Telemonitoring in Cystic Fibrosis: A 4-year Assessment and Simulation for the Next 6 Years
Identifieur interne : 000066 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000065; suivant : 000067Telemonitoring in Cystic Fibrosis: A 4-year Assessment and Simulation for the Next 6 Years
Auteurs :Source :
- Interactive Journal of Medical Research [ 1929-073X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Innovative technologies and informatics offer a wide range of services to health districts, doctors, nurses, and patients, and is changing the traditional concept of health care. In the last few years, the availability of portable devices, their easiness to transport and use, and the capability to collect and transmit various clinical data have resulted in the fast development of telemedicine. However, despite its potential impact in improving patient conditions, and its cost effectiveness reported in literature, telemedicine is not in daily practice.
The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the positive impact of telemonitoring proving the sustainability of an application by sending spirometry outcomes from patients’ homes to the hospital doctors via the Internet, and from doctors to patients by an additional phone call solution.
We examined collected data related to clinical improvement of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The patients were followed-up at home using telemonitoring for a period of 10 years, with the aims to prove the sustainability of the methodology (transmissions of spirometry from the patients' home to the doctors and feedback from the doctors to the patients by phone call from the hospital). We stored and analyzed all spirometry transmissions received, and tested the possible presence to decrease the costs between the standard clinical trial (only ambulatory visits) and standard clinical trial with telemonitoring for the follow-up of patients with CF (telemedicine). This was done through an economic analysis of the costs for patients followed at home by telemonitoring. We assessed four years of observation and a simulation of total long-term costs between 2010 and 2020.
We discovered a potential saving of €40,397.00 per patient for 10 years, actualized at €36,802.97 for the follow-up of all patients enrolled.
The results from the study suggest that telemedicine can improve the health of patients with CF. It is a relatively cheap and potentially sustainable solution, compared to standard clinical trials. However, to establish and prove the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, more controlled psychological and behavioral studies are needed.
Url:
DOI: 10.2196/ijmr.5196
PubMed: 27142963
PubMed Central: 4870389
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PMC:4870389Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Telemonitoring in Cystic Fibrosis: A 4-year Assessment and Simulation for the Next 6 Years</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27142963</idno><idno type="pmc">4870389</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870389</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4870389</idno><idno type="doi">10.2196/ijmr.5196</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000066</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000066</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Telemonitoring in Cystic Fibrosis: A 4-year Assessment and Simulation for the Next 6 Years</title></analytic><series><title level="j">Interactive Journal of Medical Research</title><idno type="eISSN">1929-073X</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec sec-type="background"><title>Background</title><p>Innovative technologies and informatics offer a wide range of services to health districts, doctors, nurses, and patients, and is changing the traditional concept of health care. In the last few years, the availability of portable devices, their easiness to transport and use, and the capability to collect and transmit various clinical data have resulted in the fast development of telemedicine. However, despite its potential impact in improving patient conditions, and its cost effectiveness reported in literature, telemedicine is not in daily practice.</p></sec><sec sec-type="objective"><title>Objective</title><p>The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the positive impact of telemonitoring proving the sustainability of an application by sending spirometry outcomes from patients’ homes to the hospital doctors via the Internet, and from doctors to patients by an additional phone call solution.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>We examined collected data related to clinical improvement of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The patients were followed-up at home using telemonitoring for a period of 10 years, with the aims to prove the sustainability of the methodology (transmissions of spirometry from the patients' home to the doctors and feedback from the doctors to the patients by phone call from the hospital). We stored and analyzed all spirometry transmissions received, and tested the possible presence to decrease the costs between the standard clinical trial (only ambulatory visits) and standard clinical trial with telemonitoring for the follow-up of patients with CF (telemedicine). This was done through an economic analysis of the costs for patients followed at home by telemonitoring. We assessed four years of observation and a simulation of total long-term costs between 2010 and 2020.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>We discovered a potential saving of €40,397.00 per patient for 10 years, actualized at €36,802.97 for the follow-up of all patients enrolled.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The results from the study suggest that telemedicine can improve the health of patients with CF. It is a relatively cheap and potentially sustainable solution, compared to standard clinical trials. However, to establish and prove the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, more controlled psychological and behavioral studies are needed.