Inhibition of Age-Related Cytokines Production by ATGL: A Mechanism Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Resveratrol
Identifieur interne : 000501 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000500; suivant : 000502Inhibition of Age-Related Cytokines Production by ATGL: A Mechanism Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Resveratrol
Auteurs : Daniele Lettieri Barbato ; Giuseppe Tatulli ; Katia Aquilano ; Maria R. CirioloSource :
- Mediators of Inflammation [ 0962-9351 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by the expansion and the decreased vascularization of visceral adipose tissue (vAT), disruption of metabolic activities, and decline of the function of the immune system, leading to chronic inflammatory states. We previously demonstrated that, in vAT of mice at early state of ageing, adipocytes mount a stress resistance response consisting in the upregulation of ATGL, which is functional in restraining the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we found that, in the late phase of ageing, such an adaptive response is impaired. In particular, 24-months-old mice and aged 3T3-L1 adipocytes display affected expression of ATGL and its downstream PPAR
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/917698
PubMed: 24817795
PubMed Central: 4000984
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4000984Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Inhibition of Age-Related Cytokines Production by ATGL: A Mechanism Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Resveratrol</title><author><name sortKey="Lettieri Barbato, Daniele" sort="Lettieri Barbato, Daniele" uniqKey="Lettieri Barbato D" first="Daniele" last="Lettieri Barbato">Daniele Lettieri Barbato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatulli, Giuseppe" sort="Tatulli, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Tatulli G" first="Giuseppe" last="Tatulli">Giuseppe Tatulli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Università Telematica San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta, 00167 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, Katia" sort="Aquilano, Katia" uniqKey="Aquilano K" first="Katia" last="Aquilano">Katia Aquilano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciriolo, Maria R" sort="Ciriolo, Maria R" uniqKey="Ciriolo M" first="Maria R." last="Ciriolo">Maria R. Ciriolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00163 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24817795</idno><idno type="pmc">4000984</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000984</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4000984</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/917698</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000501</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000501</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Inhibition of Age-Related Cytokines Production by ATGL: A Mechanism Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Resveratrol</title><author><name sortKey="Lettieri Barbato, Daniele" sort="Lettieri Barbato, Daniele" uniqKey="Lettieri Barbato D" first="Daniele" last="Lettieri Barbato">Daniele Lettieri Barbato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatulli, Giuseppe" sort="Tatulli, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Tatulli G" first="Giuseppe" last="Tatulli">Giuseppe Tatulli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Università Telematica San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta, 00167 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, Katia" sort="Aquilano, Katia" uniqKey="Aquilano K" first="Katia" last="Aquilano">Katia Aquilano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciriolo, Maria R" sort="Ciriolo, Maria R" uniqKey="Ciriolo M" first="Maria R." last="Ciriolo">Maria R. Ciriolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00163 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Mediators of Inflammation</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-9351</idno><idno type="eISSN">1466-1861</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Ageing is characterized by the expansion and the decreased vascularization of visceral adipose tissue (vAT), disruption of metabolic activities, and decline of the function of the immune system, leading to chronic inflammatory states. We previously demonstrated that, in vAT of mice at early state of ageing, adipocytes mount a stress resistance response consisting in the upregulation of ATGL, which is functional in restraining the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we found that, in the late phase of ageing, such an adaptive response is impaired. In particular, 24-months-old mice and aged 3T3-L1 adipocytes display affected expression of ATGL and its downstream PPAR<italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-mediated lipid signalling pathway, leading to upregulation of TNF<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> and IL-6 production. We show that the natural polyphenol compound resveratrol (RSV) efficiently suppresses the expression of TNF<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> and IL-6 in an ATGL/PPAR<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> dependent manner. Actually, adipocytes downregulating ATGL do not show a restored PPAR<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> expression and display elevated cytokines production. Overall the results obtained highlight a crucial function of ATGL in inhibiting age-related inflammation and reinforce the idea that RSV could represent a valid natural compound to limit the onset and/or the exacerbation of the age-related inflammatory states.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mathis, D" uniqKey="Mathis D">D Mathis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shoelson, Se" uniqKey="Shoelson S">SE Shoelson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pischon, T" uniqKey="Pischon T">T Pischon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boeing, H" uniqKey="Boeing H">H Boeing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, K" uniqKey="Hoffmann K">K Hoffmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebenezer, Pj" uniqKey="Ebenezer P">PJ Ebenezer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dasuri, K" uniqKey="Dasuri K">K Dasuri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, D" uniqKey="Wu D">D Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, Z" uniqKey="Ren Z">Z Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pae, M" uniqKey="Pae M">M Pae</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lettieri Barbato, D" uniqKey="Lettieri Barbato D">D Lettieri Barbato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chuang, C C" uniqKey="Chuang C">C-C Chuang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcintosh, Mk" uniqKey="Mcintosh M">MK McIntosh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kang, W" uniqKey="Kang W">W Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Hj" uniqKey="Hong H">HJ Hong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, J" uniqKey="Guan J">J Guan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jimenez Gomez, Y" uniqKey="Jimenez Gomez Y">Y Jimenez-Gomez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mattison, Ja" uniqKey="Mattison J">JA Mattison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, Kj" uniqKey="Pearson K">KJ Pearson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vigilanza, P" uniqKey="Vigilanza P">P Vigilanza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rotilio, G" uniqKey="Rotilio G">G Rotilio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciriolo, Mr" uniqKey="Ciriolo M">MR Ciriolo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, S" uniqKey="Wang S">S Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moustaid Moussa, N" uniqKey="Moustaid Moussa N">N Moustaid-Moussa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, L" uniqKey="Chen L">L Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zimmermann, R" uniqKey="Zimmermann R">R Zimmermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strauss, Jg" uniqKey="Strauss J">JG Strauss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haemmerle, G" uniqKey="Haemmerle G">G Haemmerle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haemmerle, G" uniqKey="Haemmerle G">G Haemmerle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moustafa, T" uniqKey="Moustafa T">T Moustafa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woelkart, G" uniqKey="Woelkart G">G Woelkart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monsalve, Fa" uniqKey="Monsalve F">FA Monsalve</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyarasani, Rd" uniqKey="Pyarasani R">RD Pyarasani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delgado