Evaluation of the Impact of Furniture on Communications Performance for Ubiquitous Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Homes
Identifieur interne : 000560 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000559; suivant : 000561Evaluation of the Impact of Furniture on Communications Performance for Ubiquitous Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Homes
Auteurs : Andrés L. Bleda ; Antonio J. Jara ; Rafael Maestre ; Guadalupe Santa ; Antonio F. G Mez SkarmetaSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
The extensions of the environment with the integration of sensing systems in any space, in conjunction with ubiquitous computing are enabling the so-called Smart Space Sensor Networks. This new generation of networks are offering full connectivity with any object, through the Internet of Things (IoT) and/or the Web,
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s120506463
PubMed: 22778653
PubMed Central: 3386752
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the Impact of Furniture on Communications Performance for Ubiquitous Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Homes</title><author><name sortKey="Bleda, Andres L" sort="Bleda, Andres L" uniqKey="Bleda A" first="Andrés L." last="Bleda">Andrés L. Bleda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jara, Antonio J" sort="Jara, Antonio J" uniqKey="Jara A" first="Antonio J." last="Jara">Antonio J. Jara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain; E-Mails:<email>jara@um.es</email> (A.J.J.);<email>skarmeta@um.es</email> (A.F.G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maestre, Rafael" sort="Maestre, Rafael" uniqKey="Maestre R" first="Rafael" last="Maestre">Rafael Maestre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santa, Guadalupe" sort="Santa, Guadalupe" uniqKey="Santa G" first="Guadalupe" last="Santa">Guadalupe Santa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez Skarmeta, Antonio F" sort="G Mez Skarmeta, Antonio F" uniqKey="G Mez Skarmeta A" first="Antonio F." last="G Mez Skarmeta">Antonio F. G Mez Skarmeta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain; E-Mails:<email>jara@um.es</email> (A.J.J.);<email>skarmeta@um.es</email> (A.F.G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22778653</idno><idno type="pmc">3386752</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3386752</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3386752</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s120506463</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000560</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000560</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000560</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000560</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of the Impact of Furniture on Communications Performance for Ubiquitous Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Homes</title><author><name sortKey="Bleda, Andres L" sort="Bleda, Andres L" uniqKey="Bleda A" first="Andrés L." last="Bleda">Andrés L. Bleda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jara, Antonio J" sort="Jara, Antonio J" uniqKey="Jara A" first="Antonio J." last="Jara">Antonio J. Jara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain; E-Mails:<email>jara@um.es</email> (A.J.J.);<email>skarmeta@um.es</email> (A.F.G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maestre, Rafael" sort="Maestre, Rafael" uniqKey="Maestre R" first="Rafael" last="Maestre">Rafael Maestre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santa, Guadalupe" sort="Santa, Guadalupe" uniqKey="Santa G" first="Guadalupe" last="Santa">Guadalupe Santa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez Skarmeta, Antonio F" sort="G Mez Skarmeta, Antonio F" uniqKey="G Mez Skarmeta A" first="Antonio F." last="G Mez Skarmeta">Antonio F. G Mez Skarmeta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-12-06463"> Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain; E-Mails:<email>jara@um.es</email> (A.J.J.);<email>skarmeta@um.es</email> (A.F.G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The extensions of the environment with the integration of sensing systems in any space, in conjunction with ubiquitous computing are enabling the so-called Smart Space Sensor Networks. This new generation of networks are offering full connectivity with any object, through the Internet of Things (IoT) and/or the Web, <italic>i.e.</italic>, the Web of Things. These connectivity capabilities are making it feasible to sense the behaviours of people at home and act accordingly. These sensing systems must be integrated within typical elements found at home such as furniture. For that reason, this work considers furniture as an interesting element for the transparent location of sensors. Furniture is a ubiquitous object, <italic>i.e.</italic>, it can be found everywhere at home or the office, and it can integrate and hide the sensors of a network. This work addresses the lack of an exhaustive study of the effect of furniture on signal losses. In addition an easy-to-use tool for estimating the robustness of the communication channel among the sensor nodes and gateways is proposed. Specifically, the losses in a sensor network signal due to the materials found within the communication link are evaluated. Then, this work proposes a software tool that gathers the obtained results and is capable of evaluating the impact of a given set of materials on the communications. This tool also provides a mechanism to optimize the sensor network deployments during the definition of smart spaces. Specifically, it provides information such as: maximum distances between sensor nodes, most suitable type of furniture to integrate sensors, or battery life of sensor nodes. This tool has been validated empirically in the lab, and it is currently being used by several enterprise partners of the Technological Centre of Furniture and Wood in the southeast of Spain.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lloret, J" uniqKey="Lloret J">J. Lloret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, M" uniqKey="Garcia M">M. Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bri, D" uniqKey="Bri D">D. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22778653</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3386752</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s120506463</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-12-06463</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of the Impact of Furniture on Communications Performance for Ubiquitous Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Homes</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bleda</surname><given-names>Andrés L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-06463"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-12-06463"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jara</surname><given-names>Antonio J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-12-06463"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maestre</surname><given-names>Rafael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-06463"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santa</surname><given-names>Guadalupe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-12-06463"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gómez Skarmeta</surname><given-names>Antonio F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-12-06463"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-12-06463"><label>1</label> Department of Electronics and Home Automation, Furniture and Wood Technology Centre, Yecla 30510, Murcia, Spain; E-Mails:<email>r.maestre@cetem.es</email> (R.M.);<email>g.santa@cetem.es</email> (G.S.)