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murgia, F" uniqKey="Murgia F">F Murgia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cilli, M" uniqKey="Cilli M">M Cilli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renzetti, E" uniqKey="Renzetti E">E Renzetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Majo, F" uniqKey="Majo F">F Majo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soldi, D" uniqKey="Soldi D">D Soldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucidi, V" uniqKey="Lucidi V">V Lucidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bella, F" uniqKey="Bella F">F Bella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bella, S" uniqKey="Bella S">S Bella</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Talaei Khoei, A" uniqKey="Talaei Khoei A">A Talaei-Khoei</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Interact J Med Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Interact J Med Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJMR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Interactive Journal of Medical Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1929-073X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>JMIR Publications Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Toronto, Canada</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27142963</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4870389</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">v5i2e11</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2196/ijmr.5196</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Paper</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Original Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Telemonitoring in Cystic Fibrosis: A 4-year Assessment and Simulation for the Next 6 Years</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Eysenbach</surname><given-names>Gunther</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="reviewer"><name><surname>Talaei-Khoei</surname><given-names>Amir</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="reviewer"><name><surname>Magrini</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib id="contrib1" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Tagliente</surname><given-names>Irene</given-names></name><degrees>BEng</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><address><institution>Department of Human Social and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Cassino and Southern Lazio</institution><addr-line>Folcare</addr-line><addr-line>Cassino,</addr-line><country>Italy</country><phone>39 3492310849</phone><fax>39 3492310849</fax><email>irenetagliente@hotmail.com</email></address><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7516-1453</contrib-id></contrib><contrib id="contrib2" contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Trieste</surname><given-names>Leopoldo</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-2419</contrib-id></contrib><contrib id="contrib3" contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Solvoll</surname><given-names>Terje</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8874-7106</contrib-id></contrib><contrib id="contrib4" contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Murgia</surname><given-names>Fabrizio</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-2417</contrib-id></contrib><contrib id="contrib5" contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Bella</surname><given-names>Sergio</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-2600</contrib-id></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Pediatric Hospital</institution><institution>Scientific Direction, Research Area of Clinical-Healthcare and Management Innovations</institution><institution>Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù</institution><addr-line>Roma</addr-line><country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Department of Human Social and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Cassino and Southern Lazio</institution><addr-line>Cassino</addr-line><country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup><institution>Management</institution><institution>Institute of Management,</institution><institution>Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna</institution><addr-line>Pisa</addr-line><country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>4</sup><institution>Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine</institution><institution>Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine</institution><institution>University Hospital of North Norway</institution><addr-line>Tromsø</addr-line><country>Norway</country></aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>5</sup><institution>Pediatric Medicine</institution><institution>Department of Pediatric Medicine</institution><institution>Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù</institution><addr-line>Roma</addr-line><country>Italy</country></aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding Author: Irene Tagliente
<email>irenetagliente@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><season>Apr-Jun</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>e11</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-request"><day>5</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>7</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>©Irene Tagliente, Leopoldo Trieste, Terje Solvoll, Fabrizio Murgia, Sergio Bella. Originally published in the Interactive Journal of Medical Research (http://www.i-jmr.org/), 03.05.2016.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Interactive Journal of Medical Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.i-jmr.org/,">http://www.i-jmr.org/,</ext-link> as well as this copyright and license information must be included.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.i-jmr.org/2016/2/e11/"></self-uri><abstract><sec sec-type="background"><title>Background</title><p>Innovative technologies and informatics offer a wide range of services to health districts, doctors, nurses, and patients, and is changing the traditional concept of health care. In the last few years, the availability of portable devices, their easiness to transport and use, and the capability to collect and transmit various clinical data have resulted in the fast development of telemedicine. However, despite its potential impact in improving patient conditions, and its cost effectiveness reported in literature, telemedicine is not in daily practice.</p></sec><sec sec-type="objective"><title>Objective</title><p>The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the positive impact of telemonitoring proving the sustainability of an application by sending spirometry outcomes from patients’ homes to the hospital doctors via the Internet, and from doctors to patients by an additional phone call solution.