Lopez, F" uniqKey="Delgado Lopez F">F Delgado-Lopez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jha, P" uniqKey="Jha P">P Jha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Claudel, T" uniqKey="Claudel T">T Claudel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baghdasaryan, A" uniqKey="Baghdasaryan A">A Baghdasaryan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schrammel, A" uniqKey="Schrammel A">A Schrammel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mussbacher, M" uniqKey="Mussbacher M">M Mussbacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winkler, S" uniqKey="Winkler S">S Winkler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schoenborn, V" uniqKey="Schoenborn V">V Schoenborn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heid, Im" uniqKey="Heid I">IM Heid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vollmert, C" uniqKey="Vollmert C">C Vollmert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jocken, Jwe" uniqKey="Jocken J">JWE Jocken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langin, D" uniqKey="Langin D">D Langin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smit, E" uniqKey="Smit E">E Smit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wahli, W" uniqKey="Wahli W">W Wahli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michalik, L" uniqKey="Michalik L">L Michalik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciriolo, Mr" uniqKey="Ciriolo M">MR Ciriolo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lasa, A" uniqKey="Lasa A">A Lasa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schweiger, M" uniqKey="Schweiger M">M Schweiger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotzbeck, P" uniqKey="Kotzbeck P">P Kotzbeck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lettieri Barbato, D" uniqKey="Lettieri Barbato D">D Lettieri Barbato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tatulli, G" uniqKey="Tatulli G">G Tatulli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pagliei, B" uniqKey="Pagliei B">B Pagliei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pagliei, B" uniqKey="Pagliei B">B Pagliei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tchkonia, T" uniqKey="Tchkonia T">T Tchkonia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morbeck, De" uniqKey="Morbeck D">DE Morbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Zglinicki, T" uniqKey="Von Zglinicki T">T Von Zglinicki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Findeisen, Hm" uniqKey="Findeisen H">HM Findeisen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, Kj" uniqKey="Pearson K">KJ Pearson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gizard, F" uniqKey="Gizard F">F Gizard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Franceschi, C" uniqKey="Franceschi C">C Franceschi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Capri, M" uniqKey="Capri M">M Capri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monti, D" uniqKey="Monti D">D Monti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, K" uniqKey="Sun K">K Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kusminski, Cm" uniqKey="Kusminski C">CM Kusminski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scherer, Pe" uniqKey="Scherer P">PE Scherer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cabrero, A" uniqKey="Cabrero A">A Cabrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laguna, Jc" uniqKey="Laguna J">JC Laguna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vazquez, M" uniqKey="Vazquez M">M Vázquez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ballak, Db" uniqKey="Ballak D">DB Ballak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stienstra, R" uniqKey="Stienstra R">R Stienstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hijmans, A" uniqKey="Hijmans A">A Hijmans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stienstra, R" uniqKey="Stienstra R">R Stienstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duval, C" uniqKey="Duval C">C Duval</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M" uniqKey="Muller M">M Müller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kersten, S" uniqKey="Kersten S">S Kersten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stienstra, R" uniqKey="Stienstra R">R Stienstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mandard, S" uniqKey="Mandard S">S Mandard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patsouris, D" uniqKey="Patsouris D">D Patsouris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maass, C" uniqKey="Maass C">C Maass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kersten, S" uniqKey="Kersten S">S Kersten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M" uniqKey="Muller M">M Müller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lettieri Barbato, D" uniqKey="Lettieri Barbato D">D Lettieri-Barbato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomei, F" uniqKey="Tomei F">F Tomei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sancini, A" uniqKey="Sancini A">A Sancini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciriolo, Mr" uniqKey="Ciriolo M">MR Ciriolo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Das, S" uniqKey="Das S">S Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Dk" uniqKey="Das D">DK Das</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aquilano, K" uniqKey="Aquilano K">K Aquilano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baldelli, S" uniqKey="Baldelli S">S Baldelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rotilio, G" uniqKey="Rotilio G">G Rotilio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciriolo, Mr" uniqKey="Ciriolo M">MR Ciriolo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manna, Sk" uniqKey="Manna S">SK Manna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukhopadhyay, A" uniqKey="Mukhopadhyay A">A Mukhopadhyay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aggarwal, Bb" uniqKey="Aggarwal B">BB Aggarwal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zu, L" uniqKey="Zu L">L Zu</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, J" uniqKey="He J">J He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, H" uniqKey="Jiang H">H Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, C" uniqKey="Xu C">C Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pu, S" uniqKey="Pu S">S Pu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, G" uniqKey="Xu G">G Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blagosklonny, Mv" uniqKey="Blagosklonny M">MV Blagosklonny</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De La Lastra, Ca" uniqKey="De La Lastra C">CA de La Lastra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villegas, I" uniqKey="Villegas I">I Villegas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sato, F" uniqKey="Sato F">F Sato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, Ne" uniqKey="Martinez N">NE Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahid, M" uniqKey="Shahid M">M Shahid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palomer, X" uniqKey="Palomer X">X Palomer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Capdevila Busquets, E" uniqKey="Capdevila Busquets E">E Capdevila-Busquets</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez Guardia, D" uniqKey="Alvarez Guardia D">D Alvarez-Guardia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Mediators Inflamm</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Mediators Inflamm</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Mediators of Inflammation</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0962-9351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1466-1861</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24817795</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4000984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/917698</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Inhibition of Age-Related Cytokines Production by ATGL: A Mechanism Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Resveratrol</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lettieri Barbato</surname><given-names>Daniele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tatulli</surname><given-names>Giuseppe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>Katia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ciriolo</surname><given-names>Maria R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor2">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Università Telematica San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta, 00167 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00163 Rome, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Katia Aquilano: <email>katia.aquilano@uniroma2.it</email> and </corresp><corresp id="cor2">*Maria R. Ciriolo: <email>ciriolo@bio.uniroma2.it</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Regina M. Vilela</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>917698</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Daniele Lettieri Barbato et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Ageing is characterized by the expansion and the decreased vascularization of visceral adipose tissue (vAT), disruption of metabolic activities, and decline of the function of the immune system, leading to chronic inflammatory states. We previously demonstrated that, in vAT of mice at early state of ageing, adipocytes mount a stress resistance response consisting in the upregulation of ATGL, which is functional in restraining the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we found that, in the late phase of ageing, such an adaptive response is impaired. In particular, 24-months-old mice and aged 3T3-L1 adipocytes display affected expression of ATGL and its downstream PPAR<italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-mediated lipid signalling pathway, leading to upregulation of TNF<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> and IL-6 production. We show that the natural polyphenol compound resveratrol (RSV) efficiently suppresses the expression of TNF<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> and IL-6 in an ATGL/PPAR<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> dependent manner. Actually, adipocytes downregulating ATGL do not show a restored PPAR<italic><italic>α</italic></italic> expression and display elevated cytokines production. Overall the results obtained highlight a crucial function of ATGL in inhibiting age-related inflammation and reinforce the idea that RSV could represent a valid natural compound to limit the onset and/or the exacerbation of the age-related inflammatory states.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>MIUR-PRIN</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Italian Association for Cancer Research</funding-source><award-id>IG10636</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Immunometabolism is an emerging field of investigation including immunology and biochemical pathways that govern metabolism. Accelerating interest in this area is being fuelled by increased lifespan and the relatively recent knowledge that aging affects the immune system and promotes inflammation that is associated with metabolic dysfunctions [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Ageing is associated with an increase in visceral obesity in men and women, which has been claimed as the prominent cause of systemic metabolic perturbations and chronic inflammation [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. In particular, with ageing, vAT expands and becomes hypovascularized and resident adipocytes quickly release proinflammatory cytokines as response to such stressful condition [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>–<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Among the produced proinflammatory molecules, tumour necrosis factor <italic>α</italic> (TNF<italic>α</italic>) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) have been most intensively studied for their involvement in inducing systemic metabolic perturbations [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>].</p><p>Polyphenols are the most promising natural compounds to combat metabolic syndromes including age-related inflammatory states [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. Many polyphenols are efficient antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules by virtue of their ability to directly scavenge inflammation-derived radicals, to increase antioxidants expression, and to block inflammatory cytokines production by modulating the activity of specific transcription factors [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. In adipose tissue, the polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) suppresses both systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and has the potential to improve age-associated metabolic disorders and to increase insulin sensitivity [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. Moreover, RSV inhibits triglycerides accumulation by suppressing adipocytes differentiation [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] and by stimulating lipid catabolism via the induction of the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) [<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>].</p><p>ATGL is one of the key factors involved in adipose tissue function. It has been firstly identified in white adipose tissue and represents the rate-limiting enzyme of triglycerides lipolysis [<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Moreover, fatty acids (FAs) liberated by ATGL have been implicated in lipid signalling mediated by the family of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. PPARs are ligand-activated nuclear receptors, which can be activated by FAs and have been mainly studied in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. ATGL-mediated FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> signalling was demonstrated to be essential to maintain mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and in vAT orchestrates stress resistance adaptation of adipocytes to limited nutrient delivery, thus counteracting cell death and the onset of the inflammatory response [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. ATGL activity changes during aging, and it has been suggested that its expression levels are directly related to the inflammatory status [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. More precisely, ATGL downregulation is described in several age-related metabolic disorders (i.e., insulin resistance-related states) characterized by an increased level of inflammatory mediators [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Importantly, PPARs, including PPAR<italic>α</italic>, play a very important role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. In particular, PPAR<italic>α</italic> transactivates or transrepresses transcription factors including NF<italic>κ</italic>B [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. However, even though cell metabolism and inflammation are known to be tightly regulated by lipid signalling, the mechanism by which ATGL modulates the production of inflammatory mediators is unclear. In particular, whether FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> is involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of ATGL has not been fully addressed yet. In the present work we have investigated whether ATGL has a role in orchestrating pro-inflammatory cytokines production in aged adipocytes and whether the anti-inflammatory activity of RSV is associated with modulation of ATGL.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>2. Materials and Methods</title><sec id="sec2.1"><title>2.1. Mice Treatment</title><p>We housed and sacrificed all mice in accordance with accepted standard of humane animal care and with the approval by relevant national (Ministry of Welfare) and local (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Tor Vergata University) committees. C57BL/6 male mice were purchased from Harlan Laboratories Srl (Urbino, Italy). For the experiments, 1-, 7-, 14-, and 24-month-old mice were used (<italic>n</italic> = 3 mice/group). Mice were killed by cervical dislocation; vAT was explanted immediately, frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80°C.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.2"><title>2.2. Cell Lines, Treatments, and Transfection</title><p>3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes and C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>12</sub> murine myoblasts were purchased from American Type Cell Culture (ATCC) and grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% newborn serum or 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% pen/strep mix (Lonza Sales, Basel, Switzerland). 3T3-L1 and C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>12</sub> cells were seeded at density of 2 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells per well in 6-well plates and differentiated in adipocytes and myotubes, respectively, as previously reported [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. RSV (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was solubilized in DMSO and added at concentration of 100 <italic>μ</italic>M for up to 48 h, a condition that was demonstrated to be effective in selectively inducing ATGL expression in adipocytes [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. ATGL and scramble siRNAs (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, Texas, USA) were transfected by using the DeliverX Plus kit (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) as previously described [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec2.3"><title>2.3. RT-qPCR Analysis</title><p>RT-qPCR analysis was carried out as previously described [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]. Briefly, total RNA was extracted using TRI reagent (Sigma-Aldrich). 