</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-12-06463"><label>2</label> Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain; E-Mails:<email>jara@um.es</email> (A.J.J.);<email>skarmeta@um.es</email> (A.F.G.S.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-12-06463"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>al.bleda@cetem.es</email>; Tel.: +34-968-752-040.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>6463</fpage><lpage>6496</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>08</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The extensions of the environment with the integration of sensing systems in any space, in conjunction with ubiquitous computing are enabling the so-called Smart Space Sensor Networks. This new generation of networks are offering full connectivity with any object, through the Internet of Things (IoT) and/or the Web, <italic>i.e.</italic>, the Web of Things. These connectivity capabilities are making it feasible to sense the behaviours of people at home and act accordingly. These sensing systems must be integrated within typical elements found at home such as furniture. For that reason, this work considers furniture as an interesting element for the transparent location of sensors. Furniture is a ubiquitous object, <italic>i.e.</italic>, it can be found everywhere at home or the office, and it can integrate and hide the sensors of a network. This work addresses the lack of an exhaustive study of the effect of furniture on signal losses. In addition an easy-to-use tool for estimating the robustness of the communication channel among the sensor nodes and gateways is proposed. Specifically, the losses in a sensor network signal due to the materials found within the communication link are evaluated. Then, this work proposes a software tool that gathers the obtained results and is capable of evaluating the impact of a given set of materials on the communications. This tool also provides a mechanism to optimize the sensor network deployments during the definition of smart spaces. Specifically, it provides information such as: maximum distances between sensor nodes, most suitable type of furniture to integrate sensors, or battery life of sensor nodes. This tool has been validated empirically in the lab, and it is currently being used by several enterprise partners of the Technological Centre of Furniture and Wood in the southeast of Spain.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Internet of Things</kwd><kwd>Wireless Sensor Networks</kwd><kwd>smart spaces</kwd><kwd>sensing furniture</kwd><kwd>ambient intelligence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Bamboo images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Pine images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Vaporized beech images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Agglomerated board images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Plastic wood images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Methacrylate images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Plastic + Aluminium images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>PVC images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>Aluminium images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f9"></graphic></fig><fig id="f10-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label><caption><p>Steel images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f10"></graphic></fig><fig id="f11-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label><caption><p>Corrugated cardboard images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f11"></graphic></fig><fig id="f12-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label><caption><p>Testing environment dimensions.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f12"></graphic></fig><fig id="f13-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label><caption><p>Testing environment images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f13"></graphic></fig><fig id="f14-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 14.</label><caption><p>Metal box dimensions.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f14"></graphic></fig><fig id="f15-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 15.</label><caption><p>Metal box image.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f15"></graphic></fig><fig id="f16-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 16.</label><caption><p>Testbed diagram.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f16"></graphic></fig><fig id="f17-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 17.</label><caption><p>Zigbee coordinator.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f17"></graphic></fig><fig id="f18-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 18.</label><caption><p>Zigbee coordinator.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f18"></graphic></fig><fig id="f19-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 19.</label><caption><p>Zigbee sensor board.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f19"></graphic></fig><fig id="f20-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 20.</label><caption><p>Zigbee sensor board.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f20"></graphic></fig><fig id="f21-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 21.</label><caption><p>Distance between sensor and coordinator nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f21"></graphic></fig><fig id="f22-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 22.</label><caption><p>Measures with metal box and free space.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f22"></graphic></fig><fig id="f23-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 23.</label><caption><p>Measurements with wood materials.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f23"></graphic></fig><fig id="f24-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 24.</label><caption><p>Measurements with metallic materials.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f24"></graphic></fig><fig id="f25-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 25.</label><caption><p>Measurements with plastic materials.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f25"></graphic></fig><fig id="f26-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 26.</label><caption><p>Measurements with all materials.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f26"></graphic></fig><fig id="f27-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 27.</label><caption><p>Measurements with different furniture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f27"></graphic></fig><fig id="f28-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 28.</label><caption><p>Main software tool user interface.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f28"></graphic></fig><fig id="f29-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 29.</label><caption><p>Software tool concept in furniture factory.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f29"></graphic></fig><fig id="f30-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 30.</label><caption><p>Case A: Introducing furniture information in the software tool.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f30"></graphic></fig><fig id="f31-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 31.