The design of metadata for the Digital Museum Initiative in Taiwan
Identifieur interne : 000380 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000379; suivant : 000381The design of metadata for the Digital Museum Initiative in Taiwan
Auteurs : Chaochen Chen ; Hsuehhua Chen ; Kuanghua Chen ; Jieh HsiangSource :
- Online Information Review [ 1468-4527 ] ; 2002-10-01.
Abstract
Metadata plays a crucial role in a digital librarymuseum environment. However, the development of metadata is not an easy task. Its formulation starts with analysing the attributes of collections as well as understanding the user information needs and information seeking behaviour. The issue of interoperability also needs to be considered in terms of both semantics and syntax. This paper discusses issues related to the development of metadata in Taiwan. It describes the development process of a Chinese metadata system, Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information MICI, and an XMLmetadata management system, Metalogy. Both were developed under the Digital Museum Initiative sponsored by the National Science Council of Taiwan.
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DOI: 10.1108/14684520210447868
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ISTEX:A3F06DD8BA03D4214A8CBE8D822635461BE97010Le document en format XML
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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oir</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/oir</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Online Information Review</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1468-4527</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MCB UP Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/14684520210447868</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2640260501.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2640260501</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">research-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Research paper</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-CBM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Collection building & management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-BIB</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Bibliometrics</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-DAT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Databases</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IBRT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information behaviour & retrieval</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-RMP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Records management & preservation</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-DOCM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Document management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The design of metadata for the Digital Museum Initiative in Taiwan</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Chao‐chen</given-names> <surname>Chen</surname></string-name><aff>Associate Professor in the Department of Adult and Continuing Education</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Hsueh‐hua</given-names> <surname>Chen</surname></string-name><aff>Professor, Department of Library and Information Science</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Kuang‐hua</given-names> <surname>Chen</surname></string-name><aff>Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Jieh</given-names> <surname>Hsiang</surname></string-name><aff>Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, all at the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2002</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>295</fpage><lpage>306</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© MCB UP Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2002</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="14684520210447868.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Metadata plays a crucial role in a digital library/museum environment. However, the development of metadata is not an easy task. Its formulation starts with analysing the attributes of collections as well as understanding the user information needs and information seeking behaviour. The issue of interoperability also needs to be considered in terms of both semantics and syntax. This paper discusses issues related to the development of metadata in Taiwan. It describes the development process of a Chinese metadata system, Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information (MICI), and an XML/metadata management system, Metalogy. Both were developed under the Digital Museum Initiative sponsored by the National Science Council of Taiwan.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Data processing</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Museums</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Libraries</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Taiwan</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><ack><p>Refereed article received 13 March 2002. Approved for publication 15 March 2002. The work described in this paper was partially sponsored by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under the NSC grant number NSC88‐2745‐P‐002‐007 and NSC‐89‐2750‐P‐002‐013.</p></ack></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>With the rapid growth of the Internet, research on digital libraries and digital museums has received world‐wide attention. Taiwan, in tune with the rest of the developed countries, has also been enthusiastically embracing digitisation efforts.