Wireless Sensor Networks for Ambient Assisted Living
Identifieur interne : 000577 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000576; suivant : 000578Wireless Sensor Networks for Ambient Assisted Living
Auteurs : Raúl Aquino-Santos ; Diego Martinez-Castro ; Arthur Edwards-Block ; Andrés Felipe Murillo-PiedrahitaSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
This paper introduces wireless sensor networks for Ambient Assisted Living as a proof of concept. Our workgroup has developed an arrhythmia detection algorithm that we evaluate in a closed space using a wireless sensor network to relay the information collected to where the information can be registered, monitored and analyzed to support medical decisions by healthcare providers. The prototype we developed is then evaluated using the TelosB platform. The proposed architecture considers very specific restrictions regarding the use of wireless sensor networks in clinical situations. The seamless integration of the system architecture enables both mobile node and network configuration, thus providing the versatile and robust characteristics necessary for real-time applications in medical situations. Likewise, this system architecture efficiently permits the different components of our proposed platform to interact efficiently within the parameters of this study.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s131216384
PubMed: 24351665
PubMed Central: 3892847
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Wireless Sensor Networks for Ambient Assisted Living</title><author><name sortKey="Aquino Santos, Raul" sort="Aquino Santos, Raul" uniqKey="Aquino Santos R" first="Raúl" last="Aquino-Santos">Raúl Aquino-Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-13-16384"> College of Telematics, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, C. P. 28045 Colima, Col., Mexico; E-Mail:<email>arted@ucol.mx</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Castro, Diego" sort="Martinez Castro, Diego" uniqKey="Martinez Castro D" first="Diego" last="Martinez-Castro">Diego Martinez-Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-13-16384"> Department of Automation and Electronics, Autonomous University of the West, C11 25# 115-85 km. 2 vía Cali-Jamundí, Colombia; E-Mails:<email>dmartinez@uao.edu.co</email> (D.M.-C.);<email>afmurillo@uao.edu.co</email> (A.F.M.-P.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards Block, Arthur" sort="Edwards Block, Arthur" uniqKey="Edwards Block A" first="Arthur" last="Edwards-Block">Arthur Edwards-Block</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-13-16384"> College of Telematics, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, C. P. 28045 Colima, Col., Mexico; E-Mail:<email>arted@ucol.mx</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murillo Piedrahita, Andres Felipe" sort="Murillo Piedrahita, Andres Felipe" uniqKey="Murillo Piedrahita A" first="Andrés Felipe" last="Murillo-Piedrahita">Andrés Felipe Murillo-Piedrahita</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-13-16384"> Department of Automation and Electronics, Autonomous University of the West, C11 25# 115-85 km. 2 vía Cali-Jamundí, Colombia; E-Mails:<email>dmartinez@uao.edu.co</email> (D.M.-C.);<email>afmurillo@uao.edu.co</email> (A.F.M.-P.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24351665</idno><idno type="pmc">3892847</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3892847</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3892847</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s131216384</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000577</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000577</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000577</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000577</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Wireless Sensor Networks for Ambient Assisted Living</title><author><name sortKey="Aquino Santos, Raul" sort="Aquino Santos, Raul" uniqKey="Aquino Santos R" first="Raúl" last="Aquino-Santos">Raúl Aquino-Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-13-16384"> College of Telematics, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, C. P. 28045 Colima, Col., Mexico; E-Mail:<email>arted@ucol.mx</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Castro, Diego" sort="Martinez Castro, Diego" uniqKey="Martinez Castro D" first="Diego" last="Martinez-Castro">Diego Martinez-Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-13-16384"> Department of Automation and Electronics, Autonomous University of the West, C11 25# 115-85 km. 2 vía Cali-Jamundí, Colombia; E-Mails:<email>dmartinez@uao.edu.co</email> (D.M.-C.);<email>afmurillo@uao.edu.co</email> (A.F.M.-P.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards Block, Arthur" sort="Edwards Block, Arthur" uniqKey="Edwards Block A" first="Arthur" last="Edwards-Block">Arthur Edwards-Block</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-13-16384"> College of Telematics, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, C. P. 28045 Colima, Col., Mexico; E-Mail:<email>arted@ucol.mx</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murillo Piedrahita, Andres Felipe" sort="Murillo Piedrahita, Andres Felipe" uniqKey="Murillo Piedrahita A" first="Andrés Felipe" last="Murillo-Piedrahita">Andrés Felipe Murillo-Piedrahita</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-13-16384"> Department of Automation and Electronics, Autonomous University of the West, C11 25# 115-85 km. 2 vía Cali-Jamundí, Colombia; E-Mails:<email>dmartinez@uao.edu.co</email> (D.M.-C.);<email>afmurillo@uao.edu.co</email> (A.F.M.-P.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper introduces wireless sensor networks for Ambient Assisted Living as a proof of concept. Our workgroup has developed an arrhythmia detection algorithm that we evaluate in a closed space using a wireless sensor network to relay the information collected to where the information can be registered, monitored and analyzed to support medical decisions by healthcare providers. The prototype we developed is then evaluated using the TelosB platform. The proposed architecture considers very specific restrictions regarding the use of wireless sensor networks in clinical situations. The seamless integration of the system architecture enables both mobile node and network configuration, thus providing the versatile and robust characteristics necessary for real-time applications in medical situations. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24351665</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3892847</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s131216384</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-13-16384</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Wireless Sensor Networks for Ambient Assisted Living</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aquino-Santos</surname><given-names>Raúl</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-13-16384"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref rid="c1-sensors-13-16384" ref-type="corresp"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martinez-Castro</surname><given-names>Diego</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-13-16384"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edwards-Block</surname><given-names>Arthur</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-13-16384"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murillo-Piedrahita</surname><given-names>Andrés Felipe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-13-16384"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-13-16384"><label>1</label> College of Telematics, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, C. P. 28045 Colima, Col., Mexico; E-Mail:<email>arted@ucol.mx</email></aff><aff id="af2-sensors-13-16384"><label>2</label> Department of Automation and Electronics, Autonomous University of the West, C11 25# 115-85 km. 2 vía Cali-Jamundí, Colombia; E-Mails:<email>dmartinez@uao.edu.co</email> (D.M.