The AAAS 2008 annual meeting science and technology from a global perspective
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Auteurs : Danielle Mihram ; G. Arthur MihramSource :
- Library Hi Tech News [ 0741-9058 ] ; 2008-08-08.
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on the 174th annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held 1418 February 2008 in Boston, MA, USA. Designmethodologyapproach Conference report. Findings The conference theme was science and technology from a global perspective, which emphasized the power of science and technology as well as education to assist lessdeveloped segments of the world society, to improve partnerships among already developed countries and to spur knowledgedriven transformations across a host of fields. Originalityvalue Overviews of six conference symposia are presented, which will be of interest to this journal's readers.
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DOI: 10.1108/07419050810921292
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Arthur Mihram</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Author and consultant based in Princeton, NJ, USA. 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Designmethodologyapproach Conference report. Findings The conference theme was science and technology from a global perspective, which emphasized the power of science and technology as well as education to assist lessdeveloped segments of the world society, to improve partnerships among already developed countries and to spur knowledgedriven transformations across a host of fields. Originalityvalue Overviews of six conference symposia are presented, which will be of interest to this journal's readers.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Danielle Mihram</name><affiliations><json:string>Special Projects Librarian, Leavey Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. dmihramusc.edu,</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Arthur Mihram</name><affiliations><json:string>Author and consultant based in Princeton, NJ, USA. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="review-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lhtn</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/lhtn</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Library Hi Tech News</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0741-9058</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/07419050810921292</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2390250701.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2390250701</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">review-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">General review</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISE</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information services</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The AAAS 2008 annual meeting: science and technology from a global perspective</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Danielle</given-names> <surname>Mihram</surname></string-name><aff>Special Projects Librarian, Leavey Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (<italic>dmihram@usc.edu</italic>),</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>G.</given-names> <surname>Arthur Mihram</surname></string-name><aff>Author and consultant based in Princeton, NJ, USA. His biographical sketch has appeared in Marquis's <italic>Who's Who in America</italic>.</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="07419050810921292.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>The purpose of this paper is to report on the 174th annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held 14‐18 February 2008 in Boston, MA, USA.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>Conference report.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>The conference theme was science and technology from a global perspective, which emphasized the power of science and technology as well as education to assist less‐developed segments of the world society, to improve partnerships among already developed countries and to spur knowledge‐driven transformations across a host of fields.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>Overviews of six conference symposia are presented, which will be of interest to this journal's readers.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Conferences</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Librarians</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Sciences</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Sustainable development</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>The 174th annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) was held 14‐18 February 2008 in Boston at the Hynes Convention Center and at three hotels: the Boston Marriott Copley Place; Sheraton Boston; and Hilton Back Bay.</p><p>Over approximately 7,600 registered for the meeting including 1,500 registrants, mostly from the local area, attending the two‐day Family Science Days on Saturday and Sunday.</p><p>The Meeting included a 1 h (4‐5 pm) Science Librarian Orientation as a Special Event on Friday, 15 February 2008.</p><p>The theme of this year's meeting was “Science and Technology from a Global Perspective,” and, according to David Baltimore (AAAS President), it emphasized “the power of science and technology as well as education to assist less‐developed segments of the world society, to improve partnerships among already developed countries, and to spur knowledge‐driven transformations across a host of fields” (p. 4 of the Program Book).</p><p>The meeting included 160 symposia (of either 90 or 180 min duration), four plenary lectures (including Nicholas Negroponte's “One Laptop per Child (Negroponte is the founder and chairman of the One Laptop per Child non‐profit association), nine topical lectures, three seminars (managing threats to marine ecosystems; 2008 forum for school science – programs that create a new science professional: the PhD as public educator; and, understanding obesity and childhood nutrition), and 19 career development workshops.</p><p>One can view (as Streaming RealVideo) or listen to (in Streaming RealAudio or MP3 File) the following parts of the program available at:</p><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_">www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_</ext-link> Meeting/2008_boston/program/lectures/</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>The opening remarks (Susan Hockfield (President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Ioannis Miaoulis (President and Director, Museum of Science, Boston));</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The presidential address (David Baltimore (AAAS President; Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology)) and the invited address (Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda); and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The four plenary lectures.</p></list-item></list><p>The audio of every symposium of the meeting is available for purchase from the Audio Visual Education Network, Inc., (16052 28th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98155 Phone: 206‐440‐7989; Fax: 206‐440‐7990) in either CD audio‐recordings or in MP3 downloads: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aven.com/conf.cfm/cid/1038">www.aven.com/conf.cfm/cid/1038</ext-link></p><p>The AAAS does not include for registrants a print‐copy of the meeting's abstracts (of speakers of any plenary or topical lectures, of any symposium speaker, or of any of those presenting a poster at the half‐day long poster session). Instead, what is provided to each registrant, and is inserted in the printed Program Book, is a CD “2008 AAAS annual meetings: abstracts”, containing only the abstract of each of the speakers and poster‐presenters who provided this information.</p><p>Readers wishing to review the meeting's full program will find it available online on the AAAS web site at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_">www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_</ext-link> Meeting/2008_boston/</p><p>However, not available online are: the abstracts for the posters (available only on the CD inserted in the program book).</p><p>Unfortunately, the AAAS's meeting continues to have 8‐10 symposia conducted concurrently at any time period during the mornings (8:30 am – noon) as well as the afternoons (1:45 – 5:00 pm). Such an arrangement inevitably leaves any attending to wish he/she had two (or three or four!) pairs of ears, else one need to order additional audio‐tapes and thereby increase the cost of “attending” the conference – since only the abstract of each paper/presentation is available (and only for those authors who provided these).