3 µg of RNA was used for retrotranscription with M-MLV (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). qPCR was performed in triplicates by using validated qPCR primers (BLAST), Ex TAq qPCR Premix (Lonza Sales), and the Real Time PCR LightCycler II (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). mRNA levels were normalized to <italic>β</italic>-actin mRNA, and the relative mRNA levels were determined by using the 2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup> method.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.4"><title>2.4. Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blotting</title><p>Cells and vAT were lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 1% NP-40) supplemented with protease inhibitors cocktail (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Western blotting analysis was performed as previously described [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] by using the following polyclonal antibodies: ATGL, <italic>β</italic>-actin, GAPDH, I<italic>κβ</italic>, TNF<italic>α</italic> (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies), and phosphoactive forms of NF<italic>κβ</italic> (pNF<italic>κ</italic>B) (Cell signalling Technologies, Danvers, MA, USA).</p></sec><sec id="sec2.5"><title>2.5. Statistical Analysis</title><p>The results are presented as means ± S.D. Statistical evaluation was conducted by ANOVA, followed by the post-Student-Newman-Keuls. Differences were considered to be significant at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>3. Results and Discussion</title><sec id="sec3.1"><title>3.1. Age-Related Inflammatory Cytokines Are Produced via an ATGL-Dependent Mechanism in Adipocytes</title><p>During aging vAT expands and undergoes hypovascularization concomitantly with immunometabolic perturbations [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. In particular, vAT peaks at middle age or early old age and then declines substantially in advanced old age [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]. The inflammatory state that commonly accompanies aging, also called “inflammaging,” has been proposed to be causative of a systemic metabolic perturbation [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. vAT has been proposed at the nexus of the mechanisms and pathways involved in the genesis of age-related inflammatory disorders. We have recently demonstrated that during early ageing ATGL is significantly increased in vAT. ATGL upregulation represents a stress adaptive response of adipocytes to hypovascularization that is crucial to buffer energetic catastrophe and to prevent cell death and tissue inflammation [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The present study was designed to investigate whether the dramatic inflammatory picture typically observed during late ageing [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] could be triggered by the failure of the ATGL-mediated adaptive response. As showed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1(a)</xref>, and in line with what we previously reported, vAT of 7- and 14-month-old mice displayed higher levels of ATGL protein with respect to 1-month-old mice. However, a decline of ATGL was observed at later stage of ageing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1(a)</xref>). In particular, the oldest mice (24-months-old) had ATGL protein level comparable to that of 1-month-old mice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1(a)</xref>,<italic> bottom panel</italic>). Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a significant reduction of ATGL mRNA in the oldest mice with respect to young ones, suggesting an impaired ATGL expression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1(b)</xref>). We then attempted to reveal the degree of inflammation in vAT of the oldest mice with respect to the youngest and we found a stronger production of IL-6 mRNA. Notwithstanding, we did not reveal any changes in macrophages marker CD-14 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1(c)</xref>), suggesting that the production of inflammatory cytokines was independent of cellular-mediated immune response. This data is supported by our previous evidence showing that macrophages were not infiltrated in vAT of old mice [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p>To confirm the ability of adipose cells residing in vAT of 24-month-old mice to produce inflammatory cytokines independently of cell immunity, we have set up an<italic> in vitro</italic> “aging” model of adipocytes by culturing differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes for 21 days and compared the mRNA levels of ATGL, TNF<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 to those of 3T3-L1 adipocytes after 8 days of differentiation. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2(a)</xref>, we detected reduced mRNA level of ATGL and its downstream target PPAR<italic>α</italic>. This event was associated with an upregulation of TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6 expression in 21-day-old adipocytes compared with the 8-day-old adipocytes, thus nicely recapitulating the<italic> in vivo</italic> results obtained with 24-month-old mice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1(b)</xref>). Therefore, on the basis of these data we can postulate that the failure of ATGL-mediated stress response observed in 24-month-old and 21-day-old adipocytes triggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In agreement with this idea, higher levels of inflammatory markers were observed upon ATGL downregulation<italic> in vitro</italic> and in vAT of ATGL KO mice [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The modulatory action of ATGL on tissue inflammation has been reported recently also in cardiac muscle [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. In particular, a prominent upregulation of different inflammatory markers (e.g., TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6) was observed in steatotic hearts of ATGL KO mice. Thus, we asked whether downregulation of ATGL in cultured skeletal muscle myotubes could result in enhanced inflammation markers as well. To this end, we downregulated ATGL in fully differentiated C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>12</sub> myotubes [ATGL(−)] through RNAi. Coherently, ATGL(−) myotubes displayed decreased PPAR<italic>α</italic> and a greater mRNA expression level of TNF<italic>α</italic> than controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2(b)</xref>).</p><p>FAs are liberated by ATGL function as lipid signalling molecules leading to activation of PPAR<italic>α</italic>, which favours the expression of lipid oxidative genes. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that PPAR<italic>α</italic> functions like a repressor of inflammation [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. An impaired FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> signalling was observed during ATGL deficiency in vAT and adipocytes [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] and this may initiate sequelae of events that eventually lead to the induction of proinflammatory genes. In support of this assumption PPAR<italic>α</italic> KO mice show a prolonged inflammatory response [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]. The involved mechanism is that PPAR<italic>α</italic> is a strong repressor of NF<italic>κ</italic>B transcription factor and of its downstream inflammatory cytokines in different cell types including adipocytes [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]. Moreover, PPAR<italic>α</italic> is able to inhibit inflammation in several pathological conditions including hepatic steatosis and obesity [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>–<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. The anti-inflammatory role of PPAR<italic>α</italic> in our system is strongly supported by the analysis of PPAR<italic>α</italic> mRNA in 21-day-old adipocytes and in vAT of the 24-month-old mice, which evidenced a significant reduction of PPAR<italic>α</italic> concomitant with production of inflammatory mediators.