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>We examined collected data related to clinical improvement of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The patients were followed-up at home using telemonitoring for a period of 10 years, with the aims to prove the sustainability of the methodology (transmissions of spirometry from the patients' home to the doctors and feedback from the doctors to the patients by phone call from the hospital). We stored and analyzed all spirometry transmissions received, and tested the possible presence to decrease the costs between the standard clinical trial (only ambulatory visits) and standard clinical trial with telemonitoring for the follow-up of patients with CF (telemedicine). This was done through an economic analysis of the costs for patients followed at home by telemonitoring. We assessed four years of observation and a simulation of total long-term costs between 2010 and 2020.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>We discovered a potential saving of €40,397.00 per patient for 10 years, actualized at €36,802.97 for the follow-up of all patients enrolled.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The results from the study suggest that telemedicine can improve the health of patients with CF. It is a relatively cheap and potentially sustainable solution, compared to standard clinical trials. However, to establish and prove the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, more controlled psychological and behavioral studies are needed.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>cystic fibrosis</kwd><kwd>telemonitoring</kwd><kwd>cost effectiveness</kwd><kwd>follow-up</kwd><kwd>eHealth</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p>Innovative technologies and informatics offer a wide range of services to health districts, doctors, nurses, and patients, and is changing the traditional concept of health care. In the last few years, the availability of portable devices, its easiness to transport and use, and the capability to collect and transmit various clinical data have resulted in a fast development of telemedicine [<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>].</p><p>The use of portable devices for monitoring patients can find its application both within and out of hospitals [<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. With respect to the former, telemonitoring has the advantage of increasing efficiency in managing more patients, increasing patients’ safety, increasing quality of works, and reducing those opportunity costs (costs related to the fact that professionals spend a lot of time performing activities that do not need professional skills and competencies). That the standard of care is not able to reduce this effect still remains to be demonstrated without a real reorganization of competences and activities of health care professionals. Meanwhile, the use of devices able to remotely monitor and assist patients at home (in cases of temporary disease like rehabilitation after an accident and chronic diseases) has been of increasing importance for many decades. In recent years, telemonitoring and games have been introduced in this second field of application as valid alternatives to the standard of care, not only for monitoring patients’ progress but also motivating them and increasing adherence to treatment and telerehabilitation [<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. In both fields of application, literature and research are progressing together and research on electronic medical records (EMR) [<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] has a natural ally in telemedicine.</p><p>However, despite its potential impact in improving patient conditions and its cost effectiveness reported in the literature, telemedicine is not in daily practice. The same is the case regarding the economic dimension and societal impact of telemedicine [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The lack of clear evidence is relevant for the low registering of telemedicine and telemonitoring diffusion (in hospital and home assistance cases) by the following five mechanisms. The first is reduced acceptability of information and communication technology (ICT) by the elderly. However, this barrier shows a decreasing trend; people in general and the elderly are more and more confident using ICT. The common idea that people over the age of 65 tend to be less interested in adopting new technologies for everyday problems is a myth. The second is the resistance by physicians and other health care professionals within and outside of hospitals who consider telemedicine and telemonitoring as a substitutive solution of their activities instead of tools for improving the quality and quantity of services delivered. The third is the fact that telemedicine modifies medical information exchanges between health care producers probably by increasing coordination problems. The fourth is the fact that telemedicine and telemonitoring can be considered good solutions for increasing the quality of life for young people (eg, reducing productivity losses), but it can be a poor solution for the elderly that live alone and need more human relations [<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. The fifth mechanism is increasing privacy problems and the related resistance of transferring more information on patient conditions over a long period of time [<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. However, these problems seem theoretically bigger than they actually are.</p><p>Our work has the objective to add evidence of the positive impact of telemonitoring and to provide an economic perspective of its usefulness in the second field of application: the follow-up of patients with chronic diseases at home with the direct consequence of lowering periodical and emergency hospital visits.</p><p>This study is focuses on the follow-up of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) using telemedicine. CF is characterized by progressive lung destruction caused by the obstruction of the airway due to dehydrated thickened secretions. Obstructed airways results in endobronchial infection and an exaggerated inflammatory response leading to the development of bronchiectasis and progressive obstructive airways diseases [<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. For these patients, spirometry shows a reduction in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), and in forced current volume (FVC) (around 2% of the expected yearly value) [<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>].