</p><p>A few years ago, the annual meeting, though then (and now) commencing on the Thursday evening, continued through mid‐afternoon on the following Tuesday, providing thereby over 4.5 days of presentations. This year the meeting ended at noon on the Monday, a decrease in the number of symposia and/or papers by about 22 per cent.</p><p>Each of the AAAS's discipline‐based sections, about 20 in number, holds its own “business” meeting during the meeting; our attendance at several of those revealed considerable anguish over the centralized “control” by the AAAS Headquarters Office of the respective Sections' proposals for symposia at this (Boston) meeting. One section leader revealed that a proposed symposium was rejected though it (because it?) highlighted a Nobel Laureate. Also, certain standard sub‐disciplines in Biology had been dismissed, as has been the case for several years now – yet, proposals for symposia on marine biology and micro‐biology seem to be given preferential treatment by the AAAS's headquarters' meetings office. A proposed symposium on a celebration of the tercentennial of the births of three “giants” (Linnaeus, biological classifier; Buffon, biologist and mathematician; and, Euler, mathematician), each born in 1707, was rejected despite its theme – noting how the background of, the prelude for, Charles Darwin's nineteenth‐century conclusion (about biological evolution via natural selection) was not a whim or a mere conjecture by him but rather a quite natural progression of the knowledge obtained in the late eighteenth‐century by such individuals. (Since Charles Darwin was born in 1809, such a symposium would have been a rather natural lead‐in for any upcoming celebration of both his birth and also his publication of the <italic>Origin of Species</italic> (1859).</p><p>There was apparently near outrage at the selective attitudes by the AAAS headquarters' meetings office – and this was reportedly expressed in the collective assembly of the society's sections' leaders. There are perhaps two explanations for such misconduct by the AAAS headquarters' office: political favoritism; or a favoritism based on the subject(s) which the funding majors (National Science Foundation, National Institute of Health, e.g.) are preferring to finance in the immediate previous year or two (or three).</p><sec><sec><title>Political favoritism?</title><p>In the former category, an editor of a leading British scientific journal confided to us that he had been asked to provide a question which could be directed at the current AAAS President (the controversial David Baltimore) at the conclusion of his address, one which opened (on the Thursday evening of) the meeting. The editor's question, one dealing with whether human over‐population is the “No. 1 scientific issue” of our day, was rejected for presentation.</p><p>A few years ago, the Nobel laureate, Murray Gell‐Mann, spoke at AAAS on aspects of sustainability, but with our question, recorded from the floor, on why he had not mentioned the core problem of over‐population, he referred us to his book (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Gell‐Mann, 1994</xref>) yet we could find no discussion therein about the issue.</p><p>One truly wonders why “sustainability” and “global warming” have been the focal thematic issues of the AAAS during the past few years, yet there appears to be an avoidance by the AAAS to emphasize publicly the core underlying reason for the concerns about either sustainability or global warming: namely, human over‐population.</p><p>Advocates of the global warming issue speak in terms of a (an international) scientific “consensus” that a dangerous warming of our planet is being experienced and that this warming is primarily the result of carbon dioxide emissions. The evidence which these advocates advance for supporting their conclusion regarding the warming is quite convincing, so the process of skepticism – so natural to the conduct of the scientific method (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">Mihram and Mihram, 2008</xref>), could become less influential. However, when the advocates of the “global‐warming” position use celebrities (including defeated politicians who are often unqualified to understand the underlying science) so as to “advertise” their notion of consensus, then they are engaging in an activity counter to science: <italic>viz</italic>. such “advertising” activities readily lead skeptics (otherwise naturally open‐minded) to become cynics: those who now have reason to suspect that there is an underlying, undisclosed motive for advancing this global‐warming claim. Such skeptics (now cynics) naturally turn their attention to understanding what is the “hidden agenda” of the global‐warming advocates, rather than to demanding answers to their specific questions of doubt regarding the issue at hand.</p><p>For example, is some “court of public opinion”, one defined by having formed a majority in favor of the opinion expressed by celebrities, to be the manner in which science is to proceed? Science is not such a democratic process. One should be reminded of Thomas Jefferson's conclusion: “Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.” (<italic>First Inaugural Address</italic> (4 March 1801))</p><p>The 2008 meeting indeed had a distinctly political emphasis: over 40 symposia dealt with “sustainability”, over 60 with public policy, and over 90 with “global perspectives”, yet there was no symposium on human over‐population, despite an increasing awareness that agriculture and the distribution of its products are failing to meet the demand of an increasingly numerous population internationally.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding favoritism?</title><p>The second possible explanation for the favoritism accorded to some proposed symposia, and for the rejection of others, could well be that of the relative “dollarages” awarded by grant‐giving agencies to/among topics and/or sub‐disciplines. Already we are experiencing in academia favoritism in the granting of tenure and/or promotion on the basis of research funding. For example, if universities become active in seeking funding for “the physics of sport”, the favoritism might notably go to rugby, football, soccer, basketball, baseball, cricket, tennis. But, what is the likelihood of favoritism for research on the shuttlecock?</p><p>Academic freedom itself – as it has historically accompanied teaching‐based research (as opposed to grant‐supported research) – can only suffer. Indeed, does not the type of issue arising in the decision at major universities, as to whether its library's focus should be “content‐based” or “format‐based”, also recognize this need to support the liberty to conduct research without topical constraint (cf. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Mihram, 1975</xref>)? Any library with an appreciation of its archival responsibilities can ill afford to ignore literature on a subject which does not appear to be at the moment well‐funded.</p><p>Neither should a scientific organization be tempted to constrain academic speech by such a criterion.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Symposia overviews</title><p>Of interest to this journal's readership are the following six symposia in two categories:</p><sec><title>Our networked world</title><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>“Power of the internet to facilitate science education and networking: the SuperCourse” (Friday, 15 February 2008, 1:45 pm – 4:45 pm).</p></list-item><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>“Information, computing, and communications; keys to sustainable global development” (Saturday, 16 February 2008, 1:45 pm – 3:15 pm).</p></list-item><list-item><label>(3) </label><p>“Managing and preserving scientific data: emerging perspectives on a global basis” (Sunday, 17 February 2008, 8:30 am –10:00 am).</p></list-item><list-item><label>(4) </label><p>“Virtual observatories and research collaboratories: network‐enabled science” (Sunday, 17 February 2008, 1:45 pm – 4:45 pm).</p></list-item></list></sec><sec><title>The scientific enterprise</title><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(5) </label><p>“Ethical issues in scientific publishing” (Saturday, 16 February 2008, 3:30 pm – 5:00 pm).</p></list-item><list-item><label>(6) </label><p>“Strengthening federal science through the 2009 presidential transition” (Friday, 15 February 2008, 10:30 am).</p></list-item></list></sec><sec><title>(A) Our networked world: four symposia</title><sec><title>Symposium (1)</title><p>Power of the internet to facilitate science education and networking: the SuperCourse. A 180 min symposium organized by Gilbert Omenn (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) and Ronald LaPorte (University of Pittsburgh, PA) – (Friday, 15 February 2008, 1:45 pm – 4:45 pm).