-C.);<email>afmurillo@uao.edu.co</email> (A.F.M.-P.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-13-16384"><label>*</label> Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>aquinor@ucol.mx</email>; Tel./Fax: +52-312-316-1075.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>16384</fpage><lpage>16405</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This paper introduces wireless sensor networks for Ambient Assisted Living as a proof of concept. Our workgroup has developed an arrhythmia detection algorithm that we evaluate in a closed space using a wireless sensor network to relay the information collected to where the information can be registered, monitored and analyzed to support medical decisions by healthcare providers. The prototype we developed is then evaluated using the TelosB platform. The proposed architecture considers very specific restrictions regarding the use of wireless sensor networks in clinical situations. The seamless integration of the system architecture enables both mobile node and network configuration, thus providing the versatile and robust characteristics necessary for real-time applications in medical situations. Likewise, this system architecture efficiently permits the different components of our proposed platform to interact efficiently within the parameters of this study.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>wireless sensor networks</kwd><kwd>Ambient Assisted Living</kwd><kwd>arrhythmia detection algorithm</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Block diagram of the Pan and Tompkins algorithm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>ECG vector with noise.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Low pass filtered signal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>High pass filtered signal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>The derivative function output signal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Quadratic output signal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Maximum points.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Node architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>Network architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f9"></graphic></fig><fig id="f10-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label><caption><p>Node distribution and coverage in the study.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f10"></graphic></fig><fig id="f11-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label><caption><p>Global network of this study.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f11"></graphic></fig><fig id="f12-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label><caption><p>Main Node State Diagram.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f12"></graphic></fig><fig id="f13-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label><caption><p>Network Device State Diagram.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-13-16384f13"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Computation time for the Pan and Tomkins algorithm.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Processor</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Derivation</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Squaring</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Integrating</bold><break></break><bold>Window</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total</bold><break></break><bold>Computing Time</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Period</bold><break></break><bold>[μs]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Utilization</bold><break></break><bold>Rate (U)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LPC2124–ARM</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.2 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280.5 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">492.7 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MSP430F1611</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">191.9 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162.5 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">697.8 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,052.2 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PIC18F458</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">406.2 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,083.7 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,698.9 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC9S08GB60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">497.2 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">332 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">707.35 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,536.55 μs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.3%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>PA × U parameters.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Processor</bold></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Utilization Rate (U)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Active Power (P<sub>A</sub>) [mVA]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P<sub>A</sub> × U</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LPC2124–ARM</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MSP430F1611</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.72</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PIC18F458</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">220</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC9S08GB60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.47</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Routing table.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Origen Node</bold></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Destination Node</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Transmission time for 2-Bytes from all the patients to the main node.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sender Node</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Receiver Node</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Source Node</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Receiver Node</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.309</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1(ack)<sub>1</sub></bold>–5 ends</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.613</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.320</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.684</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.333</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.684</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6(ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.344</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 Rtx moving 4</bold><sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.684</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.355</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2 (ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.701</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (moving frame from 6)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.380</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.714</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.380</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0 (moving frame from 4)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.740</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2(ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.397</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7 (ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.746</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0 (moving frame