DART a new missile in Australia's eresearch strategy
Identifieur interne : 000359 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000358; suivant : 000360DART a new missile in Australia's eresearch strategy
Auteurs : Moira Paterson ; David Lindsay ; Ann Monotti ; Anne ChinSource :
- Online Information Review [ 1468-4527 ] ; 2007-04-17.
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of a new eresearch paradigm and to outline key projects and developments in Europe, North America, Canada and Australia. The article also provides a detailed summary of the Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation eResearch Technology DART project. Designmethodologyapproach A review of relevant government reports, documents and general literature was conducted. Findings Projects currently being conducted in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia are part of an international movement that aims to use modern ICTs to enhance eresearch. The DART project is a significant part of this movement as it has adopted a whole process approach to eresearch, and provides a platform for the examination of the technical, legal and policy issues that arise in the new eresearch environment. Originalityvalue Provides an overview of current projects that concern the development of eresearch, with a particular focus on Australian research and the DART project.
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DOI: 10.1108/14684520710747185
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">DART a new missile in Australia's eresearch strategy</title><author><name sortKey="Paterson, Moira" sort="Paterson, Moira" uniqKey="Paterson M" first="Moira" last="Paterson">Moira Paterson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindsay, David" sort="Lindsay, David" uniqKey="Lindsay D" first="David" last="Lindsay">David Lindsay</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monotti, Ann" sort="Monotti, Ann" uniqKey="Monotti A" first="Ann" last="Monotti">Ann Monotti</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Anne" sort="Chin, Anne" uniqKey="Chin A" first="Anne" last="Chin">Anne Chin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:A638F24712719258939B0EC3FEAF21D9FC8DE697</idno><date when="2007" year="2007">2007</date><idno type="doi">10.1108/14684520710747185</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/A638F24712719258939B0EC3FEAF21D9FC8DE697/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000359</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">DART a new missile in Australia's eresearch strategy</title><author><name sortKey="Paterson, Moira" sort="Paterson, Moira" uniqKey="Paterson M" first="Moira" last="Paterson">Moira Paterson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindsay, David" sort="Lindsay, David" uniqKey="Lindsay D" first="David" last="Lindsay">David Lindsay</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monotti, Ann" sort="Monotti, Ann" uniqKey="Monotti A" first="Ann" last="Monotti">Ann Monotti</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Anne" sort="Chin, Anne" uniqKey="Chin A" first="Anne" last="Chin">Anne Chin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Online Information Review</title><idno type="ISSN">1468-4527</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2007-04-17">2007-04-17</date><biblScope unit="volume">31</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="116">116</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="134">134</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1468-4527</idno></series><idno type="istex">A638F24712719258939B0EC3FEAF21D9FC8DE697</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/14684520710747185</idno><idno type="filenameID">2640310202</idno><idno type="original-pdf">2640310202.pdf</idno><idno type="href">14684520710747185.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1468-4527</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Purpose The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of a new eresearch paradigm and to outline key projects and developments in Europe, North America, Canada and Australia. The article also provides a detailed summary of the Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation eResearch Technology DART project. Designmethodologyapproach A review of relevant government reports, documents and general literature was conducted. Findings Projects currently being conducted in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia are part of an international movement that aims to use modern ICTs to enhance eresearch. The DART project is a significant part of this movement as it has adopted a whole process approach to eresearch, and provides a platform for the examination of the technical, legal and policy issues that arise in the new eresearch environment. Originalityvalue Provides an overview of current projects that concern the development of eresearch, with a particular focus on Australian research and the DART project.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Moira Paterson</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David Lindsay</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ann Monotti</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anne Chin</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Electronic media</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Communication technologies</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Information society</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Australia</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Purpose The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of a new eresearch paradigm and to outline key projects and developments in Europe, North America, Canada and Australia. 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The article also provides a detailed summary of the Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation eResearch Technology DART project. Designmethodologyapproach A review of relevant government reports, documents and general literature was conducted. Findings Projects currently being conducted in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia are part of an international movement that aims to use modern ICTs to enhance eresearch. The DART project is a significant part of this movement as it has adopted a whole process approach to eresearch, and provides a platform for the examination of the technical, legal and policy issues that arise in the new eresearch environment. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oir</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/oir</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Online Information Review</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1468-4527</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/14684520710747185</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2640310202.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2640310202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">research-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Research paper</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-CBM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Collection building & management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-BIB</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Bibliometrics</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-DAT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Databases</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IBRT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information behaviour & retrieval</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-RMP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Records management & preservation</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-DOCM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Document management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>DART: a new missile in Australia's e‐research strategy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Moira</given-names> <surname>Paterson</surname></string-name><aff>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>David</given-names> <surname>Lindsay</surname></string-name><aff>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Ann</given-names> <surname>Monotti</surname></string-name><aff>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Anne</given-names> <surname>Chin</surname></string-name><aff>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="14684520710747185.