</p><p>Prevention and control of lung infections is one of the main objectives of therapy for patients with CF with the aim of reducing the progressive decline of pulmonary function [<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. Distance monitoring of lung parameters has been used in the follow-up of patients with CF in the Cystic Fibrosis Centre of Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù in Rome since 2001. A statistically significant reduction in hospital admissions and an over-time tendency towards a better stability of respiratory function was observed. [<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>].</p><p>In the present study we examined economic data related to the activities of telemonitoring for patients with CF followed at home for a period of 10 years, with the aim to better understand the evolution of clinical trends and costs over time. Here, we attempted to quantify the costs of telemonitoring (application of telemedicine) in the follow-up of the patients.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>The study was conduced in the Cystic Fibrosis Centre of Paediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù in Rome, Italy. The Cystic Fibrosis Centre of Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù is recognized as the national support center for CF; the center follows 280 patients from all over Italy each year. Since 2001, 57 patients were enrolled using telemedicine as follow-up, and 41 of them are still under telemedicine assistance (telemonitoring). The telemedicine CF team consists of three doctors, two respiratory physiotherapists, a nutritionist, two psychologists, two doctors in microbiology, and a biomedical engineer.</p><p>We analyzed data collected from 2010 to 2014, and then we simulated the saving of costs for the next 6 years. We enrolled 39 patients, but for the economical evaluation, we included only a subgroup of 25 patients. These 25 patients are those we were able to track for real costs, that is limited to the national health system (direct health), for the follow-up of patients with CF with telemonitoring assistance. Patients included in the telemonitoring program are still followed-up and treated using the standard protocols for follow-up. These protocols are the same for the patients not included in the telemedicine program (control group) [<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>].</p><p>We used MIR-Spirotel instrumentation, which collects and remotely transmits data from a spirometer and overnight pulse oximetry. The method was described and discussed in a previous study [<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. The doctor prescribed each patient a spirometer after the diagnosis, which was delivered by the local dealer of regional health system (cost not provided for control group). Patients and parents were trained by physicians on the use of the device and how to send data to the Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù. Patients sent information twice a week. Data interpretation was performed using WinspiroPRO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figure1">Figure 1</xref>). The software was provided for free by the hospital’s spirometer dealer, and can display the spirometry curves and the main parameters FEV1, FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow (FEF, 25-75%).</p><p>Further, the anamnestic data and graphs obtained were discussed in a meeting between CF doctors for an overall evaluation of clinical significance to decide on the possible therapeutic action. Patients showing a significant decrease of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) and/or FEV1 were invited to ambulatory visits.</p><p>Additional maintenance costs of instrumentations are not included on rental costs because the rental dealers absolved it. The annual median value of FEV1 was calculated using "before the month median value" for each patient and after we meshed the data. We also kept track of other indicators related to the interaction between doctors and patients with possible economic interest. For the economical evaluation, it was only possible to collect and keep track of all cost entries incurred for 64% (25/39) of the enrolled patients with CF. The type of data collected is shown in <xref ref-type="boxed-text" rid="box1">Textbox 1</xref>.</p><boxed-text id="box1" position="float"><caption><title>Collected data.</title></caption><p>Data</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Hospitalization costs</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Day hospital</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ambulatory visit</p></list-item><list-item><p>Intravenous therapy at home (minimum 21 days)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Oral therapy at home (minimum 21 days)</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>Instrumentation costs</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Monthly fee for instrumentation Spirotel</p></list-item><list-item><p>Rental of instrument for 25 pieces</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>Doctors working days</p></list-item></list></boxed-text><p>We also considered all the cost entries for the Italian National Health System in the follow-up of patients with CF without telemonitoring assistance (control group), using historical data (hospital’s annual reports). For the analysis, we included 25 patients (17 female, 8 male), compliant and less compliant with the protocols, but adherent to the study. For the saving projection, we performed an analysis of the costs. The starting costs during the first year of telemonitoring assistance compared with the cost incurred to the follow-up of patients with CF with traditional trials (control group) are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>.</p><p>For the economic evaluation, we analyzed 4-year costs using the following equations:</p><p>Total costs = net cost + rental of instruments (1)</p><p>Total savings = savings of vacant beds + saving of working days recovery (2)</p><p>Net cost = total costs – total savings (3)</p><p>Actual saving = theoretical cost – actual cost (4)</p><p>Here, "savings of vacant beds" refers to saving costs obtained for lower days of hospitalization compared with hospitalization day for the control group, and "saving of working days recovery" is defined as saving costs obtained for lower hours of works for visits of patients with CF under telemedicine protocol, compared to hours of works for visits of patients with CF in the control group. For "theoretical cost" we made a simulation of costs incurred for the follow-up of patients in the control group. Having different cost items, it was only possible to make a simulation thanks to the expertise of the doctors, in addition to envision diagnosis-related group (DRG) costs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>). We assumed that these reimbursements will not change during the period of simulation.</p><p>Based on these results, we made three different simulations of the long run cost: 2010-2020 for two groups, and then calculated their differences. Analysis started including the top four most compliant patients previously enrolled in the telemedicine protocol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>). Therefore, the lowest compliant patients have been enrolled. Finally, simulation involved all the 25 patients previously enrolled in the telemedicine protocol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="table1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Starting costs for follow-up of 25 patients with and without telemonitoring during the first year.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" width="520" border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><col width="50" span="1"></col><col width="200" span="1"></col><col width="100" span="1"></col><thead><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cost, €</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Control group (without telemonitoring) costs (hospitilization and home treatment), n=25</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">156,085.00</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Study group (telemonitoring)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">116,139.81</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Cost of services provided by the National Health Service</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Equipment rental (25 pieces)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">126,000.00</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total debit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">242,139.81</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Additional revenue for the use of beds</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">123,019.00</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recovery of working days</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9284.00</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total credit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">132,303.00</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current costs (debit-credit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">109,836,81</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Budget</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saving with telemedicine</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,248.19</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><break></break></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Savings cost on first year per patient of follow-up with telemonitoring assistance</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986.42</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Saving projection including only the four must compliant patients enrolled, until 2020, at 2015 prices (base year).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" width="444" border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><col width="100" span="1"></col><col width="100" span="1"></col><col width="109" span="1"></col><col width="100" span="1"></col><thead><tr valign="bottom"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saving, €</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average consumer price index (CPI) inflation<sup>a</sup>, %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPI correct saving, €</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5351.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5748.70</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8090.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.78</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8456.19</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,038.50</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.04</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,269.88</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,382.25</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,429.28</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,726.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,720.65</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,069.75</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,069.75</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,413.50</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,420.98</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42,757.25</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42,774.36</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48,101.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48,129.87</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">54,444.75</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">54,488.33</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2020</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">58,788.50</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">58,847.32</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="table2fn1"><p><sup>a</sup>Source is the Worldwide Inflation Data website [<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Savings projection for all 25 patients enrolled, until 2020, at 2015 prices (base year).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" width="480" border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><col width="125" span="1"></col><col width="125" span="1"></col><col width="232" span="1"></col><thead><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saving, €</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saving projection at 2015 prices, €</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1849.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986.42</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2030.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2121.89</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6293.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6383.79</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,556.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,579.22</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,819.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,816.04</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19,089.