Standardized Assessment of Biodiversity Trends in Tropical Forest Protected Areas: The End Is Not in Sight
Identifieur interne : 000704 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000703; suivant : 000705Standardized Assessment of Biodiversity Trends in Tropical Forest Protected Areas: The End Is Not in Sight
Auteurs : Lydia Beaudrot [États-Unis] ; Jorge A. Ahumada [États-Unis] ; Timothy O'Brien [États-Unis] ; Patricia Alvarez-Loayza [États-Unis] ; Kelly Boekee [Pays-Bas] ; Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz [Malaisie] ; David Eichberg [États-Unis] ; Santiago Espinosa [Équateur] ; Eric Fegraus [États-Unis] ; Christine Fletcher [Malaisie] ; Krisna Gajapersad [Suriname] ; Chris Hallam ; Johanna Hurtado [Costa Rica] ; Patrick A. Jansen [Pays-Bas] ; Amit Kumar [États-Unis] ; Eileen Larney [Madagascar, États-Unis] ; Marcela Guimarães Moreira Lima [Brésil] ; Colin Mahony [États-Unis] ; Emanuel H. Martin [Tanzanie] ; Alex Mcwilliam ; Badru Mugerwa [Ouganda, Canada, Royaume-Uni] ; Mireille Ndoundou-Hockemba ; Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison [Madagascar] ; Hugo Romero-Saltos [Équateur] ; Francesco Rovero [Tanzanie, Italie] ; Julia Salvador [États-Unis] ; Fernanda Santos [Brésil] ; Douglas Sheil [Norvège, Indonésie] ; Wilson R. Spironello [Brésil] ; Michael R. Willig [États-Unis] ; Nurul L. Winarni [Indonésie] ; Alex Zvoleff [États-Unis] ; Sandy J. Andelman [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS Biology [ 1544-9173 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Extinction rates in the Anthropocene are three orders of magnitude higher than background and disproportionately occur in the tropics, home of half the world’s species. Despite global efforts to combat tropical species extinctions, lack of high-quality, objective information on tropical biodiversity has hampered quantitative evaluation of conservation strategies. In particular, the scarcity of population-level monitoring in tropical forests has stymied assessment of biodiversity outcomes, such as the status and trends of animal populations in protected areas. Here, we evaluate occupancy trends for 511 populations of terrestrial mammals and birds, representing 244 species from 15 tropical forest protected areas on three continents. For the first time to our knowledge, we use annual surveys from tropical forests worldwide that employ a standardized camera trapping protocol, and we compute data analytics that correct for imperfect detection. We found that occupancy declined in 22%, increased in 17%, and exhibited no change in 22% of populations during the last 3–8 years, while 39% of populations were detected too infrequently to assess occupancy changes. Despite extensive variability in occupancy trends, these 15 tropical protected areas have not exhibited systematic declines in biodiversity (i.e., occupancy, richness, or evenness) at the community level. Our results differ from reports of widespread biodiversity declines based on aggregated secondary data and expert opinion and suggest less extreme deterioration in tropical forest protected areas. We simultaneously fill an important conservation data gap and demonstrate the value of large-scale monitoring infrastructure and powerful analytics, which can be scaled to incorporate additional sites, ecosystems, and monitoring methods. In an era of catastrophic biodiversity loss, robust indicators produced from standardized monitoring infrastructure are critical to accurately assess population outcomes and identify conservation strategies that can avert biodiversity collapse.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002357
PubMed: 26785119
PubMed Central: 4718630
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude" sort="Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude" uniqKey="Razafimahaimodison J" first="Jean Claude" last="Razafimahaimodison">Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rovero, Francesco" sort="Rovero, Francesco" uniqKey="Rovero F" first="Francesco" last="Rovero">Francesco Rovero</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Salvador, Julia" sort="Salvador, Julia" uniqKey="Salvador J" first="Julia" last="Salvador">Julia Salvador</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Santos, Fernanda" sort="Santos, Fernanda" uniqKey="Santos F" first="Fernanda" last="Santos">Fernanda Santos</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sheil, Douglas" sort="Sheil, Douglas" uniqKey="Sheil D" first="Douglas" last="Sheil">Douglas Sheil</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia</addr-line>
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<author><name sortKey="Spironello, Wilson R" sort="Spironello, Wilson R" uniqKey="Spironello W" first="Wilson R." last="Spironello">Wilson R. Spironello</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Willig, Michael R" sort="Willig, Michael R" uniqKey="Willig M" first="Michael R." last="Willig">Michael R. Willig</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Winarni, Nurul L" sort="Winarni, Nurul L" uniqKey="Winarni N" first="Nurul L." last="Winarni">Nurul L. Winarni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Zvoleff, Alex" sort="Zvoleff, Alex" uniqKey="Zvoleff A" first="Alex" last="Zvoleff">Alex Zvoleff</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Andelman, Sandy J" sort="Andelman, Sandy J" uniqKey="Andelman S" first="Sandy J." last="Andelman">Sandy J. Andelman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<idno type="pmid">26785119</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4718630</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718630</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4718630</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pbio.1002357</idno>
<date when="2016">2016</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000114</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000704</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Standardized Assessment of Biodiversity Trends in Tropical Forest Protected Areas: The End Is Not in Sight</title>