</p><p>Among the major institutions in Taiwan that are currently digitising their cultural heritage collections are the National Palace Museum, National Museum of History, National Museum of Natural Science, National Central Library, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica (Chang, 1999). Their primary tasks are to digitise their own unique collections and present them on the Web in a uniform way. In order to organise this vast amount and variety of cultural data in an easily retrievable manner, it is imperative to design a suitable metadata format. From the user point of view, a digital library/museum should at least contain the basic functions of retrieval and browsing, as well as links to other related Web resources. A digital library/museum with a large volume of data usually requires a database management system to manage its metadata, digital objects, and the links, etc. In this paper we describe an attempt to develop a Chinese metadata format, the Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information (MICI), and an XML/metadata management system, Metalogy. Both were developed under the sponsorship of the Digital Museum Initiative (DMI), funded by the National Science Council of the Republic of China.</p></sec><sec><title>The Digital Museum Initiative of Taiwan</title><p>In order to improve the quality of research in the humanities and social sciences, the National Science Council (NSC) of Taiwan launched a programme called “Greeting a New Millennium – A Cross‐century Technology Development Programme with Concern for the Humanities” in 1998. The DMI was part of this programme, with the mission of building digital data from cultural artefacts and using it to develop digital museums. DMI has several goals. By digitising cultural artefacts, it aims at cultural preservation and provides a more modern research environment for social scientists. By building digital museums and making them available over the Web, it plans to provide high quality cultural and scientific content for the general public and students in Taiwan (Hwang, 1999). By promoting digitisation, the NSC hopes to stimulate related research into such topics as digital library and multimedia and the growth of the content industry. Since building a digital museum requires the participation of content experts, information/library scientists, technologies and educators, another important goal is also to encourage interdisciplinary research collaboration.</p><p>During the first year (September 1998‐August 1999) of the DMI, the NSC invited experts and scholars with experience in digital collections to form a collaborative group to promote digital museum research. Under this programme, two types of projects were initiated: topic‐based projects (digital museums on specific subjects); and technical support projects (NSC, 1999a). In addition, the DMI also includes an educational programme for training and exchanging experience with digital libraries/museum construction and generally serving as a bridge for the digital library/museum community.</p><p>The topic‐based projects in the first year include subjects in both local and traditional culture. On local Taiwanese culture, there were “The Discovery of Tamsui River” and “Indigenous Taiwanese – The Pingpu People”. On natural science and environmental ecology, there were “Taiwanese Butterflies” and “Native Plants and Fish of Taiwan”. There were three projects on traditional Chinese culture: “Traditional Thoughts and Literature (The Four Books, Lou‐Chuang, Poems of the Tang Dynasty)”, “An Immortal Palace – Han Dynasty Culture and Burials”, and “Firearms and Warfare of the Ming and Ching Dynasties” (NSC, 1999b).</p><p>The technical support projects in the first phase consist of five different areas: geographic information systems, Wordnet, metadata, copyright management and effectiveness evaluation. Of these five areas, the authors of this paper led a metadata research team, Resources Organisation and Searching Specification (ROSS), to study metadata‐related issues and to design metadata suitable for Chinese material.</p><p>The principal investigators of the first year’s projects were mainly from the Academia Sinica, the National Taiwan University, the National Tsing‐Hua University and the National Chi‐Nan University.</p><p>After a successful first year, the second year’s programme, from January to December 2000, was announced to the general research community through an invitation to submit proposals. It drew wide attention and attracted nearly 90 topic‐based proposals, of which 12 were selected and funded, including four continued from the first year (DMPE, 1999). They are:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>(1) “Treasures of the National Palace Museum”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>(2) “The World of Xuanzang and the Silk Route”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>(3) “The Discovery of the Tamsui River (II)”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>(4) “Native Artist Digital Museum – Yu‐Yu Yang Art Research Centre”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>5. </label><p>(5) “Historical Photographs of Taiwan”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>6. </label><p>(6) “Architectural History of Taiwan”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>7. </label><p>(7) “Mysteries of the Human Body”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>8. </label><p>(8) “Indigenous Taiwanese – The Pingpu People (II)”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>9. </label><p>(9) “Ancient Texts and Popular Songs of the Tang and Sung Dynasties (II)”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>10. </label><p>(10) “Native Freshwater Fish of Taiwan (II)”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>11. </label><p>(11) “Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture”.</p></list-item><list-item><label>12. </label><p>(12) “Biology – Cultural Diversification of Orchid Island”.</p></list-item></list><p>During the second phase, two technical support projects on metadata and digital watermarks were carried out. The ROSS team continued its metadata research and developed an XML/metadata management system called Metalogy.