</label><caption><p>Case A: Information obtained from the software tool.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f31"></graphic></fig><fig id="f32-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 32.</label><caption><p>Case B: Information obtained from the software tool.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f32"></graphic></fig><fig id="f33-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 33.</label><caption><p>Software tool concept in furniture sensor network deployment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f33"></graphic></fig><fig id="f34-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 34.</label><caption><p>Data acquisition for furniture data library generation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f34"></graphic></fig><fig id="f35-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 35.</label><caption><p>Screenshot of furniture settings information.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f35"></graphic></fig><fig id="f36-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 36.</label><caption><p>Data acquisition for home data library generation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f36"></graphic></fig><fig id="f37-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 37.</label><caption><p>Screenshot of home settings characterization.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f37"></graphic></fig><fig id="f38-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Figure 38.</label><caption><p>Screenshot of sensor settings characterization.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463f38"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Considered wood types.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr content-type="background-color:#FF9A00"><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>WOODS</bold></th></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#FFCC00"><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Type</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Thickness (mm)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaporized beech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.51</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pine</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.55</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bamboo</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.88</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agglomerate board</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.33</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic wood</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Wood classification depending on the losses.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th content-type="background-color:#FF9A00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Wood type</bold></th><th content-type="background-color:#FF9A00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Thickness (mm)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agglomerated board</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.33</td><td content-type="background-color:#FFCC00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lower losses</bold></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaporized beech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic Wood</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bamboo</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.88</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pine</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.51</td><td content-type="background-color:#FFCC00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Greater losses</bold></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Plastics considered.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr content-type="background-color:#FF9A00"><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>PLASTIC MATERIALS</bold></th></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#FFCC00"><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Type</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Thickness (mm)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic wood</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PVC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methacrylate</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23</td></tr><tr content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC"><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic + Aluminium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Plastics classification depending on losses.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th content-type="background-color:#FF9A00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Material</bold></th><th content-type="background-color:#FF9A00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Thickness (mm)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic wood</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td><td content-type="background-color:#FFCC00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower losses</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methacrylate</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PVC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic + aluminium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td content-type="background-color:#FFCC00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greater losses</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-sensors-12-06463" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>Materials classification depending on losses.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th content-type="background-color:#FF9A00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Material</bold></th><th content-type="background-color:#FF9A00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Thickness (mm)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agglomerate board</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.33</td><td content-type="background-color:#FFCC00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lower losses</bold></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic Wood</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="9" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-06463t1"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metacrylate</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PVC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bamboo</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.88</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaporized beech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.51</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pine</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.51</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardboard</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.2</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plastic + Aluminium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aluminium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.39</td></tr><tr><td content-type="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Steel</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.17</td><td content-type="background-color:#FFCC00" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Greater losses</bold></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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