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.2"><title>3.2. RSV Inhibits the Production of Age-Related Proinflammatory Cytokines in Adipocytes by Upregulating ATGL</title><p>Several studies have suggested that the health benefits of RSV are mediated by its antioxidant capacity [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. In the context of adipocytes physiology, RSV strongly inhibits adipogenesis [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] by inducing the synthesis of the main nonenzymatic intracellular antioxidant, that is, glutathione [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. In doing so, RSV buffers the onset of a prooxidant milieu, which is mandatory for adipocytes differentiation [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. Other findings support RSV efficacy also in reducing the inflammatory response in several tissues [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] such as brain during neurodegenerative processes [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] and adipose tissue upon high fat and sugar diet [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of RSV seems to be related to the inhibitory action of NF<italic>κ</italic>B-mediated pathways including the transcription of TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6 [<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]. According to Lasa et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>], we found that treatment of 8-day-old adipocytes with RSV efficiently impinged upon a strong ATGL protein accumulation at 24 h, which was accompanied by the decrease of phosphoactive NF<italic>κ</italic>B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2(c)</xref>). To dissect whether ATGL/FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> axis could be involved in the anti-inflammaging action of RSV, we analysed the level of ATGL and PPAR<italic>α</italic> after RSV administration in 21-day-old adipocytes. We found a significant upregulation of both ATGL and PPAR<italic>α</italic> expression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2(a)</xref>). Coherently, a simultaneous decrease of TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6 mRNA expression was observed after RSV treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2(a)</xref>). As reported in the literature, stress stimuli such as LPS or nutrient starvation upregulate ATGL [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]. Moreover, ATGL KO mice challenged with LPS display enhanced inflammation in liver compared to WT and show increased mortality and torpor, and these events have been attributed to impaired PPAR<italic>α</italic> activity [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>].</p><p>Next, given that RSV has an anti-inflammaging action and this nicely correlates with the upregulation of ATGL and PPAR<italic>α</italic>, we asked whether RSV could also restrain the increase of TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6 caused by ATGL downregulation through RNAi, in 8-day-old adipocytes. As reported in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3(a)</xref>, ATGL lacking cells [ATGL(−)] displayed impaired PPAR<italic>α</italic> expression and higher expression of TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6 than controls, in line with what we observed in C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>12</sub> myotubes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2(b)</xref>) and previously revealed on primary adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. However, contrary to what we observed in 21-day-old adipocytes, RSV was unable to revert the induction of TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6 in ATGL(−) adipocytes; but rather it unexpectedly further upregulated their mRNA expression, indicating an enhancement of NF<italic>κ</italic>B activity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3(a)</xref>). To confirm the proinflammatory role of RSV in ATGL(−) adipocytes, we carried out an immunoblotting analysis of the transcriptional phosphoactive form of NF<italic>κ</italic>B (pNF<italic>κ</italic>B) and its inhibitory partner I<italic>κ</italic>B. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3(b)</xref> shows an increased pNF<italic>κ</italic>B level in ATGL(−) adipocytes treated with RSV that was paralleled by the decrease of I<italic>κ</italic>B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3(b)</xref>).</p><p>RSV has been proposed as a plausible gerosuppressant natural compound to overcome age-related metabolic perturbations and chronic inflammatory states [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. Interestingly, in rhesus monkeys, RSV administration reduces NF<italic>κ</italic>B activation in high fat diet fed animals, suppressing inflammation in vAT with beneficial action on metabolic profile [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. Our data point out that, in condition of irreversible ATGL inhibition (silenced ATGL expression), RSV would not function as anti-inflammatory agent, the ATGL-mediated FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> signalling axis being strongly affected. Thus, we can speculate that the anti-inflammatory potential of RSV is strongly dependent on ATGL/FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> pathway (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>).</p><p>Overall these findings further support the anti-inflammatory role of ATGL in adipocytes and suggest that RSV, being a powerful enhancer of ATGL expression/activity, is able to reinforce the anti-inflammatory FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> signalling [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Given that RSV is ineffective in inhibiting NF<italic>κ</italic>B when ATGL is lacking, we can suggest that this lipase also efficiently modulates NF<italic>κ</italic>B activity by (i) restraining its phosphorylation and (ii) stabilizing the inhibitory partner I<italic>κ</italic>B. These hypotheses remain to be elucidated yet and are currently under investigation in our laboratory. Importantly, recent papers demonstrate that RSV worsens the clinical symptoms in mice models of multiple sclerosis, exacerbating inflammation and neuronal demyelization [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. Moreover, RSV has been found to activate NF<italic>κ</italic>B and to increase inflammatory cytokines in cardiac cells [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. These findings and our data collectively indicate that caution should be exercised in using RSV against inflammatory states.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>Here we give additional effort to the authentic role of ATGL as a stress responsive protein, having the capacity to suppress the production of age-related proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes. ATGL being an important node in the promotion of lipid signalling, the anti-inflammaging effect of ATGL seems to proceed via the induction of FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic>-mediated pathway in that PPAR<italic>α</italic> functions as a valid suppressor of inflammatory cytokines at the level of gene transcription. Importantly, we have also pointed out that RSV can act as a powerful anti-inflammatory agent thanks to its ability to restore ATGL expression, which is hardly compromised by ageing, thus allowing FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> signalling to proceed towards the repression of cytokines production. Drugs able to boost activity of ATGL in adipose tissue are not currently available. Therefore, on the basis of our findings we can state that RSV could act as a powerful enhancer of ATGL/FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> pathway, thus representing a valid natural tool to limit the onset and/or the exacerbation of the age-related metabolic disorders and inflammatory states.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>This work was partially supported by MIUR-PRIN and AIRC (no. IG10636).</p></ack><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list><def-item><term>ATGL:</term><def><p>Adipose triglyceride lipase</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FA:</term><def><p>Fatty acids</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>I<italic>κ</italic>B:</term><def><p>Nuclear factor of kappa light chain gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IL-6:</term><def><p>Interleukin 6</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>LPS:</term><def><p>Lipopolysaccharide</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>NF<italic>κ</italic>B:</term><def><p>Nuclear factor kappa-B</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PPARs:</term><def><p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PPAR<italic>α</italic>:</term><def><p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RSV:</term><def><p>Resveratrol</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TNF<italic>α</italic>:</term><def><p>Tumour necrosis factor alpha</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>vAT:</term><def><p>Visceral adipose tissue.