</p><p>Since the second phase projects were opened to the entire academic realm, the principal investigators were from many universities and organisations in addition to the four mentioned in the first phase.</p><p>The DMI is currently in its third year, with 15 topic‐based projects covering a wide variety of different topics, including languages and literature, religious art, folk culture, historical relics, mathematics, biology, architecture and geography.</p></sec><sec><title>Resources Organisation and Searching Specification</title><p>The ROSS research team on metadata studies was actually formed even before the DMI started. It came into existence in 1997, out of the need for a uniform metadata format for Chinese artefacts in the National Taiwan University Digital Library/Museum (NTUDL/M) Project. Its research scope includes the following: to understand the history and features of collections at NTU; to study various metadata formats both domestically and internationally; to understand relationships among metadata, databases and the system framework; and to understand information needs and information seeking behaviour of potential users. ROSS holds that metadata should be able to: describe attributes of the collections; supply users with the necessary access points; provide interoperability among different digital libraries and museums to exchange information; and enhance the quality of cataloguing. Most of the digital collections of NTUDL/M were historical documents. After studying the characteristics of historical documents, ROSS made in‐depth studies of the metadata of similar types of collections, including Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI), Dublin Core, Encoding Archival Description (EAD), Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Headers; and so on. Owing to cultural differences, however, these metadata formats are not sufficient to describe Chinese special collections. It is therefore necessary to focus on research on the design of Chinese metadata, which becomes the main research goal of ROSS (Chen <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999).</p><p>When the NSC launched the DMI in 1998, the ROSS team was invited to participate as one of its technical support projects. During the first year, ROSS team was responsible for the metadata development of the topic‐based projects “The Discovery of the Tamsui River” and “Taiwanese Butterflies”. In the second year its role was expanded to developing a metadata management system, Metalogy, for handling various types of metadata for use by all of the topic‐based projects. Currently, Metalogy is used by several organisations, including the National Palace Museum, National Taiwan University, National Chiao‐Tung University and some other libraries. The ROSS team also spent a significant amount of time assisting the National Palace Museum in developing metadata for their collections.</p></sec><sec><title>Procedures for designing metadata</title><p>According to our experience, the development of metadata includes at least seven steps:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>(1) <italic>Analysing the attributes of collections</italic>. The first step in the formulation of metadata is to understand and extract the common features and characteristics of collections. We spent a lot of time discussing these with content experts in order to gain a better understanding of the attributes of the collections.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>(2) <italic>Needs assessment of metadata users</italic>. It is important to interview the content experts and potential users to understand their information needs and information seeking behaviours.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>(3) <italic>Interoperability considerations</italic>. During the development of our metadata, special attention was paid to compatibility with international standards. Thus, we joined the CIMI consortium in 1998 and were involved in its Dublin Core Testbed Project. We attended the seventh and eighth meetings of the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) to keep up with its latest developments. We also investigated various formats to see which one was most suitable for expressing the complex digital library/museum content. We also adopted XML as the standard format of syntax.</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>(4) <italic>Semantic design of metadata</italic>. We designed the MICI format and adopted a modified version of Dublin Core as its basic structure for metadata semantics. We termed this set of metadata MICI‐DC.</p></list-item><list-item><label>5. </label><p>(5) <italic>Developing a metadata management system</italic>. We developed the Metalogy metadata management tool for different types of metadata, including MICI‐DC. This system may be used to develop databases for any digital library/museum in different subjects. Utilities of Metalogy include database set‐up by the DTD, a metadata editor, an authority file editor, retrieval functions (including both Window and Web interfaces), the importing/exporting of XML files and others.</p></list-item><list-item><label>6. </label><p>(6) <italic>Developing a tagging guide and user manual</italic>. In order to make it easier for users to catalogue their collections using MICI‐DC, a tagging‐guide was compiled with explanations and examples of the 15 elements of DC and their qualifiers.</p></list-item><list-item><label>7. </label><p>(7) <italic>Providing training courses</italic>. In order to help Taiwan’s museum community to understand metadata better, we organised a number of workshops for museum and library workers to understand the importance and processes of digitisation and metadata. After the completion of MICI‐DC and Metalogy, we also offered a series of workshops and courses to teach the inner workings of our entire methodology. Some of these courses were conducted through the education program part of MDI.