<author><name sortKey="Beaudrot, Lydia" sort="Beaudrot, Lydia" uniqKey="Beaudrot L" first="Lydia" last="Beaudrot">Lydia Beaudrot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahumada, Jorge A" sort="Ahumada, Jorge A" uniqKey="Ahumada J" first="Jorge A." last="Ahumada">Jorge A. Ahumada</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Brien, Timothy" sort="O Brien, Timothy" uniqKey="O Brien T" first="Timothy" last="O'Brien">Timothy O'Brien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alvarez Loayza, Patricia" sort="Alvarez Loayza, Patricia" uniqKey="Alvarez Loayza P" first="Patricia" last="Alvarez-Loayza">Patricia Alvarez-Loayza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boekee, Kelly" sort="Boekee, Kelly" uniqKey="Boekee K" first="Kelly" last="Boekee">Kelly Boekee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campos Arceiz, Ahimsa" sort="Campos Arceiz, Ahimsa" uniqKey="Campos Arceiz A" first="Ahimsa" last="Campos-Arceiz">Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>School of Geography, Mindset Interdisciplinary Centre for Tropical Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Geography, Mindset Interdisciplinary Centre for Tropical Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Selangor</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eichberg, David" sort="Eichberg, David" uniqKey="Eichberg D" first="David" last="Eichberg">David Eichberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>HP Sustainability, HP Inc., Palo Alto, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HP Sustainability, HP Inc., Palo Alto, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Espinosa, Santiago" sort="Espinosa, Santiago" uniqKey="Espinosa S" first="Santiago" last="Espinosa">Santiago Espinosa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Équateur</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quito</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fegraus, Eric" sort="Fegraus, Eric" uniqKey="Fegraus E" first="Eric" last="Fegraus">Eric Fegraus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Christine" sort="Fletcher, Christine" uniqKey="Fletcher C" first="Christine" last="Fletcher">Christine Fletcher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Selangor</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gajapersad, Krisna" sort="Gajapersad, Krisna" uniqKey="Gajapersad K" first="Krisna" last="Gajapersad">Krisna Gajapersad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Conservation International Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suriname</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Conservation International Suriname, Paramaribo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Paramaribo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hallam, Chris" sort="Hallam, Chris" uniqKey="Hallam C" first="Chris" last="Hallam">Chris Hallam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society—Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Lao PDR</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hurtado, Johanna" sort="Hurtado, Johanna" uniqKey="Hurtado J" first="Johanna" last="Hurtado">Johanna Hurtado</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Organization for Tropical Studies, La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Costa Rica</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Organization for Tropical Studies, La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jansen, Patrick A" sort="Jansen, Patrick A" uniqKey="Jansen P" first="Patrick A." last="Jansen">Patrick A. Jansen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Panama</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, Amit" sort="Kumar, Amit" uniqKey="Kumar A" first="Amit" last="Kumar">Amit Kumar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Enterprise Services, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Palo Alto, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Enterprise Services, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Palo Alto, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larney, Eileen" sort="Larney, Eileen" uniqKey="Larney E" first="Eileen" last="Larney">Eileen Larney</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre ValBio, Ranomafana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ranomafana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lima, Marcela Guimaraes Moreira" sort="Lima, Marcela Guimaraes Moreira" uniqKey="Lima M" first="Marcela Guimarães Moreira" last="Lima">Marcela Guimarães Moreira Lima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pará</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mahony, Colin" sort="Mahony, Colin" uniqKey="Mahony C" first="Colin" last="Mahony">Colin Mahony</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Hewlett Packard Enterprise Big Data, Palo Alto, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hewlett Packard Enterprise Big Data, Palo Alto, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Emanuel H" sort="Martin, Emanuel H" uniqKey="Martin E" first="Emanuel H." last="Martin">Emanuel H. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Udzungwa Mountains National Park</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Udzungwa Mountains National Park</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Morogoro</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcwilliam, Alex" sort="Mcwilliam, Alex" uniqKey="Mcwilliam A" first="Alex" last="Mcwilliam">Alex Mcwilliam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society—Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Lao PDR</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mugerwa, Badru" sort="Mugerwa, Badru" uniqKey="Mugerwa B" first="Badru" last="Mugerwa">Badru Mugerwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mbarara</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille" sort="Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille" uniqKey="Ndoundou Hockemba M" first="Mireille" last="Ndoundou-Hockemba">Mireille Ndoundou-Hockemba</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society—Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Congo</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude" sort="Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude" uniqKey="Razafimahaimodison J" first="Jean Claude" last="Razafimahaimodison">Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre ValBio, Ranomafana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ranomafana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romero Saltos, Hugo" sort="Romero Saltos, Hugo" uniqKey="Romero Saltos H" first="Hugo" last="Romero-Saltos">Hugo Romero-Saltos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff024"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Imbabura, Ecuador</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Équateur</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Imbabura</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Imbabura</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rovero, Francesco" sort="Rovero, Francesco" uniqKey="Rovero F" first="Francesco" last="Rovero">Francesco Rovero</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Udzungwa Mountains National Park</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Udzungwa Mountains National Park</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Trento</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salvador, Julia" sort="Salvador, Julia" uniqKey="Salvador J" first="Julia" last="Salvador">Julia Salvador</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff026"><addr-line>Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santos, Fernanda" sort="Santos, Fernanda" uniqKey="Santos F" first="Fernanda" last="Santos">Fernanda Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pará</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheil, Douglas" sort="Sheil, Douglas" uniqKey="Sheil D" first="Douglas" last="Sheil">Douglas Sheil</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff027"><addr-line>Department of Ecology and Natural (INA) Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Natural (INA) Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ås</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bogor</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spironello, Wilson R" sort="Spironello, Wilson R" uniqKey="Spironello W" first="Wilson R." last="Spironello">Wilson R. Spironello</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff029"><addr-line>National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Amazonas</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Willig, Michael R" sort="Willig, Michael R" uniqKey="Willig M" first="Michael R." last="Willig">Michael R. Willig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff030"><addr-line>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Winarni, Nurul L" sort="Winarni, Nurul L" uniqKey="Winarni N" first="Nurul L." last="Winarni">Nurul L. Winarni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Depok</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zvoleff, Alex" sort="Zvoleff, Alex" uniqKey="Zvoleff A" first="Alex" last="Zvoleff">Alex Zvoleff</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andelman, Sandy J" sort="Andelman, Sandy J" uniqKey="Andelman S" first="Sandy J." last="Andelman">Sandy J. Andelman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS Biology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1544-9173</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1545-7885</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Extinction rates in the Anthropocene are three orders of magnitude higher than background and disproportionately occur in the tropics, home of half the world’s species. Despite global efforts to combat tropical species extinctions, lack of high-quality, objective information on tropical biodiversity has hampered quantitative evaluation of conservation strategies. In particular, the scarcity of population-level monitoring in tropical forests has stymied assessment of biodiversity outcomes, such as the status and trends of animal populations in protected areas. Here, we evaluate occupancy trends for 511 populations of terrestrial mammals and birds, representing 244 species from 15 tropical forest protected areas on three continents. For the first time to our knowledge, we use annual surveys from tropical forests worldwide that employ a standardized camera trapping protocol, and we compute data analytics that correct for imperfect detection. We found that occupancy declined in 22%, increased in 17%, and exhibited no change in 22% of populations during the last 3–8 years, while 39% of populations were detected too infrequently to assess occupancy changes. Despite extensive variability in occupancy trends, these 15 tropical protected areas have not exhibited systematic declines in biodiversity (i.e., occupancy, richness, or evenness) at the community level. Our results differ from reports of widespread biodiversity declines based on aggregated secondary data and expert opinion and suggest less extreme deterioration in tropical forest protected areas. We simultaneously fill an important conservation data gap and demonstrate the value of large-scale monitoring infrastructure and powerful analytics, which can be scaled to incorporate additional sites, ecosystems, and monitoring methods. In an era of catastrophic biodiversity loss, robust indicators produced from standardized monitoring infrastructure are critical to accurately assess population outcomes and identify conservation strategies that can avert biodiversity collapse.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dirzo, R" uniqKey="Dirzo R">R Dirzo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, Hs" uniqKey="Young H">HS Young</name>
</author>
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</author>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Biol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Biol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosbiol</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Biology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1544-9173</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1545-7885</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26785119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4718630</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pbio.1002357</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PBIOLOGY-D-15-02559</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Conservation Science</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecosystems</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Forests</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecosystems</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Forests</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Terrestrial Environments</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Forests</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Biodiversity</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Biodiversity</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Vertebrates</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mammals</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Vertebrates</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Birds</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Conservation Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Species Extinction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Conservation Science</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Conservation Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Species Extinction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Processes</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Species Extinction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Vertebrates</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Metrics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Density</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Standardized Assessment of Biodiversity Trends in Tropical Forest Protected Areas: The End Is Not in Sight</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Beaudrot</surname>