</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><sec sec-type="conflict"><title>Conflict of Interests</title><p>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mathis</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Shoelson</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Immunometabolism: an emerging frontier</article-title><source><italic>Nature Reviews Immunology</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79151475165</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pischon</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Boeing</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoffmann</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe</article-title><source><italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic></source><year>2008</year><volume>359</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>2105</fpage><lpage>2120</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-56249131806</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19005195</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ebenezer</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Dasuri</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Aging is associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress in adipose tissue: implications for adipose function</article-title><source><italic>American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>301</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>E599</fpage><lpage>E607</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-80053251285</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21586698</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Ren</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Pae</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Aging up-regulates expression of inflammatory mediators in mouse adipose tissue</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Immunology</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>179</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>4829</fpage><lpage>4839</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-41249098290</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lettieri Barbato</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Proline oxidase-adipose triglyceride lipase pathway restrains adipose cell death and tissue inflammation</article-title><source><italic>Cell Death and Differentiation</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24096872</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chuang</surname><given-names>C-C</given-names></name><name><surname>McIntosh</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Potential mechanisms by which polyphenol-rich grapes prevent obesity-mediated inflammation and metabolic diseases</article-title><source><italic>Annual Review of Nutrition</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79960490509</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol improves insulin signaling in a tissue-specific manner under insulin-resistant conditions only: <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments in rodents</article-title><source><italic>Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>61</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>424</fpage><lpage>433</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84857501565</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21945106</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jimenez-Gomez</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Mattison</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Pearson</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol improves adipose insulin signaling and reduces the inflammatory response in adipose tissue of rhesus monkeys on high-fat, high-sugar diet</article-title><source><italic>Cell Metabolism</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>533</fpage><lpage>545</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24093677</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vigilanza</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Rotilio</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ciriolo</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Modulation of intracellular glutathione affects adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Cellular Physiology</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>226</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>2016</fpage><lpage>2024</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79955104610</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21520053</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Moustaid-Moussa</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity</article-title><source><italic>The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24314860</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zimmermann</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Strauss</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Haemmerle</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><year>2004</year><volume>306</volume><issue>5700</issue><fpage>1383</fpage><lpage>1386</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-8844226709</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15550674</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haemmerle</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Moustafa</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Woelkart</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-alpha and PGC-1</article-title><source><italic>Nature Medicine</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>17</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>1076</fpage><lpage>1085</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-80052454265</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Monsalve</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Pyarasani</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name><name><surname>Delgado-Lopez</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases</article-title><source><italic>Mediators of Inflammation</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>2013</volume><fpage>18 pages</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">549627</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jha</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Claudel</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Baghdasaryan</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of adipose triglyceride lipase (PNPLA2) in protection from hepatic inflammation in mouse models of steatohepatitis and endotoxemia</article-title><source><italic>Hepatology</italic></source><year>2013</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schrammel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mussbacher</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Winkler</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Cardiac oxidative stress in a mouse model of neutral lipid storage disease</article-title><source><italic>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>1831</volume><fpage>1600</fpage><lpage>1608</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23867907</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schoenborn</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Heid</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name><name><surname>Vollmert</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The ATGL gene is associated with free fatty acids, triglycerides, and type 2 diabetes</article-title><source><italic>Diabetes</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>55</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1270</fpage><lpage>1275</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33745294013</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16644682</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jocken</surname><given-names>JWE</given-names></name><name><surname>Langin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Smit</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase protein expression is decreased in the obese insulin-resistant state</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>92</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>2292</fpage><lpage>2299</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34347219137</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17356053</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wahli</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Michalik</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>PPARs at the crossroads of lipid signaling and