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19,089.00</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,345.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,349.67</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,608.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,619.05</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,871.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,890.13</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,134.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,162.92</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2020</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40,397.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40,437.42</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Using 2015 as base year, saving actualization was based on the previous rates for saving before 2015 and the inflation rate of 2015 for each of the simulated savings from 2015-2020. The 10-year total saving was obtained at the current prices. Italian average inflation rates based on the consumer price index (CPI) for the years 2010-2015 were obtained from the Worldwide Inflation Data website [<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>].</p><p>The analysis was performed making three different simulations, with the economic equation, according to the number and type of patients included in the study, for each year under observation. Based on these results, we made a simulation of the long-term cost until 2020 for two groups, and then calculated the difference (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figure2">Figure 2</xref>).</p><fig id="figure1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Screenshot of the software interface.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijmr_v5i2e11_fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="figure2" position="anchor"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Economic equations used in the calculations. Equation (a) is the actualization of saving st (t < 2015), and equation (b) is the actualization of saving st (t > 2015).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijmr_v5i2e11_fig2"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>In 10 years of telemonitoring assistance, Dr Bella’s team followed a total of 39 patients. During the years of observation, we received 6647 spirometry transmissions. Some patients were excluded from the study for the absence of transmission, transmission problems of the oldest technology, or for death. With respect to the economic perspective, by tracking the costs of the follow-up of 25 patients with CF (compliant and less compliant with the protocol) with telemonitoring for 4 years, we show a difference between the cost incurred to the follow-up in compliance and non-compliance patients, as mentioned for diabetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>].</p><p>We found an increased cost saving, year by year, for prompt hospitalization with lower acute illness levels, before the incurrence of symptoms. After the second year of observation we already discovered decreased costs compared with cost incurred for the follow-up of patients with CF compared with traditional trials. In the economic analysis, including all patients enrolled, we observed a stabilization of the saving cost equal to €4263.00 per patient after the second year (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref>).</p><p>The health service component done by the hospital to the patients with CF under telemonitoring, and savings cost compared with cost incurred for the follow-up of CF with traditional trials at 2015 prices are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="table4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Health service component done by the hospital and savings cost compared with cost incurred for the follow-up of years 3 and 4 of the observation period at 2015 prices.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" width="574" border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><col width="220" span="1"></col><col width="99" span="1"></col><col width="99" span="1"></col><col width="100" span="1"></col><thead><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health service component done by the hospital</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day hospital, n</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambulatory visits, n</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hospitalizations, n</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">No services, n</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total saving costs compared to traditional trials, €</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986.42/patient</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2121.89/patient</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6383.79/patient</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Based on the years of accurate observation, we did a simulation of long-term saving from 2010-2020, adjusted by the inflation rate at 2015 price. This shows a saving of €40,437.42 per patient for the follow-up of all patients enrolled (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref>). We made the same simulation including only the four most compliant patients, hoping to have a higher adherence with the treatment in the future [<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. From this simulation, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref> , we found a saving of €58,788.50 per patient for 10 years, €58,847.32 per patient at 2015 prices (the base year characterized by deflation instead of inflation). However, since price changes are not constant among years, it is necessary to update costs and saving once inflation rates will be available.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><sec><title>Principal Findings</title><p>Here, we analyzed the quality and quantity of information transmitted and costs and/or savings of health resources related to telemonitoring in CF within a period of 4 years, and made a projection of costs for the next 6 years. The assessed potential saving of adopting a telemonitoring solution is relevant for a disease characterized by high costs for long-term treatments and follow-up. The adopted approach could be one of the first contributions in the field and also be used as a basis for analogous studies in different fields and diseases.