<given-names>Lydia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Ahumada</surname>
<given-names>Jorge A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Brien</surname>
<given-names>Timothy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alvarez-Loayza</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boekee</surname>
<given-names>Kelly</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Campos-Arceiz</surname>
<given-names>Ahimsa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eichberg</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Espinosa</surname>
<given-names>Santiago</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fegraus</surname>
<given-names>Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname>
<given-names>Christine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gajapersad</surname>
<given-names>Krisna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hallam</surname>
<given-names>Chris</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hurtado</surname>
<given-names>Johanna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jansen</surname>
<given-names>Patrick A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>Amit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013"><sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Larney</surname>
<given-names>Eileen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014"><sup>14</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015"><sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lima</surname>
<given-names>Marcela Guimarães Moreira</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff016"><sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mahony</surname>
<given-names>Colin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017"><sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>Emanuel H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff018"><sup>18</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff019"><sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McWilliam</surname>
<given-names>Alex</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mugerwa</surname>
<given-names>Badru</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff020"><sup>20</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff021"><sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff022"><sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ndoundou-Hockemba</surname>
<given-names>Mireille</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023"><sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Razafimahaimodison</surname>
<given-names>Jean Claude</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014"><sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Romero-Saltos</surname>
<given-names>Hugo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff024"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rovero</surname>
<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff018"><sup>18</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salvador</surname>
<given-names>Julia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff026"><sup>26</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santos</surname>
<given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff016"><sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sheil</surname>
<given-names>Douglas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff027"><sup>27</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff028"><sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spironello</surname>
<given-names>Wilson R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff029"><sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Willig</surname>
<given-names>Michael R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff030"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winarni</surname>
<given-names>Nurul L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff031"><sup>31</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zvoleff</surname>
<given-names>Alex</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andelman</surname>
<given-names>Sandy J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>School of Geography, Mindset Interdisciplinary Centre for Tropical Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>HP Sustainability, HP Inc., Palo Alto, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff007"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff008"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff009"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Conservation International Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff010"><label>10</label>
<addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society—Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Lao PDR</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff011"><label>11</label>
<addr-line>Organization for Tropical Studies, La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff012"><label>12</label>
<addr-line>Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff013"><label>13</label>
<addr-line>Enterprise Services, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Palo Alto, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff014"><label>14</label>
<addr-line>Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff015"><label>15</label>
<addr-line>Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff016"><label>16</label>
<addr-line>Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff017"><label>17</label>
<addr-line>Hewlett Packard Enterprise Big Data, Palo Alto, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff018"><label>18</label>
<addr-line>Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff019"><label>19</label>
<addr-line>Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff020"><label>20</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff021"><label>21</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff022"><label>22</label>
<addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff023"><label>23</label>
<addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society—Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff024"><label>24</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Imbabura, Ecuador</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff025"><label>25</label>
<addr-line>Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff026"><label>26</label>
<addr-line>Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff027"><label>27</label>