inflammation</article-title><source><italic>Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>363</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22704720</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Ciriolo</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Nuclear recruitment of nNOS by alpha-syntrophin is crucial for the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis</article-title><source><italic>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</italic></source><year>2013</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lasa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Schweiger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kotzbeck</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol regulates lipolysis via adipose triglyceride lipase</article-title><source><italic>The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>379</fpage><lpage>384</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84858295952</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21543206</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lettieri Barbato</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tatulli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>FoxO1 controls lysosomal acid lipase in adipocytes: implication of lipophagy during nutrient restriction and metformin treatment</article-title><source><italic>Cell Death & Disease</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>4, article e861</volume></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pagliei</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>p53 orchestrates the PGC-1alpha-mediated antioxidant response upon mild redox and metabolic imbalance</article-title><source><italic>Antioxidants & Redox Signaling</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>386</fpage><lpage>399</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22861165</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pagliei</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Extranuclear localization of SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha: an insight into possible roles in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction</article-title><source><italic>Current Molecular Medicine</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>140</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22834844</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tchkonia</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Morbeck</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Von Zglinicki</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence</article-title><source><italic>Aging Cell</italic></source><year>2010</year><volume>9</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>667</fpage><lpage>684</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-78349299099</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20701600</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Findeisen</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><name><surname>Pearson</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Gizard</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Oxidative stress accumulates in adipose tissue during aging and inhibits adipogenesis</article-title><source><italic>PLoS ONE</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79954996879</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e18532</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Franceschi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Capri</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Monti</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans</article-title><source><italic>Mechanisms of Ageing and Development</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>128</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33846111415</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17116321</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Kusminski</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Scherer</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Clinical Investigation</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>121</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>2094</fpage><lpage>2101</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79957916782</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21633177</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cabrero</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Laguna</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Vázquez</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and the control of inflammation</article-title><source><italic>Current Drug Targets—Inflammation & Allergy</italic></source><year>2002</year><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>243</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0141652550</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14561188</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ballak</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name><name><surname>Stienstra</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Hijmans</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Combined B- and T-cell deficiency does not protect against obesity-induced glucose intolerance and inflammation</article-title><source><italic>Cytokine</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>62</volume><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23478176</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stienstra</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Duval</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kersten</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>PPARs, obesity, and inflammation</article-title><source><italic>PPAR Research</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>2007</volume><fpage>10 pages</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-42749103304</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">95974</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stienstra</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Mandard</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Patsouris</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Maass</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kersten</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <italic>α</italic> protects against obesity-induced hepatic inflammation</article-title><source><italic>Endocrinology</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>148</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>2753</fpage><lpage>2763</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34250821923</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17347305</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lettieri-Barbato</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tomei</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Sancini</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of plant foods and beverages on plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in human subjects: a meta-analysis</article-title><source><italic>The British Journal of Nutrition</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>109</volume><fpage>1544</fpage><lpage>1556</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23507127</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Ciriolo</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Glutathione is a crucial guardian of protein integrity in the brain upon nitric oxide imbalance</article-title><source><italic>Communicative & Integrative Biology</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>477</fpage><lpage>479</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21966576</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>DK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-inflammatory responses of resveratrol</article-title><source><italic>Inflammation and Allergy—Drug Targets</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>173</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34648830916</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17897053</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aquilano</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baldelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Rotilio</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ciriolo</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of nitric oxide synthases in Parkinson’s disease: a review on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenols</article-title><source><italic>Neurochemical