</p><p>We found a decrease of costs incurred to the follow-up of compliant and non-compliant patients, as found in a previous study for telemonitoring of patients with diabetes [<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. We also found a significant difference between the three simulations and a greater decrease in cost with the more compliant patients and a reduction of savings in the patients with lower compliance to the telemedicine protocol. We show a similar trend with an exponential reduction of cost after the second year of follow-up with the telemonitoring protocols. The study shows an increase of cost saving incurred to the follow-up of compliant versus non-compliant patients, consistent with the literature of telemonitoring of patients with diabetes [<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Data are encouraging with regard to the possibility of adopting telemonitoring and telemedicine solutions, offering a potentially more effective and cost-effective alternative to the current homecare assistance.</p><p>The approach is conservative since it does not take into account additional cost saving related to the improvement of therapy adherence induced by the use of technology. The progressive increasing adherence to treatment means a better overall use of the method.</p><p>With respect to the frequency of transmissions, we recommend to our patients a variable interval depending on the clinical condition: a minimum of twice per week, on average. We expect the optimal adherence to treatment to be 100% for two transmissions per week over a period of 5 working days [<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Clinical practice shows a constant and progressive increase of treatment's adherence to achieve, in practice, a doubling of the values during the period under review.</p><p>Correlations between better therapy compliance for patients enrolled in telemonitoring, the increasing number of physiological parameters registered, and the lower costs for both national and international health systems suggest a technology-embedded solution for improving the quality of life of chronically ill patients.</p><p>These preliminary results have some implications for both the academy (from the medical and health economics perspectives), and the management of changes in activities of the health professionals involved.</p><p>This work provides an economic perspective of the assessment of telemonitoring, beyond the effectiveness and performance of the technology. With respect to the telemedicine literature, cost-effectiveness analyses are usually absent or the quality of analysis is very low [<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Although a cost-effectiveness analysis should be the best approach in proving the utility of adopting telemonitoring, our work starts the process toward a cost-effectiveness analysis to focus on the national health care system perspective. However, this is the first step toward a simulation of the potential saving and the budget impact positive change induced by adopting technology in the follow-up of patients with CF.</p></sec><sec><title>Benefits of Investing in Telemonitoring</title><p>The potential impact of the study results on current medical practices and management of the disease can be summarized in stressing the importance of telemonitoring inducing health care professionals and operators to invest in it. Investing in telemonitoring has the potentiality to produce benefits for patients, the national health care system, as well as the industrial sectors. Five benefits of investing in telemonitoring are described here. The first is improvements in the efficiency in managing different patients with respect to the current practice. The second are improvements in the quality of work of professionals (ie, reduction of stress and reduction of time spent in low value activities that can be performed by using telemonitoring). As a consequence, a reduction of opportunity costs for low-value routines and activities that are still performed by human beings is expected. The third are increases in the quantity and/or quality of available information from or to the patients and health care professionals, at lower costs and in reduced time. If integrated into a communication network, stakeholders and operators like patients, caregivers, health policy decision makers, governments, and public institutions can benefit by the network externalities produced by use of telemonitoring. In effect, the utility of adopting an additional telemonitoring device depends to the number of previous systems adopted. The virtuous cycle induced by adopting telemonitoring passes from an increasing adoption of telemonitoring devices to more available information (here data management and processing under the normative constraints related to patients’ privacy are mandatory) including (1) a deeper knowledge of cases that produce a better knowledge of the disease; (2) the increase of quality of individual care and assistance offered to singular patients; (3) the increasing demand of telemonitoring devices; (4) more competition in the market for heath device; (5) the improvement of technology performance and/or reduction of devices’ prices; and (6) the increasing utility of adopting new devices. The fourth benefit is turning negative into positive expectations among the health technology producers. Positive expectations induce more investment and new technological solutions sustained by the supply side of the market, reducing the risk of medium and long-run service and monitoring discontinuities. There is no health care sustainability without health technology sustainability, and vice versa. Finally, the fifth benefit is producing relatively cheaper and efficient technological solutions that should be considered the first.