Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate
Identifieur interne : 000015 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000014; suivant : 000016Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate
Auteurs : F. Stuart Chapin ; Amy L. Lovecraft [États-Unis] ; Erika S. Zavaleta [États-Unis] ; Joanna Nelson [États-Unis] ; Martin D. Robards ; Gary P. Kofinas ; Sarah F. Trainor ; Garry D. Peterson [Canada] ; Henry P. Huntington [États-Unis] ; Rosamond L. Naylor [États-Unis]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2006.
Abstract
Human activities are altering many factors that determine the fundamental properties of ecological and social systems. Is sustainability a realistic goal in a world in which many key process controls are directionally changing? To address this issue, we integrate several disparate sources of theory to address sustainability in directionally changing social–ecological systems, apply this framework to climate-warming impacts in Interior Alaska, and describe a suite of policy strategies that emerge from these analyses. Climate warming in Interior Alaska has profoundly affected factors that influence landscape processes (climate regulation and disturbance spread) and natural hazards, but has only indirectly influenced ecosystem goods such as food, water, and wood that receive most management attention. Warming has reduced cultural services provided by ecosystems, leading to some of the few institutional responses that directly address the causes of climate warming, e.g., indigenous initiatives to the Arctic Council. Four broad policy strategies emerge: (
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606955103
PubMed: 17008403
PubMed Central: 1636507
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate</title>
<author><name sortKey="Chapin, F Stuart" sort="Chapin, F Stuart" uniqKey="Chapin F" first="F. Stuart" last="Chapin">F. Stuart Chapin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">*Institute of Arctic Biology and</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Lovecraft, Amy L" sort="Lovecraft, Amy L" uniqKey="Lovecraft A" first="Amy L." last="Lovecraft">Amy L. Lovecraft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Political Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Political Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Zavaleta, Erika S" sort="Zavaleta, Erika S" uniqKey="Zavaleta E" first="Erika S." last="Zavaleta">Erika S. Zavaleta</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Joanna" sort="Nelson, Joanna" uniqKey="Nelson J" first="Joanna" last="Nelson">Joanna Nelson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</affiliation>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">*Institute of Arctic Biology and</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Trainor, Sarah F" sort="Trainor, Sarah F" uniqKey="Trainor S" first="Sarah F." last="Trainor">Sarah F. Trainor</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">*Institute of Arctic Biology and</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, Garry D" sort="Peterson, Garry D" uniqKey="Peterson G" first="Garry D." last="Peterson">Garry D. Peterson</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Naylor, Rosamond L" sort="Naylor, Rosamond L" uniqKey="Naylor R" first="Rosamond L." last="Naylor">Rosamond L. Naylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff6">**Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6055</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>**Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford</wicri:cityArea>
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<series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno>
<imprint><date when="2006">2006</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Human activities are altering many factors that determine the fundamental properties of ecological and social systems. Is sustainability a realistic goal in a world in which many key process controls are directionally changing? To address this issue, we integrate several disparate sources of theory to address sustainability in directionally changing social–ecological systems, apply this framework to climate-warming impacts in Interior Alaska, and describe a suite of policy strategies that emerge from these analyses. Climate warming in Interior Alaska has profoundly affected factors that influence landscape processes (climate regulation and disturbance spread) and natural hazards, but has only indirectly influenced ecosystem goods such as food, water, and wood that receive most management attention. Warming has reduced cultural services provided by ecosystems, leading to some of the few institutional responses that directly address the causes of climate warming, e.g., indigenous initiatives to the Arctic Council. Four broad policy strategies emerge: (<italic>i</italic>
) enhancing human adaptability through learning and innovation in the context of changes occurring at multiple scales; (<italic>ii</italic>
) increasing resilience by strengthening negative (stabilizing) feedbacks that buffer the system from change and increasing options for adaptation through biological, cultural, and economic diversity; (<italic>iii</italic>
) reducing vulnerability by strengthening institutions that link the high-latitude impacts of climate warming to their low-latitude causes; and (<italic>iv</italic>
) facilitating transformation to new, potentially more beneficial states by taking advantage of opportunities created by crisis. Each strategy provides societal benefits, and we suggest that all of them be pursued simultaneously.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id>
<journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17008403</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1636507</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3624</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0606955103</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sustainability Science</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Social Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sustainability Science</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<series-title>Inaugural Article</series-title>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Policy strategies to address sustainability of Alaskan boreal forests in response to a directionally changing climate</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chapin</surname>