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of a new e‐research paradigm and to outline key projects and developments in Europe, North America, Canada and Australia. The article also provides a detailed summary of the Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation e‐Research Technology (DART) project.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>A review of relevant government reports, documents and general literature was conducted.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>Projects currently being conducted in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia are part of an international movement that aims to use modern ICTs to enhance e‐research. The DART project is a significant part of this movement as it has adopted a “whole process” approach to e‐research, and provides a platform for the examination of the technical, legal and policy issues that arise in the new e‐research environment.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>Provides an overview of current projects that concern the development of e‐research, with a particular focus on Australian research and the DART project.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Electronic media</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Communication technologies</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Information society</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Australia</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The international research landscape is increasingly being shaped by two inter‐related developments: an increased commitment on the part of governments and others to the promotion of open access to information, and a new wave of developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs), which have enhanced the information‐sharing capabilities of the internet. An initial series of projects involving the development of institutional repositories for the sharing of published data and other outcomes of research projects has been followed by a second wave of projects that go further and involve the development of the necessary infrastructure for sharing the raw data which forms the basis for research.</p><p>The new infrastructure projects, which make possible the transfer and sharing of much larger quantities of data than has been possible in the past, have resulted in a paradigm shift to new research methodologies based on sharing and collaboration. This has opened up a Pandora's box of policy and legal issues.</p><p>This article begins by setting out a brief history of the new e‐research movement. This is followed by an overview of the key projects and developments in Europe, North America, Canada and Australia, along with a detailed summary of the Australian Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation e‐Research Technologies (DART) project, which provides the main focus of this paper<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">[1]</xref>.</p><p>The Monash‐led<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">[2]</xref> DART project is a co‐ordinated effort that aims to enhance e‐research by providing new solutions to all elements of the e‐research process, from the generation of research data to the publication, annotation and re‐use of data and results. Its ambitious scope means that the project provides a useful microcosm for the exploration of key issues that underlie this new area of development.</p></sec><sec><title>The evolution of e‐research</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>The new e‐research paradigm must be understood within the broader context of ongoing social and economic trends and recent initiatives that respond to such trends. The rapid development of ICTs has paved the way for a new social ordering in which information and technology both play a critical role. The concept of an “Information Society” reflects a growing awareness of the potential for ICTs to contribute to economic, social and educational goals and, consequently, to the importance of ensuring increased access to such technologies for all members of the community. Likewise, the related term “Knowledge Society” has come to be used to emphasise the fact that society's most valuable asset is its investment in intangible, social and human social capital, where the most important aspects are knowledge and creativity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">European Commission, 2006</xref>). Recognition of the significance of information and knowledge has led to an appreciation of the economic and social importance of access to information<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">[3]</xref>. At the same time there has been an increased emphasis on the desirability of public access to publicly‐funded research<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">[4]</xref>.</p><p>Associated with, but distinct from, concerns relating to access to publicly‐funded research has been a broader movement aimed at promoting greater access to scholarly research and information sources, which may be loosely referred to as the “open access” movement. In part, the movement has been motivated by funding constraints facing libraries and academic institutions. Open access has also been influenced by concerns among academics and others regarding the potential consequences of increasing levels of protection of intellectual property rights. The movement has resulted in initiatives, such as the <italic>Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities,</italic> which has been supported by influential German academic institutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">Hoorn, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">Max Planck Society, 2006</xref>). The Berlin Declaration, which defines open access as “a comprehensive source of human knowledge and cultural heritage that has been approved by the scientific community”, relies to an extent on academic community standards to ensure open access to research resources.</p><p>A potentially complementary development has been the establishment of the Creative Commons, a non‐profit organisation that offers flexible copyright licences for creative works (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Creative Commons, 2006</xref>) and Science Commons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50">Science Commons, 2006</xref>) projects. Rather than relying upon academic norms, the Creative Commons and Science Commons initiatives essentially adapt the model pioneered by open source software licensing, whereby intellectual property licensing is used as a means for ensuring open access to material protected by intellectual property. Thus, under the Creative Commons initiatives a range of standardised intellectual property licences is used to grant certain rights of use and access to the public while, depending on the licence, particular residual rights are retained by the intellectual property owners. The potential role of Creative Commons licensing in promoting scholarly research and communication is a fertile area for future research.</p></sec><sec><title>Developments involving the internet and the World wide web</title><p>In examining the range of current developments it is important to understand the problems that the various projects aimed at harnessing ICTs for the purposes of research seek to address. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Fensel <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref> have identified significant weaknesses in current knowledge management systems in relation to searching for information, extracting information, maintaining information and allowing for automatic document generation. The increased use of metadata and the development of better metadata standards are central elements of those projects aimed at overcoming these deficiencies. Metadata, which literally means “data about data”, is defined with regard to web design as “machine understandable information about web resources or other things” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Berners‐Lee, 1997</xref>). It allows users to locate what they specifically require from a mass of information.</p><p>The diverse range of policy and legal developments aimed at expediting access to and use of research resources referred to above has been paralleled by projects aimed at enhancing the information‐sharing capabilities of the internet and World wide web. The development of the internet and the web marked an important milestone in the ability of researchers and others to access and share information on a large scale. The convergence of increasingly powerful computers with communications technologies and a common platform for the sharing of information made it theoretically possible to transfer and process large quantities of information at high speed and comparatively low cost. However, the extent and scale of information sharing was initially constrained by limitations in bandwidth and by the ability of individuals to make meaningful use of the plethora of data that was now potentially available. These constraints are gradually being eroded by a complex range of initiatives.</p><p>One important set of developments has concerned changes to the way in which the web is used and the range of applications that it makes available. This has led to the coining of the concept “Web 2.0”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">[5]</xref> to describe a new web environment characterised by its increased use as a platform for new applications and phenomena such as blogs<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6">[6]</xref>, wikis<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7">[7]</xref> and tagging<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">[8]</xref>. Web 2.0 is “often applied to perceived ongoing transition of the World Wide Web from a collection of web sites to a fully‐fledged computing platform serving web applications”. It is commonly understood to refer to developments such as the transition of web sites from isolated information silos to sources of content and functionality, a new approach to web content characterised by open communication, decentralisation of authority and freedom to share and re‐use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55">Wikipedia, 2006c</xref>).</p><p>The Semantic Web, a collaborative effort led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9">[9]</xref>, builds on W3C's previous metadata activity and provides “an extension of the current web in which information is given well‐defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Berners‐Lee <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>). It provides a universal medium for information exchange by giving meaning to the content of documents in a manner that is understandable to machines. In February 2004 the Consortium released two W3C recommendations: the Resource Description Framework (RDF), which is used to “represent information and to exchange knowledge in the web” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">World Wide Web Consortium, 2006b</xref>) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), which is used to “publish and share sets of terms called ontologies, supporting advanced web search, software agents and knowledge management” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">World Wide Web Consortium, 2006b</xref>). As stated in the W3C's Semantic Web Activity Statement, the web will only reach its full potential when “data can be shared and processed by automated tools as well as by people” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63">World Wide Web Consortium, 2006c</xref>). An important aspect of the Semantic Web is that it will not only provide metadata about documents stored on the web, but also about “things” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Berners‐Lee, 1997</xref>), thereby leading to what is sometimes known as “the internet of things”. This transformation of the web has significant implications for e‐science and the management, access and sharing of information resources generally.</p><p>Another important initiative, known as Internet2<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10">[10]</xref>, has as its goal the creation of “a leading edge network capability for the national research community to enable revolutionary internet applications and to ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications to the broader Internet community” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">Internet2, 2006)</xref>. The key feature of the projects associated with the Internet2 consortium is the development of applications and technologies for high‐speed data transfer, which may eventually be incorporated in a new high‐speed internet backbone.</p></sec><sec><title>Grid computing</title><p>The “grid”, or “cyber‐infrastructure” as it is referred to in the US, is an emerging computing model which uses “the resources of many separate computers connected by a network” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Answers.com, 2006b)</xref> to obtain higher levels of computational power and data processing. The term “grid” was chosen to draw an analogy to the electricity power grid, where in this case, data, computational resources and instruments can be regarded as utilities that can be delivered over the network (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">Hobson, 2004</xref>). Likewise, the term cyber‐infrastructure, draws an analogy with physical infrastructures such as roads and power grids that support modern society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">Hart, 2003</xref>). It has been defined as “a system that: coordinates resources that are not subject to centralised control; using standard, open, general‐purpose protocols and interfaces; to deliver nontrivial qualities of service” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Foster, 2002</xref>).</p><p>A major aspect of grid computing/cyber‐infrastructure has been the development of middleware, “a communications layer that allows applications to interact across hardware and network environments” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">DMReview, 2006</xref>). This is now complemented by the Semantic Grid, which can be defined as “an extension of the current Grid in which information and services are given well‐defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Semantic Grid, 2006</xref>). As explained on the Semantic Grid Community Portal, this approach is “essential to achieve the full richness of the Grid vision, with a high degree of easy‐to‐use and seamless automation enabling flexible collaborations and computations on a global scale” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Semantic Grid, 2006</xref>). Since the writing of the report, “Research agenda for the semantic grid: a future e‐science infrastructure” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">De Roure <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>), a series of activities have been established to encourage the development of the Semantic Grid, including the GGF Semantic Grid Research Group and the Semantic Grid Community Portal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Semantic Grid, 2006</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>The new e‐research projects</title><p>An important outcome of these developments has been the funding by governments and other groups of a range of projects that are designed to harness ICTs and the grid for the purposes of research. These projects were initially focused on improving access to research resources at a systemic level, especially via digital repositories. However, more recently expansions in bandwidth coupled with a growing awareness of potential benefits of sharing expensive scientific equipment has led to an expansion of the concept of sharing to the level of primary research data.