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>One limitation is that we only considered direct health cost (ie, direct non-health and indirect saving costs for patients and their family) and indirect costs such as saving travel cost, saving working days, and saving school days have not been taken into account. A second limitation is that the simulation does not consider confidence intervals (ie, variance of costs and/or savings among patients) because costs are based on hospital tariffs rather than a micro-costing approach that may assess different costs for singular treatments and observations; costs of technology and a micro-costing approach should also be included considering different reimbursement scenarios. A micro-costing approach seems the best approach since up to now, telemonitoring or telemedicine solutions are not included in the Essential Levels of Assistance (LEA) provided by the Italian National Healthcare System (NHS), and there is not a DRG-based reimbursement. Adoption of telemonitoring still depends on individual cases and on voluntarily resources made available by the local health authorities. Because of its high potentiality in terms of medium and long-run saving from the societal perspective (the potential saving for the NHS perspective has been confirmed in the current study), we made a simulation of costs with actualization without taking under consideration the evolution of the disease as incurrence of not predictable comorbidity. In this, it is possible that during 10 years of monitoring some patients die from the disease or incurred co-morbidities. The increasing number of patients enrolled could increase the possibility that some patients’ expected lifespan will increase with a relative higher number of hospitalization for tests and related antibiotic treatments. This is especially true for the non-compliance patients with increases of per patient direct and indirect costs due to an increasing of working days lost for both patients and their caregivers.</p><p>For assessing the cost-effectiveness of telemonitoring in chronic disease, the best way for modeling the evolution of disease and the managerial perspective could share a discrete event model approach [<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>], rather than the usually adopted Markov models [<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. If the scope is to take into account the organizational implications of the disease management involving interacting agent, agent-based model simulations [<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] should be implemented.</p></sec><sec><title>Future Work</title><p>To track the impact of new technology with higher performance and be able to send the transmission directly from the device with mobile (SIM), and with the dissemination of broadband on the adherence of telemonitoring, future studies have to be implemented. We think that the constant evolution of technologies can help doctors to incentivize the patients on a better adherence to telemonitoring and self-management of their respective disease. At the same time, new studies are needed to track all costs incurred for the NHS for the follow-up of patients with or without telemonitoring assistance.</p><p>In addition, it could be of some interest to adopt a micro-costing approach for assessing the direct health costs and direct non-health costs. We expect a transportation cost-saving in using telemedicine and a reduction of time by formal and informal caregivers during their leisure time spent for assisting patients induced by the use of the technological solution to track the indirect cost (ie, productivity loss) incurred by the patients and their parents during the two different kinds of follow-up.</p><p>A comparison among different technology performances in terms of acceptability, effects, and costs could be investigated. This will allow the definition of requirements for new technology diffusion and adoption that is not related to technology only. Introducing new technology always has impact on organizations and decision-making. [<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Organization, including activity, role, decision making, and interaction changes of current professional operators and patients and their relatives induced by telemedicine solutions should be investigated in more details. It is not only a necessary and very ambitious objective for an updated version of the current study, but a general need for proving the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine, and increasing its actual adoption for years to come.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The current analysis reports a feasibility case study on adopting telemonitoring for CF follow-up. Patients included in this study report are still followed and treated with the usual protocols of follow-up, similar to those who do not practice [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>].</p><p>The first results of this work have been encouraging. In a previous study we found a statistically significant reduction in hospital admissions and a tendency over-time towards a better stability of the respiratory function [<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>].</p><p>The equipment, a mobile phone with Skype connection, was used to keep in touch with the patients. The percentage of the successful calls appears to have improved over-time, but the mobile phone, in our opinion, continues to be valuable but not always completely reliable.</p><p>This study focuses on a preliminary simulation of the economic impact of telemedicine in terms of expected saving. From an economic perspective, health resource saving for the NHS is confirmed, supporting an economically viable method and/or trial. The increase in the calculated savings compared to our previous study indicates, in our opinion, a better efficiency of follow-up.</p><p>The advantage, in terms of quality of life for the patients, remains due to an at-home tool that allows patients to more easily stay in contact with the CF center. Expected positive contributions of the technology in supporting patients located in rural areas, to interact and transfer information to the hospital without a connection problem, could be possible with a SIM connection. We expect a better compliance of patients with a related better management of the CF disease, and reduction of costs incurred by the NHS for the onset of co-morbidity.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><p>We would like to thank Arianna Caridi and Elisa Marchetti, students of Biomedical Engineer in Sapienza University of Rome for their helpful assistance in the analysis of the data.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>Conflicts of Interest: None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list><def-item><term id="abb1">CF</term><def><p>cystic fibrosis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="abb2">CPI</term><def><p>consumer price index</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="abb3">DRG</term><def><p>diagnosis-related group</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="abb4">FEVI</term><def><p>forced expiratory volume in the first second</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="abb5">FVC</term><def><p>forced current volume</p></def></def-item><def-item><term 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