</p><p>Ronald LaPorte provided an overview of the SuperCourse, launched in 1997 and established at the University of Pittsburgh with a webmaster in Novosibirsk (Siberia, Russia) and 42 mirror‐server sites (see: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pitt.edu/~super1">www.pitt.edu/∼super1</ext-link>). The goal of the SuperCourse is rapid sharing of the best science of global health across disciplines and in multiple languages to scientists and educators.</p><p>An overview of this project, its concept, and its mission is available on YouTube (7.44 min): <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAIL1Uovems">www.youtube. com/watch?v=UAIL1Uovems</ext-link>>.</p><p>SuperCourse is a free, open source library on global health whose collection has grown to include 3,385 PowerPoint lectures and slides (searchable by author, topic, or keyword) created during the past ten years by 1,200 faculty members and shared by “The Global Health Network”: 44,000 scientists at 3,500 universities from 174 countries. In addition to the lectures, the British Medical Association loads text‐books on line.</p><p>The Google method of user‐determined rankings (The least‐used lectures are removed.) is employed in order to maintain a “current” collection. “Just in time” lectures are also available. For example, in December 2003, lectures were provided within days after the Bam Earthquake (in South‐Eastern Iran).</p><p>The guiding principles of the SuperCourse are:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>To make available:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>A large multidisciplinary network, bringing together scientists from different disciplines; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Those PowerPoint lectures considered to be the best in Open Source.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>To develop:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>An efficient distribution scheme; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Continuous quality improvement.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(3) </label><p>To create a network of experts who could maintain an ongoing communication by contributing to or by using the SuperCourse.</p></list-item></list><p>The SuperCourse's features are ease of usage, minimal cost, and high‐quality content. Peer review as well as a deeming model of statistical quality control are used to attempt to elevate the quality of lectures over time. Among the authors of those lectures are nine Nobel laureates, 33 members of the US National Academy of Sciences, 29 members of the Institute of Medicine, the director of the National Institutes of Health, and a former director of the National Science Foundation.</p><p>Recruitment of authors is (in LaPorte's terms) “viral recruiting”: that is, “grassroots recruiting” whereby those recruited then may recruit others.</p><p>The goal of the SuperCourse is rapid sharing of the best science of global health across disciplines to scientists and educators in multiple languages using a technology for inexpensive, sustainable global training. In that regard, the SuperCourse is not a distance‐education program. It was originally funded (three times) by NASA, and by the National Library of Medicine, and its primary aim is to improve scientific education by creating a resource to be downloaded, studied, and adapted by teachers at multiple levels of instruction. The original lectures, made available through the SuperCourse, are separately copyrighted by their creators.</p><p>Currently, the original English lectures are available in eight languages through translations by volunteers (including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Croatian, Italian, Spanish, and Arabic), but the corpus of lectures includes 26 languages. Machine translation is also under current development.</p><p>According to LaPorte this SuperCourse, with its availability via the internet, is an extraordinary resource for countries such as, for example, Kenya, where medical libraries are only decades old and where current research (as noted and provided by the SuperCourse) is made available now in the classroom.</p><p>Current plans are to expand beyond topics on global health into a broad scientific SuperCourse, accelerating the dissemination of all major scientific development to the world's researchers and classrooms.</p><p>The Bibliotheca Alexandrina (in Alexandria, Egypt) is the main archive for this SuperCourse, providing access to it in its “Important Links” section. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bibalex.org/English/index.aspx">www.bibalex.org/English/index.aspx</ext-link></p><p>Ismail Serageldin (director of said library) gave the audience an overview of the Library's mission and goals. In addition to noting the partnership between his library and the SuperCourse (one among many global partnerships undertaken by that Library), he spoke about one of his library's projects: “The internet archive”, part of the “Advancing science and technology” initiative. That archive is “a complete snapshot of all webpages on every website since 1996 till today. Since the average lifetime of a page on the internet is 100 days, this snapshot is retaken every two months”. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bibalex.org/isis/Frontend/Projects/">www.bibalex.org/isis/Frontend/Projects/</ext-link></p><p>Not only does the Alexandrina serve as the archives of all the materials for the SuperCourse, it also makes available DVDs of the entire course to areas in the world with no or little access to the internet. For example, every university in Nigeria has DVDs of the SuperCourse and there are plans to create a mirror‐server in that country. As a sample of the contents of the SuperCourse, a free DVD of some of the lectures (topic: Epidemiology, the internet and global health) was available as a gift to those attending the Session (the DVD's label notes: “It is a free gift that is meant to be given”).</p></sec><sec><title>Symposium (2)</title><p>Information, computing, and communications; keys to sustainable global development. A 90 min symposium organized by Rahul Tongia, (Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA) – (Saturday, 16 February 2008, 1:45 pm – 3:15 pm).</p><p>Apparently, the intended goal of this session was to highlight not only the importance of information communications technology (ICT) as an “important part of the knowledge economy” but also to discuss how ICT can play a strong complementary role in human development by improving transparency, efficiency, and decision‐making. Its speakers were to illustrate ICT's current challenges (“awareness, availability, accessibility, and affordability (by) using case examples and highlighting new developments (by sharing) ongoing research and innovative education programs that bring together global technologists and development professionals” (abstract)).</p><p>Unfortunately, this 90 min session included only three speakers, one of whom was the session chair (Rahul Tongia) and whose introductory remarks are summarized in the published abstracts. Because of the absence of one of the remaining two speakers only one presentation (highlighting “case examples” and developments in ICT) was made: “TechBridgeWorld: innovative education platform for technology and global development” (by Ayorkor Mills‐Tettey, Ph.D. candidate in the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University).</p><p>Mills‐Tettey's presentation provided an overview of the various initiatives that have been developed in this Project and which can be further examined at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.techbridgeworld.org/about/index.html">www.techbridgeworld.org/about/index.html</ext-link>#intro (see also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Diaz <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> for a publication on this project).</p><p>TechBridgeWorld, at Carnegie Mellon University, is a cluster of student projects that undertake the design and implementation of technological solutions relevant and accessible to developing communities. It comprises a multidisciplinary team spanning education, research, development, deployment, and outreach, and it is dedicated to defining the role of technology in sustainable global development. The vision is “to create and foster an environment where Carnegie Mellon faculty, students, and staff, together with partners from around the world, share expertise to cooperatively realize a community's vision of development”.