</p><p>A new breed of research techniques termed “e‐research” have arisen which can be described as “research activities that use a spectrum of advanced ICT capabilities and embraces new research methodologies” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Australia. Dept. of Education, Science and Training, 2005a</xref>). E‐research differs from more traditional research in that it is generally team based and involves collaboration across institutional and jurisdictional boundaries. E‐research also allows users to manage all data and information in a well organised and easily accessible environment,</p><p>A major impetus for the new developments has come from the science‐based disciplines. Consequently, the term “e‐science”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11">[11]</xref> is sometimes used interchangeably with e‐research. As described by the UK National e‐Science Centre, “e‐Science will refer to the large scale science that will increasingly be carried out through distributed global collaborations enabled by the internet. Typically, a feature of such collaborative scientific enterprises is that they will require access to very large data collections, very large scale computing resources and high performance visualisation back to the individual user scientists” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">National e‐Science Centre, 2006</xref>).</p><p>However, as other disciplines are now actively seeking to harness the potential of ICT for their research, this term has since been augmented by a new term, “e‐social science”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn12">[12]</xref>. Once again, the main emphasis is on distributed global collaborations involving large‐scale resources and large groups of people.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Key developments</title><p>Governments throughout the world have contributed funding to a number of specific initiatives designed to foster e‐research. These include the projects outlined immediately below, as well as related projects in a number of Asian countries including China, Korea and Japan<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn13">[13]</xref>.</p><sec><title>Europe</title><p>Developments in the UK began with the e‐science programme, which initially involved an allocation of funding for programmes funded by individual research councils<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn14">[14]</xref> and a core e‐science programme developed as a cross‐council activity to develop and broker generic technology solutions and generic middleware to enable e‐science. The first stage of the programme was structured around six key elements, including a national e‐science centre, likened to a network of regional grid centres, and the development of generic grid middleware and demonstrator projects. A second phase involves a further six elements, including the establishment of the Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute and a Digital Curation Centre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">Research Councils UK, 2004</xref>).</p><p>The related e‐social science programme is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council to investigate and promote the use of e‐science to benefit social science research. The majority of the Centre's research is undertaken via seven research nodes, including the Mixed Media Grid and the Oxford e‐Social Science project. The latter includes projects which examine the ethical, legal and institutional dynamics of the e‐sciences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">Oxford Internet Institute, 2006</xref>), and the manner in which institutional, legal and social settings of scientists may constrain and facilitate e‐science (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">Oxford Internet Institute, 2006</xref>). The e‐social science strategy also includes funding for 11 e‐social science demonstrator models, a training and awareness programme co‐funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn15">[15]</xref> and a network of access grid nodes to support collaboration between social science researchers across the UK. JISC also funds other related projects in the UK, including the eBank UK project, and the JISC IE Metadata Schema Registry project<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn16">[16]</xref>. The metadata project aims to develop “a metadata schema registry as a pilot shared service within the JISC Information Environment” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">Joint Information Systems Committee IE Metadata Schema Registry, 2006</xref>).</p><p>Another project, the European Enabling Grids for E‐SciencE (EGGE), brings together experts from a large number of European countries as well as the USA and Israel. These experts share the common aim of “building on recent advances in Grid technology and developing a service Grid infrastructure which is available to scientists 24 hours‐a‐day” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">Enabling Grids for E‐sciencE, 2006</xref>). Although largely funded by EU funding agencies, the project has a worldwide mission and receives contributions from non EU partners, including the US and Russia.</p><p>The project will build on the EU Research Network, GÉANT, which began in November 2000, and GÉANT2, which became operational in December 2001. It will concentrate primarily on three core areas: building a consistent, robust and secure grid network that will attract additional computing resources; continuously improving and maintaining the middleware necessary to deliver a reliable service to users; and attracting new users from industry and science and ensuring they receive a high standard of training and support. Its work is organised into 11 activities, which come under three main areas: networking activities involving the management and coordination of all the communication aspects of the project; specific service activities comprising the support, operation and management of the grid and provision of network resources; and research activities concentrating on grid research and development.</p><p>The EU also funds the OntoGrid project, which is working on producing the technologies and infrastructure for developing services for the Semantic Grid that optimise collaboration activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">OntoGrid, 2006</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>USA</title><p>Developments in the USA have largely related to projects funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), which has identified advanced cyber‐infrastructure as a major funding priority. The stated aim of its funding is “to provide user‐friendly, reliable information technology and knowledge management resources to all researchers and educators to catalyse discovery at the frontiers of all science and engineering disciplines” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">National Science Foundation, 2005</xref>). The NSF's 2006 investments include support for: high‐end computing architecture research, preparation of scientists and engineers to effectively use cyber‐infrastructure, the Protein Data Bank, the National Radio Astronomy and National Optical Astronomy Observatories, the National STEM Education Digital Library and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, and social and behavioural science data collections. Support will also be provided to address issues such as: confidentiality protection and means for securing worldwide, user‐friendly access; multiple projects to provide the nation's science and engineering community access to high‐end computing and other cyber‐infrastructure resources; developing next‐generation data management systems and associated tools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">National Science Foundation, 2005</xref>).</p><p>Projects funded by the NSF as part of this initiative include Obligations and Rights in Technologies of Information Assessment (PORTIA), a “five‐year, multi‐institutional, multi‐disciplinary, multi‐modal investigation that looks comprehensively at sensitive data in a networked world” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">Privacy, Obligations, and Rights in Technologies of Information Assessment, 2006</xref>). The project focuses specifically on the technical challenges of handling sensitive data and the policy and legal issues facing data subjects, owners and users.</p><p>These developments have been supplemented by the activities of EDUCAUSE, a non‐profit organisation with a mission to advance higher education by promoting the intelligent use of information technology. EDUCAUSE is actively involved in cyber‐security through the EDUCAUSE/Internet2 Computer and Network Security Task Force. Its activities also encompass information systems and services, information technology management and leadership, networking and emerging technologies, as well as legal and policy issues<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn17">[17]</xref>.</p></sec><sec><title>Canada</title><p>The Canadian government has committed CA$110 million to the establishment of CANARIE's CA*net4, which supersedes CA*net3, a system that was established under its “Connecting Canada’ agenda. CA*net4 is “a new generation of internet broadband network architecture that will link all research institutions, including many community colleges, via provincial networks” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">Government of Canada, 2002</xref>).</p><p>Other projects that are focused upon developing a global communication system for research include Grid Canada, a partnership between CANARIE, the National Research Council (NRC) and C3.ca Association Inc. that aims to “help enable computers, storage, networks, instruments, and visualization resources to take part in a national grid and make them available to research communities across Canada” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">Grid Canada, 2002</xref>).</p><p>Further work includes a network of institutional repositories located at 26 university research libraries that are linked through regional initiatives, such as the Ontario Scholars Portal. The NRC's Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI) also provides a national repository in all areas of science, technology, engineering and medicine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Canadian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, 2006</xref>). Resources available include books, journal articles, conference papers and reports. An evolving system that dates back well into the last century, the repository provides access through NRC Information Centres (NICs) located throughout Canada as well as via the internet. Finally, a non‐profit service called Érudit, funded by the Quebec government through the Fonds québécois de recherché sur la société et la culture (Quebec's Research Funds on Culture and Society) and Le Fonds de l'autoroute de l'information (Information Superhighway Fund), provides digital versions of academic journals and books (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">Érudit, 2006</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Australia</title><p>In the case of Australia, the recently appointed e‐Research Coordinating Committee released an interim report (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Australia. Dept. of Education, Science and Training e‐Research Coordinating Committee, 2005</xref>) outlining e‐research issues of national importance in the short and medium term, and associated strategies to address them. Key strategic directions outlined include the linkage of e‐research resources. The report stresses the need for Australia to develop a world‐class e‐research capability across all research disciplines. It also points out that facilities which can develop and customise access frameworks, user interfaces, shared services, common use facilities, data curation, user authentication and security services would greatly benefit the Australian e‐research effort.</p><p>The Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) recently released a Strategic Roadmap which outlines the key principles of the newly developed National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">DEST, 2006</xref>). The NCRIS is a major initiative under the Australian Government's <italic>Backing Australia's Ability – Building our Future through Science and Innovation</italic>. The aim of NCRIS is to “bring greater strategic direction and coordination to national research infrastructure investments” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">DEST, 2006</xref>) Funding of AU$542 million to 2010/11 will be available for researchers to obtain access to major research facilities and supporting networks and infrastructure.</p><p>To date, the government has invested over AU$246 million to found an e‐research infrastructure based on a high bandwidth communications network and distributed high performance computing capacity. Part of this funding has been provided via a Systemic Infrastructure Initiative (SII)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn18">[18]</xref> to address the need for accessible data and information repositories, accessible research facilities and instruments, accessible sensor networks, agreed standards for ICT and coordinated development of middleware<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn19">[19]</xref>.</p><p>In 2003 the Australian Research Information Infrastructure Committee provided funding for four projects, known as the Federated Repositories of Online Digital Objects (FRODO) projects, which were designed to improve the resources available to Australian researchers at a systemic level. FRODO included projects to develop software for creating better linkages between university information technology systems, redevelop the existing central repository of the Australian Digital Theses Program (ADT), to increase its coverage and utility and the accessibility and sustainability digital collections. A fourth project, The Australian Research Repositories Online to the World (ARROW), led by Monash University, identified, tested and developed software solutions to demonstrate best‐practice solutions for storing and organising digital information. This project focused upon the deposit of and access to published articles. It did not consider the wider research process of storage of datasets and using them to produce dynamic publications.</p><p>The latest round of SII funding involved the funding of nine projects known collectively as the Managed Environments for Research Repository Infrastructure (MERRI) projects. A common feature of the MERRI projects is that they are designed to enhance the ability of Australian researchers to tap into new resources and to better share their results with the wider research community. The first group is concerned with the management and integration of large data sets. This group comprises projects to: develop best‐practice principles for data security and sustainability of time critical data; provide a highly distributed archiving facility to support long‐term data curation requirements; and provide for the linkage and mapping of records, tissue banks, images, clinical data and genetic data across common diseases. A second group focuses on technical development and deployment and consists of projects that will: provide a national focal point for advice on open source software for research effectiveness as computation and analysis, build a strategic plan of activities and projects for an Australian collaborative middleware strategy, and develop a set of legal protocols and generic licences that can be used across universities to facilitate and break down barriers to open access to copyright material. The third and final group focuses on interoperability and access. This group includes the DART project, which will build upon the work completed in the ARROW project, as well as many other national and international projects.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>The DART project</title><p>The DART project is designed to create a platform to enable the secure sharing of digital research resources via a research infrastructure that spans across regional and smaller universities. It essentially sets out to develop a new system for managing research activity and communication, which will address issues that arise throughout the entire research process<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn20">[20]</xref>. In doing so, it aims to support and allow researchers, end users and computer systems to manage the creation, collection, annotation and publication of digital data and documents, while increasing access for researchers and the public. Its ultimate objective is to provide greater visibility of and access to publicly funded research. The project builds on earlier models, such as ARROW, that deal with scholarly communication by adding the research process itself as well as the process of annotation. Significantly, it aims to provide access to datasets and other digital objects in addition to publications that utilise those datasets. It aims to enable datasets to be treated in the same way as publications. The benefits include the prevention of data loss and the ability for researchers to locate archival datasets.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640310202001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates how the DART project is structured to enhance collaborative e‐research<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn21">[21]</xref>. As shown in this figure, the DART project will provide a system that deals with large‐scale data collection from various sources and the storage of this data in repositories. In addition to conventional published articles, researchers will be able to use the DART project to store other forms of digital objects, such as raw data from instruments. The project will also allow collaborative research groups, as well as individual researchers, to analyse, annotate and publish stored data. Furthermore, researchers and other users will be able to access data stored in repositories by using the appropriate access tools.</p><p>The benefits that the DART project will bring to e‐Research are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640310202002">Figure 2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn22">[22]</xref>. This figure illustrates the current circumstances for each step in the scholarly process and how these circumstances will be altered with the DART project. The figure also outlines the benefits for researchers and the general public.</p><p>In order to address each area of the e‐research process the project consists of a number of different work packages that have been arranged into groupings which reflect the stage of the process to which they relate.</p><p>The first of these groupings comprises a number of Data Collection, Monitoring and Quality Assurance (DMQ) work packages, which will investigate issues regarding high‐rate and large‐volume data streams, particularly those generated by instruments and sensors. Their aims include: connecting sensors and instruments to the network; ensuring reliable and effective connection of selected instruments and sensors to storage; assessing the quality of digital objects obtained from instruments and sensors; checking the calibration of sensors and instruments and validating instruments and data; providing online, remote access to pilot working sensors/instruments; and increasing the intelligence of the storage framework by building event triggers.</p><p>A second group, consisting of Storage and Interoperability (SI) work packages, will address the need to work with documents, datasets, simulations, software and dynamic knowledge representations in a secure way with controlled access. Their aims include: improving discovery by fostering richer descriptive and preservation metadata for dataset objects, utilising grid security to provide secure service for transferring data from sensors/instruments, providing a software implementation that allows data to be retrieved from repositories or regenerated dynamically using standard metadata, and developing specifications and configuration for a large storage infrastructure.</p><p>The third group consists of a set of Content and Rights (CR) work packages, which will examine methods, technologies and incentives to encourage researchers to submit their research and data into repositories. Tasks include: an examination of the issues surrounding the migration of data from personal data repositories to secure trusted alternatives; an investigation of the application of the Creative Commons work to non‐science research data and results, and its integration into software; the development of software based on the Science Commons to enhance scientific information sharing via the use of standardised licences; and the enhancement of information management practice in research communities (and the provision of an easy method for researchers to deposit datasets and other digital objects into repositories. This group also includes a project designed to increase content deposit rates by identifying and offering possible solutions to the legal issues (including intellectual property, privacy and information security liability) that will arise under the new system.</p><p>A fourth smaller group of Annotation and Assessment (AA) work packages will focus on establishing tools and services that will allow peers to attach opinions, reviews, comments or assessments to research data, publications and reports. These packages aim to: provide mechanisms for annotation of work (including datasets) by researchers; enhance annotation rates by allowing end‐user control over who can access and annotate the annotations; provide tools to aid collaborative annotations by groups of users, either in real‐time through application sharing or asynchronously; and foster wiki‐based collaborative work practices in research teams.</p><p>A final set of Discovery and Access (DA) work packages will provide tools and services that allow researchers and readers to search, browse, discover and access resources within the repository in an unrestricted or controlled manner. Their intended outcomes are to: improve repository deposit rates, sharing and re‐use through permitting end‐user control over access; improve repository deposit rates, sharing and re‐use by enhancing discoverability; and lower wasted effort in creating metadata schemas and enhance the interoperability of metadata schemas.</p><p>The project also encompasses three demonstrator models designed to demonstrate its overall proof of concept. The first demonstrator model will be based on X‐ray crystallography, including use of the Common Instrument Middleware Architecture (CIMA), which forms part of the US National Science Foundation's Middleware Initiative. The aim of the X‐ray crystallography demonstrator model is to enhance the use of X‐ray diffraction facilities by improving user access. CIMA will be used to allow remote access and distributed operation of X‐ray diffraction laboratories. A Crystallography Portal has been set up to demonstrate what information will be available to crystallographers collecting data in participating laboratories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">CIMA X‐ray Crystallography, 2006</xref>). The DART project plans to handle the whole research process, from obtaining data to changing and accessing the data. Annotations of work will also be permitted by researchers, and options will be given as to which publication style researchers would like to use. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640310202003">Figure 3</xref> illustrates how crystallography data will be handled from the collection to publication and access phases within the DART project<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn23">[23]</xref>.</p><p>The second demonstrator model will be based on climate research. One example of this is installation of an HF ocean surface radar to monitor wind directions, surface currents and wave heights in the southern section of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. The radar is a monitoring element of a five‐year study of coral bleaching and is located in one of 12 sites worldwide that have been chosen for the study of coral bleaching.</p><p>The third demonstrator will be based on digital history and will illustrate how the DART project can be used for research within the humanities disciplines..</p><p>All demonstrators will be used as a test for the concepts inherent in the DART project and will be included in work conducted by most of the work packages.</p><p>The scope of the DART project is best described by comparing it with two other projects: the eBank UK project and OntoGrid. Both projects provide examples of early basic or semi‐applied research that strongly influenced the DART project. The eBank UK project forms part of a broader Semantic Grid Programme and examines the potential for creation, curation and management of research data and integration of the resulting research datasets into digital libraries for research, teaching and learning purposes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">eBank UK, 2005</xref>). It focuses upon improving access to publicly funded research by providing researchers and others with the ability to link those datasets with the published articles, thus ensuring the accuracy of the provenance of the original data on which the articles are based. In its first phase (2003‐2004), the eBank project built a demonstrator to show the potential for linking crystallography datasets to publications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">Duke <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). The archive offers a local browse and search interface tailored to crystallography. Its current Phase 2 research is exploring the pedagogical potential of linking research datasets with e‐learning.</p><p>The OntoGrid project, also influential for the DART project, aims to demonstrate how knowledge technologies<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn24">[24]</xref> can help provide the “next generation” of Semantic Grid Computing systems. The project also plans to work on the technological infrastructure required for Semantic Grid services (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Goble and Bechhofer, 2005</xref>).</p><p>Together, eBank UK and Ontogrid cover about one quarter of the DART project. Parts of the eBank project overlap with two of the DART project's CR work packages and one DA work package, while Ontogrid has completed work that overlaps with one SI work package and three AA work packages. Each of eBank UK and Ontogrid extend to additional work that is outside the scope of the DART project.</p><p>Apart from being more comprehensive than these two projects, DART differs in two other respects. First, it focuses on the entire scholarly lifecycle, from research task through to post‐publication discovery and annotation. Second, the demonstrator models are in three different disciplines: X‐ray crystallography, climate research and digital history. Ultimately, the DART project will contribute to e‐science and e‐research generally by integrating and extending upon the research conducted by projects such as eBank UK and OntoGrid.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>As outlined in this paper, projects taking place in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia are contributing to an important new series of projects that are harnessing modern ICT to promote increased access to and use of research resources, including primary research data. These projects are heralding a new era of connectivity that is changing the way in which researchers conduct their work and are producing a new species of e‐research, which is increasingly international, collaborative and interdisciplinary in its scope.</p><p>The DART project is significant as it takes a “whole process” approach to new e‐research environments, which encompasses information processing, exchange, utilisation and management. It also provides demonstrator models to illustrate how the process will work in practice. This allows for an in‐depth investigation of the technical and information management issues involved in e‐research (including the overarching issues of establishing an appropriate security framework). The DART project also provides an opportunity to examine the significant new legal and policy issues raised by the new e‐research paradigm. These are all fundamental issues that will need to be addressed internationally in this area. The success of e‐research depends upon providing incentives for researchers to exchange information through services such as repositories. If there are no certain technical and legal safeguards to ensure that their research is safe, researchers will not participate.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640310202001"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Figure 1 DART project high level architecture</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640310202001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640310202002"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>How the DART project will enhance the e‐research process</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640310202002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640310202003"><label><bold>Figure 3<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Workflow for crystallography data under the DART project</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640310202003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body><back><fn-group><title>Notes</title><fn id="fn1"><p>This article draws on research carried out in respect of research package CR6 of the Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation e‐Research Technologies (DART) project funded by the Australian Commonwealth Government's Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST), through the Systemic Infrastructure Initiative (SII). Please note that the DART project discussed in this paper should be distinguished from the DART data acquisition system utilised at Fermilab: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">Oleynik <italic>et al.</italic> (1994)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2"><p>The other two project partners are James Cook University and the University of Queensland.</p></fn><fn id="fn3"><p>This has most recently been seen in the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), which was held in two phases over the period 2003‐2005. See <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">World Summit on the Information Society (2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60">2005)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn4"><p>For example, one of the outcomes of the ministerial meeting of the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy held in November 2004 was the establishment of an OECD working committee to develop a set of Principles and Guidelines on Access to Research Data from Public Funding. See <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development Newsroom (2004)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Australia, Dept. of Education, Science and Training e‐Research Coordinating Committee (2005)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn5"><p>“Web 2.0” had its origins in a 2004 conference titled “Web2.0”: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">O'Reilly, T. (2005)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn6"><p>“Blog” is short for weblog, a web‐based journal “that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption”: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">bytown internet (2006)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn7"><p>A “wiki” is “a type of website that allows users to add and edit content easily and is especially suited for collaborative writing: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56">Wikipedia (2006a)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn8"><p>This involves the use of a metatag – html code used to “provide a description and to provide keywords for a webpage”: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56">Wikipedia (2006b)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn9"><p>The W3C is an international consortium of companies which has the purpose of developing open standards for the web. Information about W3C can be found at: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">World Wide Web Consortium (2006a)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn10"><p>Internet2 is a non‐profit consortium that was first established in 1997. The term Internet2 properly refers to the consortium itself – which is led by 207 US universities together with private sector partners, including Cisco Systems, Prous Science and Sun Microsystems – and not to any particular technologies: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">Internet2 (2006)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn11"><p>“E‐science” refers to “science that is enabled by the routine use of distributed computing resources by end‐user scientists”: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">Fox and Walker (2003)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">UK e‐Science Program (2006)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">CCLRC e‐Science Centre (2005)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">National eScience Centre (2006)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn12"><p>“E‐social science” has been defined as “social science using grid computing”: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Answers.com((2006a)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn13"><p>These projects are summarised in Appendix C of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Australia Dept. of Education, Science and Training (2005)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn14"><p>The Councils were created to fulfil the objectives set out in: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">UK Government (1993)</xref>, The Councils are controlled by the Department of Trade and Industry: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">Research Councils UK (2005)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn15"><p>The Joint Information Systems Committee is funded by the UK Further and Higher Education Funding Councils, and provides “strategic guidance, advice and opportunities to use ICT to support teaching, learning, research and administration” in the tertiary education sector: see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">Joint Information Systems Committee (2006)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn16"><p>Information on the JISC Information Environment can be accessed at: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">Joint Information Systems Committee (2003)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn17"><p>Information regarding EDUCAUSE's major initiatives can also be found at: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">EDUCAUSE (2006)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn18"><p>For a full list of SII‐funded projects see: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Australian Dept. of Education, Science and Training (2005b)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn19"><p>The term “middleware” encapsulates “the software tools and services providing the capability to link information/data resources and computing capability from diverse and multiple sources to enable e‐Research”: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Australian Dept. of Education, Science and Training (2005)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn20"><p>The DART website is located at: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">DART (2006a)</xref>. A plone wiki/weblog has also been established for the DART project and can be located at <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">DART (2006b)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn21"><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640310202001">Figure 1</xref> can also be found in the presentation: DART March 30 talk for <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">DART (2006c)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn22"><p>This figure builds upon work described in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">Van de Sompel <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640310202002">Figure 2</xref> is also found in the DART Bid Document (public version) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">DART, 2005</xref>).</p></fn><fn id="fn23"><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640310202003">Figure 3</xref> can also be found in the presentation: DART March 30 talk for <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">DART (2006c)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn24"><p>“Knowledge technologies” refers to “a fuzzy set of tools” including software and programming languages that allow better organisation, representation and the exchange of knowledge and information. 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missile in Australia's eresearch strategy</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moira</namePart><namePart type="family">Paterson</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Lindsay</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ann</namePart><namePart type="family">Monotti</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anne</namePart><namePart type="family">Chin</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-04-17</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of a new eresearch paradigm and to outline key projects and developments in Europe, North America, Canada and Australia. The article also provides a detailed summary of the Dataset Acquisition, Accessibility and Annotation eResearch Technology DART project. Designmethodologyapproach A review of relevant government reports, documents and general literature was conducted. Findings Projects currently being conducted in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia are part of an international movement that aims to use modern ICTs to enhance eresearch. The DART project is a significant part of this movement as it has adopted a whole process approach to eresearch, and provides a platform for the examination of the technical, legal and policy issues that arise in the new eresearch environment. Originalityvalue Provides an overview of current projects that concern the development of eresearch, with a particular focus on Australian research and the DART project.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Electronic media</topic><topic>Communication technologies</topic><topic>Information society</topic><topic>Australia</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Online Information Review</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-CBM">Collection building & management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IBRT">Information behaviour & retrieval</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-RMP">Records management & preservation</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-BIB">Bibliometrics</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-DAT">Databases</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-DOCM">Document management</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1468-4527</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">oir</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/oir</identifier><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>31</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>116</start><end>134</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">A638F24712719258939B0EC3FEAF21D9FC8DE697</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/14684520710747185</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2640310202</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2640310202.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">14684520710747185.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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