from 6)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.421</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (ack)<sub>1</sub></bold>–4 ends</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.764</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.421</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (moving frame from 7)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.780</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.463</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.780</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (moving frame from 5)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.486</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2 (ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.792</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.486</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.807</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5(ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.488</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3 (ack)</bold><sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.825</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1(ack)<sub>1</sub></bold>–6 ends</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.488</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (moving frame from 3)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.860</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2(ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 Rtx moving 3</bold><sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.877</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.513</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0 (moving frame from 7)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.877</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.524</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (ack)<sub>1</sub></bold>–7 ends</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.913</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 Rtx<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.535</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 Rtx moving 3</bold><sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.929</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4(ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.547</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2 (ack)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.949</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (moving frame from 4)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.581</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0 (moving frame from 3)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.979</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0 (moving frame from 5)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.589</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1 (ack)<sub>1</sub></bold>–3 ends</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.013</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>Average set-up time. BO = 9.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>BO = 9</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>4 Nodes</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>6 Nodes</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.3017952</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.121011</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.0465694</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.4939538</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.288385</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.7865608</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t6-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 6.</label><caption><p>Standard deviation of the set-up time samples. BO = 9.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>BO = 9</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>4 Nodes</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>6 Nodes</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time(s)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3270257</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3955348</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2507967</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.54237951</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.288385</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.99234</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t7-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 7.</label><caption><p>Average set-up time. BO = 7.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>BO = 7</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>4 Nodes</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>6 Nodes</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time(s)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.3346878</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">025</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.8846584</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.6352684</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.6441296</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.9716565</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.850547</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t8-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 8.</label><caption><p>Standard deviation of the set-up time samples. BO = 7.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>BO = 7</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>4 Nodes</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>6 Nodes</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time (s)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">025</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.184823</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.8481252</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.9810905</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.1651341</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.9716565</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.10913004</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t9-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 9.</label><caption><p>Percentage of packets that received ACKs on the first attempt for BO = 9.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>End Device</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>ECG</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Percentages</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Percentages</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.26%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.88%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.36%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.02%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.45%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.86%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t10-sensors-13-16384" position="float"><label>Table 10.</label><caption><p>Percentage of Packages that received ACK on the first attempt BO = 7.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>End Device</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>ECG</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Percentages</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SD/BO</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Percentages</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.39%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.02%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.70%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.57%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.13%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.46%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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