</p><p>Currently, there are five interesting programs under way and they are quite in line with US study programs having a focus on “service” or “community” learning. In this case, however, the locations of the benefiting communities are global in reach:</p><p>Technology consulting in the global community – an internship program (begun in 2004). Since 2004, 29 students have worked (as summer interns) as technology consultants for government ministries and non‐profit organizations in developing communities, and have done so on projects ranging from computerized databases for Ministries of Health Departments to website and computer curriculum development for a resource center working with children affected by tsunamis.</p><p>V‐unit – an optional elective unit for graduate students designed to enable them and faculty “to grow a vision” of what computer science and technology can concretely do in non‐traditional and under‐funded areas. Student projects have ranged from low‐cost technology innovations, for blind children in India and for deaf children in Pittsburgh, to machine translation between Quechua and Spanish in Peru, to a barcode scanning device for semi‐literate computer users in India. (For more information on the range of projects see: “project examples”, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~vunit/ex.html">www.cs.cmu.edu/∼vunit/ex.html</ext-link>).</p><p>The Adaptive Braille Writing Tutor Project. Because illiteracy among blind individuals in developing communities is exceedingly high, this project developed a low‐cost electronic slate and stylus with audio feedback. A field test was implemented in collaboration with the Mathru School for the blind near Bangalore, India. Plans to expand the project in other countries are under way.</p><p>Project Kané is a new initiative in Accra, Ghana (West Africa) that explores the role that technology can play in improving English literacy among children with few opportunities for guided reading practice. In its first phase, (<italic>Summer</italic> 2005) the project involved students in a local school in Accra and an internet café. It was implemented in collaboration with Associates for Change, Ghana. The field study makes use of the LISTEN Reading Tutor, an automated tutor developed at Carnegie Mellon University. This research project is continuing this year through a small grant from UNESCO in collaboration with the Kofi‐Annan Center for Excellence in ICT.</p><p>Education e‐Village – TechBridgeWorld courseware, such as syllabi, reading lists, and presentation materials, will soon be available to academic institutions and informal education groups around the world to assist them in developing their own courses related to technology and development. The idea is to create an online community for educators to share and download educational materials to teach technology in developing communities, and to teach technology for development in more affluent community. However, there is no stated information regarding the assessment that will be undertaken in order to ensure the scientific quality of such a collection.</p></sec><sec><title>Symposium (3)</title><p>Managing and preserving scientific data: emerging perspectives on a global basis. A 90 min symposium organized by Bonnie Carrol (Information International Associates, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN) and David Arctur (Interoperability Institute Inc., Austin, TX) – (Sunday, 17 February 2008, 8:30 am – 10:00 am).</p><p>The program's abstract for this symposium provides the intended focus of the planned discussion:</p><disp-quote><p>Over the last few years, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of effective management and stewardship of scientific data. A National Science Board report on long‐lived data, as well as major documents and initiatives in other countries, points to the fact that rapidly advancing information technologies have radically changed the landscape of technical communications and the tools for the advancement of science, technology, and innovation. There is a growing recognition of the third pillar of science, which adds simulation and computational science to theory and observation. This has proved to be data‐intensive. The symposium looks at national policy and planning initiatives in scientific data management and preservation. It also looks at initiatives in the USA and other countries with the objective of increasing interaction among the planners and the scientific community at AAAS as well as instigating conversation across national and international initiatives.</p></disp-quote><p>Unfortunately, the expectations of both organizers and presenters at that session, was that the audience would be already quite informed about the “major documents and initiatives” on which the presentations and anticipated discussions were based. That was not the case, as was evidenced by many simplistic questions from the audience, including one question from a librarian: “What is the role of libraries in the support of these initiatives?” (Fortunately, for that individual, one most informative and comprehensive answer can be found in the very recent article, “Libraries in the Converging Worlds of Open Data, E‐research, and Web 2.0” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">MacDonald and Uribe, 2008</xref>)).</p><p>The backdrop for this symposium is based on the work of several national advisory panels on the subject of the “cyberinfrastructure (CI)” which started as early as 2003 as a result of national discussions relating to science and its CI.</p><p>“CI is the organized aggregate of technologies that enable us to access and integrate today's information technology resources – data, computation, communication, visualization, networking, scientific instruments, expertise – to facilitate science and engineering goals”. (Fran Berman) See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://calendar.cs.cmu.edu/dlseries/1977.html">http://calendar.cs.cmu.edu/dlseries/1977.html</ext-link></p><p>As early as 2004, symposia on the “CI” were held at annual meetings of the AAAS:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>The full‐day symposium in 2004: “Cyberinfrastructure: revolutionizing environmental science in the twenty‐first century”, which focused on the most advanced areas of the development and application of CI in the sciences and technology. It highlighted Daniel E. Atkins's January 2003 report (as Chair of the US National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Blue Ribbon Advisory Panel), “Revolutionizing science and engineering through cyberinfrastructure” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Atkins, 2003</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>The three‐hour Symposium, “Cyberinfrastructure for social sciences, humanities and education” (organized in 2005 by Christine Borgman) during which Aitkins gave an overview of the CI movement and its implications for knowledge communities (see: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Mihram <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>).</p></list-item></list><p>In addition to these symposia, there appeared (in January 2006) a comprehensive document on the CI “NSF's cyberinfrastructure vision for twenty‐first century discovery” (20 January 2006 – version 5.0) <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nsf.gov/od/oci/ci_v5.pdf">www.nsf.gov/od/oci/ci_v5.pdf</ext-link>>, followed by a recent updated version: “Cyberinfrastructure vision for 21st century discovery” <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nsf.gov/od/oci/CI_Vision_March07.pdf">www.nsf.gov/od/oci/CI_Vision_March07.pdf</ext-link>>.</p><p>That document represents the work of four multi‐disciplinary, cross‐foundational teams that were created in 2005 and charged with drafting a vision for CI in four overlapping and complementary areas:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>high performance computing;</p></list-item><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>data, data analysis, and visualization;</p></list-item><list-item><label>(3) </label><p>cyber services and virtual organizations; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>(4) </label><p>learning and workforce development.</p></list-item></list><p>Draft versions of the document were posted on the NSF website and public comments were solicited from the community. These drafts were also reviewed for comment by the National Science Board.</p><p>The first chapter in that document, “A call for action”, presents NSF's vision and commitment to a CI initiative in which it will play a leadership role in the development and support of a comprehensive CI essential to twenty‐first century advances in science and engineering research and education:</p><disp-quote><p>The vision focuses on a time frame of 2006‐2010. The mission is for cyberinfrastructure to be human‐centered, world‐class, supportive of broadened participation in science and engineering, sustainable, and stable but extensible. The guiding principles are that investments will be science‐driven, recognize the uniqueness of NSF's role, provide for inclusive strategic planning, enable US leadership in science and engineering, promote partnerships and integration with investments made by others in all sectors, both national and international, and rely on strong merit review and on‐going assessment, and a collaborative governance culture (p. 2).</p></disp-quote><p>With such a backdrop of developments in the CI, two speakers in this year's symposium provided brief glimpses of progress that is occurring in the global efforts to provide effective data management and preservation of digital materials as well sets of guiding principles and action plans for the sharing and exchange of such data.</p><p>The first speaker, Christopher L. Greer (National Science Foundation), spoke on the “US National Initiatives: Strategic Plan for Scientific Data Management and Preservation”. For the UK, the second speaker, Liz Lyon (University of Bath) gave an overview of “UK Initiatives and Perspectives in Managing and Preserving Scientific Data”.</p><p>Christopher L. Greer (as member of the NSF Data Strategic Planning Group) highlighted the current concern that we are in a “data dark age” because we do not have any assured plan for the preservation of our cultural heritage. The task of his planning group is to design a strategic plan for the management and preservation of such heritage. He referred (without commentary) his listeners to his May 2006 publication, “NSF draft strategic plan for data, data analysis, and visualization” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Greer, 2006</xref>). That document, a PowerPoint presentation, includes the following information:</p><p>The components of our global CI are:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>collaboratories, observatories, and virtual organizations;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>data, data analysis, and visualization;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>high performance computing; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>learning and workforce development.</p></list-item></list><p>In that context its goals are:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>to catalyze the development of a system of science and engineering data collections that is open, extensible and evolvable;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>to support development of a new generation of tools and services facilitating data acquisition, mining, integration, analysis, and visualization.</p></list-item></list><p>Furthering its plan of action should include:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>a coherent organizational framework (comprising a diversity of approaches; communities of practice; community proxy roles of collections; a dynamic and evolving system);</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>a flexible technological architecture (which promotes use and stability of standards and with layered capabilities, metadata; data analysis, and visualization tools); and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>coherent data policies (that include transparent policy frameworks; data management plans; interagency coordination; and international cooperation).</p></list-item></list><p>Greer also noted (without commentary) a recent white paper “The expanding digital universe – a forecast of worldwide information growth through 2010”. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Gantz <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>) which provides an informative backdrop for his current work as a member of the NSF Data Strategic Planning Group.</p><p>The need for a strategic plan is quite clear in the white paper:</p><disp-quote><p>This incredible growth of the digital universe means more than simply the fact that as individuals we will be facing information explosion on an unprecedented scale. It has implications for organizations concerning privacy, security, intellectual property protection, content management, technology adoption, information management, and data center architecture.</p></disp-quote><disp-quote><p>The growth and heterogeneous character of the bits in the digital universe mean that organizations worldwide, large and small, whose IT (Information Technology) infrastructures transport, store, secure, and replicate these bits, have little choice but to employ ever more sophisticated techniques for information management, security, search, and storage (p. 2).</p></disp-quote><p>Greer gave the time‐lines for the NSF Data Strategic Planning Group's work:</p><p>Preliminary proposal due date(s):</p><p>7 January 2008; 6 October 2008</p><p>Full proposal target date(s)</p><p>21 March 2008; 16 February 2009</p><p>The first draft of the plan in which is emerging a set of first principles (about seven) is now ready for review. Among the seven principles are the following:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>science is becoming globally distributed and thrives in five “dimensions” (space, time, CI, computational connectivity, and information access), in cooperation, and in collaboration;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>digital scientific data are both national and global assets;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>preservation of digital data is a shared responsibility (of all users: states, universities, non‐profit and profit organizations, international bodies);</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>communities of practice are an essential feature of the digital landscape, providing interoperability, re‐use, and re‐purposing (“There may be no one‐size fits all”);</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>management of the life‐cycle of data is needed;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>not all data needs to be preserved; not all data that are preserved need to be preserved indefinitely.</p></list-item></list><p>Right now we are engaged in a number of approaches to data preservation, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Greer gave a few examples: data centers, institutional/university repositories, federations such as the e‐Crystals Federation (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Lyon, 2006</xref>), national libraries, public data repositories (such as SWIVEL <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.swivel.com/">www.swivel.com/</ext-link>>, yet the latter is not peer reviewed), web archiving services, online commercial data storage such as Amazon S3 (launched in the USA in March 2006 and in Europe in November 2007; <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/browse.html">www.amazon.com/gp/browse.html</ext-link>?node=16427261>.</p><p>The list of such approaches is long according to Greer, who then asked rhetorically: “Which of these approaches should we maintain? All? None?”</p><p>The reader could consult the following additional sources, not mentioned by Greer yet useful in the context of his presentation:</p><p>“Enabling international access to scientific data sets: creation of the data curation center (D2C2),” (See <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Mullins, 2007</xref>), as well as the following two (very basic) YouTube videos:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>The Digital Universe 2008<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDQ5vPU2yXs&feature=related">www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDQ5vPU2yXs&feature=related</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Chuck Holis: “Expanding digital universe study”<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeOfh265t7Y">www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeOfh265t7Y</ext-link></p></list-item></list><p>The next speaker, Liz Lyon (“UK perspectives on the curation and preservation of scientific data”) gave an overview of the work, collaborations and partnerships that are under way at the University of Edinburgh's (Scotland) Digital Curation Center (DCC) which she directs – see: <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dcc.ac.uk">www.dcc.ac.uk</ext-link>>. Lyon (together with Greer) is a member of the NSF Data Strategic Planning Group.</p><p>The purpose of DCC is “to provide a national focus for research and development into curation issues and to promote expertise and good practice, both national and international, for the management of all research outputs in digital format”.</p><p>The center hosts an annual conference each year (<<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dcc.ac.uk/events/">www.dcc.ac.uk/events/</ext-link>>) and their “Resource Center” (<<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/">www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/</ext-link>>) provides access to many forms of publications: “From high‐level briefing papers, legal watch, standards watch and technology watch papers, case studies and interviews to detailed digital curation manual instalments and a glossary of terms, we offer a wide range of learning resources specifically designed to help you effectively engage in digital preservation and curation activities”.</p><p>Lyon noted a 2006 article, “Lost in a sea of science data”, that appeared in <italic>The Chronicle of Higher Education</italic> in 2006 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Carlson, 2006</xref>) and which pointed to the difficulties inherent in the retrieval and storage of research data.</p><p>As an example of her center's current partnerships in data curation and preservation, she spoke about the eCrystals Federation Project, led by the UK National Crystallography Service (University of Southampton). <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ecrystals.chem.soton.ac.uk">http://ecrystals.chem.soton.ac.uk</ext-link>>.</p><p>eCrystals – Southampton is the archive for Crystal Structures generated by the Southampton Chemical Crystallography Group and the EPSRC UK National Crystallography Service.</p><p>For a complete list of her center's partnerships and consortia see: <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dcc.ac.uk/about">www.dcc.ac.uk/about</ext-link>>.</p><p>In her presentation, Lyon offered a variety of options (she listed ten) that are currently available for data curation and preservation, yet she pointed to future challenges. Her presentation concluded with a list of future development (initiatives, shared research data, the creation of a research information network, and two Conferences (Open repositories conference, April 2008, University of Southampton; and 4th International Digital Curation Conference, December 2008, Edinburgh).</p><p>A copy of Lyon's PowerPoint presentation at AAAS 2008 is available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/ukoln/staff/e.j.lyon/presentations.html">www.ukoln.ac.uk/ukoln/staff/e.j.lyon/presentations.html</ext-link></p></sec><sec><title>Symposium (4)</title><p>Virtual observatories and research collaboratories: network‐enabled science. A 180 min symposium organized by Robert Hanisch (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD) – (Sunday, 17 February 2008, 1:45 pm – 4:45 pm).</p><p>As the program's abstract notes, “The amount of data collected in disciplines as diverse as astronomy, oceanography, meteorology, and biochemistry, coupled with the scientific need to compare and integrate data from different resources, necessitates the development of automated data discovery tools and common interfaces for data access”.</p><p>This session provided examples of the collaborative work (on a global scale) that is currently being undertaken by collaboratories, observatories, and virtual organizations (components of our global infrastructure) and noted by Christopher L. Greer in the symposium “Managing and preserving scientific data” (see above).</p><p>This symposium's abstract includes useful information about the nature of the work undertaken in collaboratories and virtual observatories:</p><disp-quote><p>An environment in which data in distributed collections can be queried, accessed, and analyzed is a “virtual observatory” or “collaboratory.” Astronomers have been at the leading edge of this movement, but its applicability is general. In a virtual observatory, data are maintained and published by the organizations expert in the data. Community defined interfaces and standard protocols allow diverse storage systems or data formats to be remapped into an electronic lingua franca. Data analysis agents, both local and distributed, can mine the data sets for interesting patterns, statistical outliers, and trends that may be visible only on aggregation of many observations. Data taken for one purpose can be analyzed and combined with other data for new investigations. The virtual observatory framework is an essential component of scientific studies of the future, providing the capability for wide access and leveling the playing field.</p></disp-quote><p>Most of the presentations required of the audience a substantial knowledge of the current field of research under discussion.</p><p>For example, Alyssa Goodman's “Data‐intensive science in astronomy and medicine” is a detailed report on her collaborative work (at Harvard University) in multi‐model imaging of large data in astronomy and medicine. Her PowerPoint presentation in pdf (12 MG) is available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~agoodman/presentations.html">http://cfa‐www.harvard.edu/∼agoodman/presentations.html</ext-link></p><p>Peter Fox's “Virtual observatories in space physics and geoscience” was an introduction to the work of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (Boulder, Colorado), available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ucar.edu/">www.ucar.edu/</ext-link> (see also: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ucar.edu/news/publications.shtml">www.ucar.edu/news/publications.shtml</ext-link>#scientific).</p><p>Alex Szalay (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD), in his “The virtual observatory vision” did give a very detailed description of the enormous scope of the work of two current initiatives in which he is involved: (a) The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS); and (b) The US National Virtual Observatory (NVO).</p><p>(a) SDSS is currently the most ambitious astronomical survey ever undertaken. When completed, it will provide detailed optical images covering more than a quarter of the sky, and a three‐dimensional map of about a million galaxies and quasars. As the survey progresses, the data are released to the scientific community and the general public in annual increments. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sdss.org/">www.sdss.org/</ext-link></p><p>The survey is accomplished in three tiers:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>big projects (funded by governmental grants);</p></list-item><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>“value‐added refereered products”: any data gathered in published research is registered in a central data bank; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>(3) </label><p>“<italic>ad hoc</italic>” data: data gathered by sensors or data present in images.</p></list-item></list><p>A “public collaboration” in the compilation of that survey is solicited at the “Galaxy Zoo”, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.galaxyzoo.org/">www.galaxyzoo.org/</ext-link></p><p>“We need thousands of people to inspect galaxy images and to classify them as spiral or elliptical. We need you to help us”. For an explanation of spiral or elliptical galaxy images, as well as the need for visual (rather than computer) inspection of these images see: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.galaxyzoo.org/Project.aspx">www.galaxyzoo.org/Project.aspx</ext-link></p><p>Galaxy Zoo has numbered 350 million web hits in six years and there are currently 27 million classifications done by the public. The “Zoo” has 930,000 users of its data.</p><p>Szalay acknowledged that having such huge amount of data makes it harder to extract knowledge. He noted the need for new paradigms for retrieval and analysis in the growing world of “e‐science”. The term “e‐science” “was introduced by the then Director‐General of Research Councils, Sir John Taylor, to encapsulate the technologies needed to support the collaborative, multidisciplinary research that was emerging in many fields of science. Such e‐science research covers a wide range of different types and scales of collaboration” (See <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Hine, 2006</xref>, “foreword”).</p><p>(b) The US NVO, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.us-vo.org/">www.us‐vo.org/</ext-link></p><p>The US NVO project is supported by the National Science Foundation's Information Technology Research Program under Cooperative Agreement AST‐0122449 with The Johns Hopkins University.</p><p>NVO's objective is to enable new science by greatly enhancing access to data and computing resources. NVO makes it easy to locate, retrieve, and analyze data from archives and catalogs worldwide.</p><p>Its origin can be traced to the establishment in the early 1990s of wavelength‐oriented science archive centers for NASA mission datasets. These were the first comprehensive astronomy archive facilities having a close connection between data and expertise in calibrating and using the data.</p><p>Also, during the 1990s, “several large‐scale digital sky surveys were begun, most notably the Sloan and 2MASS surveys. The images and source catalogs derived from these surveys demonstrated the value of homogeneous, on‐line datasets. In April 1999, the concept for a “NVO” arose at a meeting of the decadal survey panel on theory, computation, and data discovery. In the following two years, a series of workshops and conferences were held to flesh out the concept of the NVO. In September 2001, NSF's Information Technology Research program awarded $10M to a 17‐organization collaboration led by Alex Szalay (JHU) and Paul Messina (Caltech) to build the infrastructure for the VO. Both the US NVO project and the Astrophysical Virtual Observatory, the European pilot VO effort, released their first science prototypes in January 2003” (<<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.us-vo.org/">www.us‐vo.org/</ext-link>>).</p><p>For a list of Szalay's downloadable presentations see: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sdss.jhu.edu/~szalay/powerpoint/Welcome.html">www.sdss.jhu.edu/∼szalay/powerpoint/Welcome.html</ext-link></p></sec></sec><sec><title>(B) The scientific enterprise: the fifth and sixth symposia</title><sec><title>Symposium (5)</title><p>“Ethical issues in scientific publishing”. A 90 min symposium organized by Robert Lichter (Merrimack Consultants, Great Barrington, MA) and Stephanie Bird (Science and engineering ethics, Wrentham, MA) – (Saturday, 16 February 2008, 3:30 pm – 5:00 pm).</p><p>This symposium's discussion focused on the principles and practical implementations of ethical guidelines for publications and the corresponding roles of journal editors. Its abstract notes:</p><disp-quote><p>Although some breaches of ethics may be obvious, others may be more subtle or ambiguous. The international nature of scientific publishing lends an additional degree of complexity to the topic because of possible national or cultural differences in what constitutes unethical behavior.</p></disp-quote><p>This symposium included three speakers:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Diane Scott‐Lichter (Endocrine Society, of Chevy Chase, Maryland): “Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journals”;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Michael J. Zigmund (University of Pittsburgh): “What can we hope to accomplish through guidelines for responsible publishing and how?”; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Ana Marusic (of the <italic>Croatian Medical Journal</italic>): “Role of editors and journals in detecting and preventing scientific misconduct”.</p></list-item></list><p>Scott‐Lichter provided an overview of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) which, in 2000, became the new name of the Council of Biology Editors, itself established in 1957 by joint action of the National Science Foundation and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The new name was voted on by the members during 1999, so as to reflect more accurately their expanding membership. Scott‐Lichter noted that the Council of Scientific Editors has 1,000 members representing over 800 journals and it seeks to promote excellence in the communication of scientific information.</p><p>According to its website, “CSE's purpose is to serve members in the scientific, scientific publishing, and information science communities by fostering networking, education, discussion, and exchange and to be an authoritative resource on current and emerging issues in the communication of scientific information”. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/about/mission.cfm">www.councilscienceeditors.org/about/mission.cfm</ext-link></p><p>The major part of Scott‐Licher's presentation was a summary CSE's White Paper, Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publication (2006), a 72‐page document, which is available as an html document on CSE's website as well as a downloadable pdf file at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/editorial_policies/white_paper.cfm">www.councilscienceeditors.org/editorial_policies/white_paper.cfm</ext-link></p><p>The goal for this document is noted in its introduction: “The CSE and its Editorial Policy Committee encourage everyone involved in the journal publishing process to take responsibility for promoting integrity in scientific journal publishing. This paper will serve as a basis for developing and improving effective practices in achieving that goal”, The paper is divided in two majors parts:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>roles and responsibilities in publishing (editors and publishers, authors, reviewers, sponsors, and the media); and</p></list-item><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>identifying research and guidelines for action.</p></list-item></list><p>With regard to research misconduct (for example: unethical treatment of subjects; plagiarism; falsification), Scott‐Licher stressed the fact that relatively few countries have national means to respond to allegations of misconduct. Furthermore, he noted that US agencies do not agree on standard definitions of “scientific misconduct”.</p><p>Zigmund made a quite detailed presentation on the efforts to promote such excellence in his longtime role as Secretary of the Society for Neuroscience, an organization of over 42,000 members <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sfn.org/">http://www.sfn.org/</ext-link>>. He presented guidelines useful for him in securing responsible publishing, including:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>each professional society must have stated a unique role;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>the guidelines need be a means, not an end, for securing responsibility;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>these need to have an impact; and, importantly,</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>the courage of an editor is a very critical facet in securing responsibility.</p></list-item></list><p>From an editor's perspective, he listed as “high crimes”: falsification, fabrication; and, plagiarism, but as “misdemeanors”: both authorship claims (among publications with multiple authors) and duplicate publication.</p><p>With regard to plagiarism, he referred the audience to CrossCheck (a cross‐publisher plagiarism detection) developed by CrossRef <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.crossref.org/01company/02history.html">www.crossref.org/01company/02history.html</ext-link>>. An informative description of the techniques to be used to detect plagiarism is noted on the CrossCheck web page.</p><p>He also indicated that, in the field of biomedical literature, there exists a search engine, eTBLAST (“A text similarity‐based engine for searching literature collections” <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/index.shtml">http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/index.shtml</ext-link>>). eBLAST allows one to input an entire paragraph and returns MEDLINE abstracts that are similar to it. Though the detection of plagiarism is not the purpose of eBLAST, Zigmund suggested that it is a good initial step to detect possible plagiarism.</p><p>He was particularly impressed by the editorial guidelines of the American Chemical Society <<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.acs.org/">http://portal.acs.org/</ext-link>> and recommended these to all.</p><p>He mentioned those issues which should always be kept in mind by editors:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>fast‐tracking (publishing manuscripts out of order <italic>vis‐à‐vis</italic> their dates of receipt);</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>criteria for authorship (an author should be accorded this title only if: he/she made a significant intellectual contribution to the content of the manuscript/paper; he/she participated in the manuscript's preparation; and, he/she approved the (accepted) paper's final draft; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>what constitutes a “prior publication?”: he does not include as a prior publication: an oral presentation; any poster presentation; or, any web‐presentation.</p></list-item></list><p>In his concluding remarks, Zigmund shared his own conclusion, namely that the creation of standards of scientific conduct and criteria for responsible publishing have had very little impact so far. The problem, according to him, is simply “lack of conviction: we do not concern ourselves with ethics – people look the other way”. He did note that one can search for retractions in <italic>PubMed</italic>, but, currently, these are very small in number. He searched <italic>PubMed</italic> on 11 February 2008 and found that, from millions of titles available for searching, there was a total of 926 retractions (the first retraction was dated 1977). However, he also acknowledged that there is an increasing number of retractions in <italic>Medline</italic> and a growing awareness and recognition of ethics in research by editors.