<addr-line>Department of Ecology and Natural (INA) Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff028"><label>28</label>
<addr-line>Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff029"><label>29</label>
<addr-line>National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff030"><label>30</label>
<addr-line>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff031"><label>31</label>
<addr-line>Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Dobson</surname>
<given-names>Andy P.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Princeton University, UNITED STATES</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: LB JAA. Analyzed the data: LB JAA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JAA TO DE EF AK CM PAL KB ACA SE CF KG CH MNH JH PAJ EL MGML EHM AM BM JCR HRS FR JS FS DS WRS NLW. Wrote the paper: LB JAA TO PAL KB ACA DE SE EF CF KG CH JH PAJ AK EL MGML CM EHM AM BM MNH JCR HRS FR JS FS DS WRS MRW NLW AZ SJA. Contributed to the network methods and design: TO SJA JAA PAJ MRW. Provided descriptions of the Hewlett Packard software and hardware used for the analysis: DE AK.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>beaudrot@umich.edu</email>
(LB); <email>jahumada@conservation.org</email>
(JAA)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e1002357</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Beaudrot et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Beaudrot et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pbio.1002357.pdf"></self-uri>
<related-article id="d36e736" related-article-type="companion" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pbio.1002358"><article-title>Hope for Tropical Biodiversity After All</article-title>
</related-article>
<abstract><p>Extinction rates in the Anthropocene are three orders of magnitude higher than background and disproportionately occur in the tropics, home of half the world’s species. Despite global efforts to combat tropical species extinctions, lack of high-quality, objective information on tropical biodiversity has hampered quantitative evaluation of conservation strategies. In particular, the scarcity of population-level monitoring in tropical forests has stymied assessment of biodiversity outcomes, such as the status and trends of animal populations in protected areas. Here, we evaluate occupancy trends for 511 populations of terrestrial mammals and birds, representing 244 species from 15 tropical forest protected areas on three continents. For the first time to our knowledge, we use annual surveys from tropical forests worldwide that employ a standardized camera trapping protocol, and we compute data analytics that correct for imperfect detection. We found that occupancy declined in 22%, increased in 17%, and exhibited no change in 22% of populations during the last 3–8 years, while 39% of populations were detected too infrequently to assess occupancy changes. Despite extensive variability in occupancy trends, these 15 tropical protected areas have not exhibited systematic declines in biodiversity (i.e., occupancy, richness, or evenness) at the community level. Our results differ from reports of widespread biodiversity declines based on aggregated secondary data and expert opinion and suggest less extreme deterioration in tropical forest protected areas. We simultaneously fill an important conservation data gap and demonstrate the value of large-scale monitoring infrastructure and powerful analytics, which can be scaled to incorporate additional sites, ecosystems, and monitoring methods. In an era of catastrophic biodiversity loss, robust indicators produced from standardized monitoring infrastructure are critical to accurately assess population outcomes and identify conservation strategies that can avert biodiversity collapse.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="toc"><p>In contrast to other reports, inaugural results from a pan-tropical camera trap network suggest that tropical forest protected areas maintain their biodiversity of large and medium ground-dwelling mammals and birds.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title>
<p>Humans are currently driving numerous animal species toward extinction. Species loss is especially high in tropical regions where most species live and where biodiversity threats are severe. Protected areas such as national parks are the cornerstone of species conservation, but whether protected areas really sustain animal populations and prevent extinction has been debated. This applies particularly to understudied areas such as tropical forests, for which high-quality data are usually not available. We used camera traps to monitor populations of ground-dwelling mammals and birds in 15 protected tropical forests around the world and then used powerful analytics to determine their population trends. We found that some animal populations increased while others decreased. However, the number and distribution of species in these areas did not decline during the 3–8 years we examined. These results are more optimistic about the success of protected areas than were previous studies. Our study demonstrates the importance of standardized monitoring for conservation.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This study was funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Northrop Grumman Foundation and other donors. Hewlett Packard Living Progress, in partnership with Conservation International, contributed funding to enable the bulk of the occupancy modeling and generation of the Wildlife Picture Index through software development and hardware in kind donations. DE and AK from Hewlett Packard Company contributed to the manuscript by providing descriptions of the software and hardware used for the analysis. Apart from this the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count>
<table-count count="1"></table-count>
<page-count count="21"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All TEAM data were provided by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Smithsonian Institute and the Wildlife Conservation Society. All raw data are available on the TEAM website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.teamnetwork.org">www.teamnetwork.org</ext-link>
. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All TEAM data were provided by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Smithsonian Institute and the Wildlife Conservation Society. All raw data are available on the TEAM website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.teamnetwork.org">www.teamnetwork.org</ext-link>
. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
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