<given-names>F. Stuart</given-names>
<suffix>III</suffix>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>†</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lovecraft</surname>
<given-names>Amy L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"><sup>‡</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zavaleta</surname>
<given-names>Erika S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nelson</surname>
<given-names>Joanna</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Robards</surname>
<given-names>Martin D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kofinas</surname>
<given-names>Gary P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Trainor</surname>
<given-names>Sarah F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peterson</surname>
<given-names>Garry D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff"><sup>¶</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huntington</surname>
<given-names>Henry P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff"><sup>‖</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naylor</surname>
<given-names>Rosamond L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff6" ref-type="aff">**</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">*Institute of Arctic Biology and</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>‡</sup>
Department of Political Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775;</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><sup>§</sup>
Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><sup>¶</sup>
Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2K6;</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><sup>‖</sup>
Huntington Consulting, Eagle River, AK 99577; and</aff>
<aff id="aff6">**Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6055</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>†</sup>
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
<email>terry.chapin@uaf.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected on April 20, 2004.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Contributed by F. Stuart Chapin III, August 14, 2006</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: F.S.C., A.L.L., E.S.Z., and G.P.K. designed research; F.S.C., A.L.L., E.S.Z., J.N., M.D.R., G.P.K., S.F.T., G.D.P., and H.P.H. performed research; and F.S.C., A.L.L., E.S.Z., J.N., M.D.R., G.P.K., S.F.T., G.D.P., H.P.H., and R.L.N. wrote the paper.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>7</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>103</volume>
<issue>45</issue>
<fpage>16637</fpage>
<lpage>16643</lpage>
<copyright-statement>© 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2006</copyright-year>
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<abstract><p>Human activities are altering many factors that determine the fundamental properties of ecological and social systems. Is sustainability a realistic goal in a world in which many key process controls are directionally changing? To address this issue, we integrate several disparate sources of theory to address sustainability in directionally changing social–ecological systems, apply this framework to climate-warming impacts in Interior Alaska, and describe a suite of policy strategies that emerge from these analyses. Climate warming in Interior Alaska has profoundly affected factors that influence landscape processes (climate regulation and disturbance spread) and natural hazards, but has only indirectly influenced ecosystem goods such as food, water, and wood that receive most management attention. Warming has reduced cultural services provided by ecosystems, leading to some of the few institutional responses that directly address the causes of climate warming, e.g., indigenous initiatives to the Arctic Council. Four broad policy strategies emerge: (<italic>i</italic>
) enhancing human adaptability through learning and innovation in the context of changes occurring at multiple scales; (<italic>ii</italic>
) increasing resilience by strengthening negative (stabilizing) feedbacks that buffer the system from change and increasing options for adaptation through biological, cultural, and economic diversity; (<italic>iii</italic>
) reducing vulnerability by strengthening institutions that link the high-latitude impacts of climate warming to their low-latitude causes; and (<italic>iv</italic>
) facilitating transformation to new, potentially more beneficial states by taking advantage of opportunities created by crisis. Each strategy provides societal benefits, and we suggest that all of them be pursued simultaneously.</p>
</abstract>
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<affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Alaska</li>
<li>Californie</li>
<li>Québec</li>
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<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Chapin, F Stuart" sort="Chapin, F Stuart" uniqKey="Chapin F" first="F. Stuart" last="Chapin">F. Stuart Chapin</name>
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<name sortKey="Robards, Martin D" sort="Robards, Martin D" uniqKey="Robards M" first="Martin D." last="Robards">Martin D. Robards</name>
<name sortKey="Trainor, Sarah F" sort="Trainor, Sarah F" uniqKey="Trainor S" first="Sarah F." last="Trainor">Sarah F. Trainor</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Alaska"><name sortKey="Lovecraft, Amy L" sort="Lovecraft, Amy L" uniqKey="Lovecraft A" first="Amy L." last="Lovecraft">Amy L. Lovecraft</name>
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<name sortKey="Huntington, Henry P" sort="Huntington, Henry P" uniqKey="Huntington H" first="Henry P." last="Huntington">Henry P. Huntington</name>
<name sortKey="Naylor, Rosamond L" sort="Naylor, Rosamond L" uniqKey="Naylor R" first="Rosamond L." last="Naylor">Rosamond L. Naylor</name>
<name sortKey="Nelson, Joanna" sort="Nelson, Joanna" uniqKey="Nelson J" first="Joanna" last="Nelson">Joanna Nelson</name>
<name sortKey="Zavaleta, Erika S" sort="Zavaleta, Erika S" uniqKey="Zavaleta E" first="Erika S." last="Zavaleta">Erika S. Zavaleta</name>
</country>
<country name="Canada"><region name="Québec"><name sortKey="Peterson, Garry D" sort="Peterson, Garry D" uniqKey="Peterson G" first="Garry D." last="Peterson">Garry D. Peterson</name>
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