Research</italic></source><year>2008</year><volume>33</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>2416</fpage><lpage>2426</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-56349089470</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18415676</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Manna</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Mukhopadhyay</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Aggarwal</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol suppresses TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factors NF-<italic>κ</italic>B, activator protein-1, and apoptosis: potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Immunology</italic></source><year>2000</year><volume>164</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>6509</fpage><lpage>6519</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0034660659</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Pu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Bacterial endotoxin stimulates adipose lipolysis via toll-like receptor 4 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Biological Chemistry</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>284</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>5915</fpage><lpage>5926</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-65549131061</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19122198</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Blagosklonny</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Validation of anti-aging drugs by treating age-related diseases</article-title><source><italic>Aging</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>288</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-74549205329</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20157517</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de La Lastra</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Villegas</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging agent: mechanisms and clinical implications</article-title><source><italic>Molecular Nutrition and Food Research</italic></source><year>2005</year><volume>49</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>405</fpage><lpage>430</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-20344407841</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15832402</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sato</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>NE</given-names></name><name><surname>Shahid</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol exacerbates both autoimmune and viral models of multiple sclerosis</article-title><source><italic>The American Journal of Pathology</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>183</volume><fpage>1390</fpage><lpage>1396</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24091251</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palomer</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Capdevila-Busquets</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvarez-Guardia</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Resveratrol induces nuclear factor-kappaB activity in human cardiac cells</article-title><source><italic>International Journal of Cardiology</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>167</volume><fpage>2507</fpage><lpage>2516</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22748497</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Failure of ATGL/PPAR<italic>α</italic> upregulation is associated with increased IL-6 in vAT of 24-month-old mice. (a)<italic> Upper panel</italic>: western blotting analysis of ATGL in total protein extracts from mice vAT at different age (<italic>n</italic> = 3 mice/group).<italic> Lower panel</italic>: the content of ATGL protein was quantified by densitometric analysis. Data are expressed as ATGL/<italic>β</italic>-actin. Values are given as means ± S.D. <sup>(a)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus 1-month-old mice; <sup>(b)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus 7- and 14-month-old mice. (b) RT-qPCR analysis of relative ATGL, PPAR<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 mRNA levels in vAT of 3-month- and 24-month-old mice (<italic>n</italic> = 3 mice/group). Values are given as means ± S.D. <sup>(a)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus 3-month-old mice. (c)<italic> Upper panel</italic>: western blotting analysis of CD-14 in total protein extracts from vAT of 3-month- and 24-month-old mice (<italic>n</italic> = 3 mice/group).<italic> Lower panel</italic>: the content of CD-14 protein was quantified by densitometric analysis. Data are expressed as CD-14/Ponceau. <italic>β</italic>-Actin and Ponceau-stained membranes were used as loading controls.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MI2014-917698.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>RSV reverts ATGL downregulation and inflammatory markers upregulation in old adipocytes. (a) RT-qPCR analysis of relative ATGL, PPAR<italic>α</italic>, TNF<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 mRNA levels in 8-day-old (8 d) and 21-day-old (21 d) adipocytes. Cells were treated with 100 <italic>μ</italic>M RSV for 24 h. Values are given as means ± S.D. <sup>(a)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus 8 d; <sup>(∗)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01 versus RSV untreated cells. (b) Differentiated C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>12</sub> myotubes (4-days-old) were transfected with siRNA against ATGL [ATGL(−)] or with a scramble siRNA (Scr).<italic> Left panel</italic>: western blotting analysis of ATGL, PPAR<italic>α</italic>, and TNF<italic>α</italic> in total protein extracts.<italic> Right panel:</italic> RT-qPCR analysis of relative ATGL and TNF<italic>α</italic> mRNA levels. Values are given as means ± S.D. <sup>(a)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus Scr cells. (c)<italic> Left panel</italic>: western blotting analysis of ATGL and phosphoactive NF<italic>κ</italic>B (pNF<italic>κ</italic>B) in total protein extracts of 8-day-old adipocytes treated with 100 <italic>μ</italic>M RSV for the indicated times.<italic> Right panel</italic>: the content of ATGL or pNF<italic>κ</italic>B protein was quantified by densitometric analysis. Data are expressed as ATGL/<italic>β</italic>-actin or NF<italic>κ</italic>B/<italic>β</italic>-actin. Values are given as means ± S.D. <sup>(a)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus Ctr. GAPDH and <italic>β</italic>-actin were used as loading controls. Data are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MI2014-917698.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>RSV does not revert inflammatory markers upregulation in ATGL lacking cells. (a) Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes (8-days-old) were transfected with siRNA against ATGL [ATGL(−)] or with a scramble siRNA (Scr) and treated with 100 <italic>μ</italic>M RSV for 24 h. RT-qPCR analysis of relative ATGL, PPAR<italic>α</italic>, TNF<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 mRNA levels. Values are given as means ± S.D. <sup>(a)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 versus Scr cells; <sup>(∗)</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01 versus RSV untreated cells. (b) Western blotting analysis of I<italic>κ</italic>B and phosphoactive form of NF<italic>κ</italic>B (pNF<italic>κ</italic>B) in total protein extracts of adipocytes. <italic>β</italic>-Actin was used as loading control. Immunoblots are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MI2014-917698.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Schematic representation of the ATGL-dependent anti-inflammatory action of resveratrol. Aged adipocytes are characterized by impaired ATGL/FA/PPAR<italic>α</italic> signalling pathways and by the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF<italic>α</italic> and IL-6). Resveratrol induces ATGL upregulation, activating FA-mediated PPAR<italic>α</italic> anti-inflammatory effect. ATGL: adipose triglyceride lipase; FA: fatty acid; IL-6: interleukin 6; LD: lipid droplet; NF<italic>κ</italic>B: uclear factor kappa beta; PPAR<italic>α</italic>: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor <italic>α</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MI2014-917698.004"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/TelematiV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000501 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000501 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Ticri/CIDE
|area= TelematiV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4000984
|texte= Inhibition of Age-Related Cytokines Production by ATGL: A Mechanism Linked to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Resveratrol
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24817795" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a TelematiV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |