="Kelso S">S Kelso</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schneeweiss, Gm" uniqKey="Schneeweiss G">GM Schneeweiss</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schonswetter, P" uniqKey="Schonswetter P">P Schonswetter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelso, S" uniqKey="Kelso S">S Kelso</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niklfeld, H" uniqKey="Niklfeld H">H Niklfeld</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheo, Ty" uniqKey="Cheo T">TY Cheo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, L" uniqKey="Lu L">L Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, G" uniqKey="Yang G">G Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Shenbaz, I" uniqKey="Al Shenbaz I">I Al-Shenbaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dorofeev, V" uniqKey="Dorofeev V">V Dorofeev</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yue, Jp" uniqKey="Yue J">JP Yue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gu, Zj" uniqKey="Gu Z">ZJ Gu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Shehbaz, Ia" uniqKey="Al Shehbaz I">IA Al-Shehbaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, H" uniqKey="Sun H">H Sun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, Tj" uniqKey="White T">TJ White</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruns, T" uniqKey="Bruns T">T Bruns</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, S" uniqKey="Lee S">S Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, J" uniqKey="Taylor J">J Taylor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fay, Mf" uniqKey="Fay M">MF Fay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swensen, Sm" uniqKey="Swensen S">SM Swensen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chase, Mw" uniqKey="Chase M">MW Chase</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cuenoud, P" uniqKey="Cuenoud P">P Cuenoud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savolainen, V" uniqKey="Savolainen V">V Savolainen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chatrou, Lw" uniqKey="Chatrou L">LW Chatrou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Powell, M" uniqKey="Powell M">M Powell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grayer, Rj" uniqKey="Grayer R">RJ Grayer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chase, Mw" uniqKey="Chase M">MW Chase</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taberlet, Pgl" uniqKey="Taberlet P">PGL Taberlet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pautou, G" uniqKey="Pautou G">G Pautou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bouvet, J" uniqKey="Bouvet J">J Bouvet</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, Mb" uniqKey="Hamilton M">MB Hamilton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Evol Biol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Evol. Biol</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Evolutionary Biology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2148</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26219287</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4518642</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">405</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12862-015-0405-2</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Morphological and ecological divergence of <italic>Lilium</italic>
and <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
within the Hengduan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may result from habitat specialization and hybridization</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>Yun-Dong</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>xjhe@scu.edu.cn</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>AJ</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>aj.harris@okstate.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Xing-Jin</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>gaoyd@cib.ac.cn</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label></label>
Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label></label>
Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label></label>
Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 301 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013 USA</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>29</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<elocation-id>147</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© Gao et al. 2015</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Several previous studies have shown that some morphologically distinctive, small genera of vascular plants that are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent Hengduan Mountains appear to have unexpected and complex phylogenetic relationships with their putative sisters, which are typically more widespread and more species rich. In particular, the endemic genera may form one or more poorly resolved paraphyletic clades within the sister group despite distinctive morphology. Plausible explanations for this evolutionary and biogeographic pattern include extreme habitat specialization and hybridization. One genus consistent with this pattern is <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
Franchet. <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
comprises 7–15 species bearing showy-flowers that are endemic to the H-D Mountains. <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
has long been treated as sister to <italic>Lilium</italic>
L., which is comprised of more than 120 species distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Although <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
appears morphologically distinctive, recent molecular studies have shown that it is nested within <italic>Lilium</italic>
, from which is exhibits very little sequence divergence. In this study, we have used a dated molecular phylogenetic framework to gain insight into the timing of morphological and ecological divergence in <italic>Lilium</italic>
-<italic>Nomocharis</italic>
and to preliminarily explore possible hybridization events. We accomplished our objectives using dated phylogenies reconstructed from nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and six chloroplast markers.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Our phylogenetic reconstruction revealed several <italic>Lilium</italic>
species nested within a clade of <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
, which evolved ca. 12 million years ago and is itself nested within the rest of <italic>Lilium</italic>
. Flat/open and horizon oriented flowers are ancestral in <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
. Species of <italic>Lilium</italic>
nested within <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
diverged from <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
ca. 6.5 million years ago. These <italic>Lilium</italic>
evolved recurved and campanifolium flowers as well as the nodding habit by at least 3.5 million years ago. <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
and the nested <italic>Lilium</italic>
species had relatively low elevation ancestors (<1000 m) and underwent diversification into new, higher elevational habitats 3.5 and 5.5 million years ago, respectively. Our phylogeny reveals signatures of hybridization including incongruence between the plastid and nuclear gene trees, geographic clustering of the maternal (i.e., plastid) lineages, and divergence ages of the nuclear gene trees consistent with speciation and secondary contact, respectively.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>The timing of speciation and ecological and morphological evolutionary events in <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
are temporally consistent with uplift in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and of the Hengduan Mountains 7 and 3–4 million years ago, respectively. Thus, we speculate that the mountain building may have provided new habitats that led to specialization of morphological and ecological features in <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
and the nested <italic>Lilium</italic>
along ecological gradients. Additionally, we suspect that the mountain building may have led to secondary contact events that enabled hybridization in <italic>Lilium-Nomocharis</italic>
. Both the habitat specialization and hybridization have probably played a role in generating the striking morphological differences between <italic>Lilium</italic>
and <italic>Nomocharis</italic>
.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0405-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Ancestral state reconstruction, biogeography</kwd>
<kwd>Divergence time</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Lilium</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Nomocharis</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd>Hengduan Mountains</kwd>
<kwd>Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2015</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Oklahoma</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gao, Yun Dong" sort="Gao, Yun Dong" uniqKey="Gao Y" first="Yun-Dong" last="Gao">Yun-Dong Gao</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Gao, Yun Dong" sort="Gao, Yun Dong" uniqKey="Gao Y" first="Yun-Dong" last="Gao">Yun-Dong Gao</name>
<name sortKey="He, Xing Jin" sort="He, Xing Jin" uniqKey="He X" first="Xing-Jin" last="He">Xing-Jin He</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Oklahoma"><name sortKey="Harris, Aj" sort="Harris, Aj" uniqKey="Harris A" first="Aj" last="Harris">Aj Harris</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/CyberinfraV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000083 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000083 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Ticri/CIDE |area= CyberinfraV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Checkpoint |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4518642 |texte= Morphological and ecological divergence of Lilium and Nomocharis within the Hengduan Mountains and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may result from habitat specialization and hybridization }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26219287" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CyberinfraV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25. | ![]() |