</p><p>Ana Marusic, from the Zagreb University's School of Medicine, Croatia, concluded the symposium with her own presentation (relating to the <italic>Croatian Medical Journal</italic>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cmj.hr">www.cmj.hr</ext-link>), followed by a discussion by Donald Kennedy, the soon‐to‐be‐retired Editor of the AAAS's <italic>Science</italic> magazine.</p><p>Kennedy's recent experience – of being (willing to be?) misled by the Korean author's/scientist's fabrication (see, e.g. <italic>Science</italic>, 15 March 2008, pp. 1468‐69) of data – led him to note that <italic>Science</italic> has now learned to first send any dispute regarding authorship to the author's institution. He also related his experience in attempting to ensure that the confidentiality of authors and their paper's reviewers be maintained – that this is so vital to maintaining the progress in scientific publication.</p></sec><sec><title>Symposium (6)</title><p>“Strengthening federal science through the 2009 presidential transition”. A 90 min symposium organized by Francesca Grifo (Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, DC) – (Friday, 15 February 2008, 10:30 am).</p><p>The topic for one of the meeting's opening symposia on the Friday morning was “We the people: funding science through direct democracy,” was indeed blatantly political and it was continued at 10:30 am by this symposium, which included the following speakers:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>(1) </label><p>Neal Lane (Rice University) who spoke on “Presidential transitions”. Prior to returning to Rice University, Neal had served in the Federal government both as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, from August 1998 to January 2001, and, earlier, as Director of the NSF and member (<italic>ex officio</italic>) of the National Science Board, from October 1993 to August 1998.</p></list-item><list-item><label>(2) </label><p>John E. Porter (Hogan and Harrison, Washington, DC) who spoke on “Ensuring the best presidential science appointments”; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>(3) </label><p>Sheila Jasanoff (Harvard University) who spoke on “Restoring trust in science”.</p></list-item></list><p>The symposium's speakers dwelt on the upcoming 2008 Presidential selection and the desire to be active in the selection of the “transition team”, who, in turn, will guide the selection of the heads of over 200 science‐related agencies, including any in the White House, no matter which party's nominee is selected by this year's elected membership of the Electoral College. Neal Lane, e.g. seemed to be here positioned ideally for a view to return to the White House (more so, if the Democratic Party's Presidential candidate is elected).</p><p>We (Arthur) were (was) prompted to record (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Mihram and Branscomb, 2008</xref>) a correction to the symposium's discussant, Lewis Branscomb, once the latter had opined that “Science was for the founding fathers a metaphor for democracy”: rather, I said, it was to them a metaphor, practically a synonym, for a/the republic (not capitalised!), as was noted by Thomas Jefferson:</p><disp-quote><p>For here [in the republic, as in the university] we are not afraid to follow truth wherever it may lead, not to tolerate error so long as reason I left free to combat it (letter to William Roscoe, 27 December 1820, see: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/75.html">www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/75.html</ext-link>).</p></disp-quote><p>This was Jefferson's description of the motto for his soon‐to‐be‐established University of Virginia. Though we had speculated that he had used this to describe to James Madison the basic character of a republic, he had already actually recognized this in his First Presidential Inaugural Address (4 March 1801): “Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it”.</p><p>Opining further, Branscomb seemed to want to discount the distinction by stating both: that he is pleased to live in a democracy; and, that he believes that science is a socially‐constructed process, thereby discarding the fact that advances in scientific knowledge take place whenever one among us makes a defensible analog with an earlier established truth (i.e. scientific statement/conclusion). (One should also direct him and the interested reader to editor Michael Zigmund's comments regarding criteria for authorship, as appears in symposium (5) of this report).</p><p>This symposium clearly demonstrated a favoritism by the AAAS to highlight the political.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The AAAS annual meeting in 2009 will be held in Chicago 12‐16 February. Its theme is: “Our planet and its life: origins and futures”, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aaas.org/meetings/2009/program/symposia/submit/">www.aaas.org/meetings/2009/program/symposia/submit/</ext-link></p><p>Its location in Illinois and its beginning on the anniversary date of Abraham Lincoln's birth will surely be overshadowed by the commemoration of the birth of Charles Darwin in 1809 and the publication in 1859 of his <italic>Origin of Species</italic>: his scientific conclusion that species of plants and animals have evolved from earlier species in a process of natural selection, probably the most important contribution in science to date. 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(<year>2007</year>), “<article-title><italic>Enabling international access to scientific data sets: creation of the data curation center (D2C20 at Purdue University Libraries, created in 2006)</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>IATUL 2007</italic></source>, <publisher-name>International Association of Technological University Libraries</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Stockholm</publisher-loc>, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.lib.kth.se/IATUL2007/assets/files/fulltext/Mullins_J_full.pdf">www.lib.kth.se/IATUL2007/assets/files/fulltext/Mullins_J_full.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The AAAS 2008 annual meeting science and technology from a global perspective</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The AAAS 2008 annual meeting science and technology from a global perspective</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Danielle</namePart><namePart type="family">Mihram</namePart><affiliation>Special Projects Librarian, Leavey Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. dmihramusc.edu,</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Arthur Mihram</namePart><affiliation>Author and consultant based in Princeton, NJ, USA. His biographical sketch has appeared in Marquis's Who's Who in America.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-08-08</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on the 174th annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held 1418 February 2008 in Boston, MA, USA. Designmethodologyapproach Conference report. Findings The conference theme was science and technology from a global perspective, which emphasized the power of science and technology as well as education to assist lessdeveloped segments of the world society, to improve partnerships among already developed countries and to spur knowledgedriven transformations across a host of fields. Originalityvalue Overviews of six conference symposia are presented, which will be of interest to this journal's readers.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Conferences</topic><topic>Librarians</topic><topic>Sciences</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Library Hi Tech News</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LISE">Library & information services</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0741-9058</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">lhtn</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/lhtn</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>25</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>12</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">7A350CD6DF114734EAB48F070CB6241145686527</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/07419050810921292</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2390250701</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2390250701.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">07419050810921292.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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