</p></list-item></list></sec><sec><title>Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information</title><p>MICI‐DC has been used to catalogue various types of collections including historical documents, old maps, photographs, calligraphies, archaeological artefacts, and Buddhist scriptures/paintings. Users may choose DC’s 15‐element set and qualifiers and adjust the orders of the elements according to their needs. Local qualifiers are added to appropriate elements based on the attributes of collections. Individual institutions may also define their own qualifiers based on the attributes of their collections. This provides a better way to capture the characteristics of the diversity of cultural heritage and user needs. Our format is compatible with international standards and also gives users great flexibility in meeting local needs.</p><p>The details of MICI‐DC are listed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501001 F_2640260501002 F_2640260501003">Table I</xref>.</p></sec><sec><title>Metadata management system – Metalogy</title><p>In order to expedite the cataloguing of metadata, the ROSS team developed a general‐purpose metadata management system called Metalogy. Metalogy allows a user to input the DTD of a metadata type and generates, automatically, an interface for the user to catalogue metadata, build a thesaurus, and other activities related to managing digital archives. If the user chooses to use an existing metadata type instead of designing their own, Metalogy also provides a menu of built‐in metadata types such as Dublin Core and MICI‐DC. In order to provide maximum flexibility in managing data, Metalogy adopts XML as the basic format for data formulation. We give a more detailed description of Metalogy as follows.</p><sec><title>Features and structure of the Metalogy (version 1.0) system</title><p>Metalogy, an XML/metadata management system, was developed under the Digital Museum Project (see DMPE, 1999) funded by the National Science Council over a one year period (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501004">Figure 1</xref>). This system may be used to develop databases for any digital museum, digital library, or digital archive on different subjects. Functions of Metalogy include database set‐up via DTD, metadata editors, authority file (thesaurus) editors, retrieval facilities (including both Window and Web interfaces) and importing/exporting of XML files. It includes the following features:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>the system schema is decided according to the DTD employed;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>allows the co‐existence of different types of DTD;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>able to retrieve different formats of data at the same time;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>allows the user to adjust the element format and access restrictions according to the system schema;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>provides a user‐friendly interface for the user to define hyperlinks, index, and the retrieval and display of elements;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>allows the import and export of data according to their DTD format;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>able to determine whether the imported data conforms to the designated DTD format and to check for duplication or conflict of data;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>able to handle structured elements, multimedia objects, and texts;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>contains management functions such as access control and transaction log; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>provides Web searching utilities, which allow external users to retrieve information from the database via Web interface.</p></list-item></list><sec><title>Features and functions of Metalogy</title><p>Metalogy was developed in Delphi 5.0. The Web searching facilities use ASP. The back‐end database system can be either Oracle or SQL server.</p><p>The current version of Metalogy has incorporated the following functions:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Load a DTD to set up a database</italic>. If the user has already designed a metadata type and its associated XML DTD, then he/she can simply import it into Metalogy. The corresponding database and cataloguing display interface will then be set up automatically. If the user wishes to use an existing metadata, he/she can then choose from a menu of metadata types provided and maintained by the system. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501005">Figure 2</xref> provides an example (in Chinese). We emphasise that since the data structure of Metalogy is built entirely on XML DTD alone, it can accept any form of metadata, be it a bibliographic file or authority. Neither is the language of the metadata an issue. (The current interface is in Chinese, but the metadata can be designed in any language as long as the character type is accepted.) Once the DTD is fed into Metalogy, it will be transformed into schema in the database, as shown below in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501006">Figure 3</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Define the database schema</italic>. The XML DTD, as it is defined, does not allow type declarations such as data format, conversion specification, maximum length of input character, authority control and index file. Consequently our current system cannot perform a complete type‐checking of an imported DTD. Therefore although the database schema, when importing a DTD, will be generated by the system automatically, the user may need to check manually for any inconformity.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Catalogue metadata</italic>. After choosing the metadata type and loaded the DTD, the user may add, modify or delete records in the database. When editing a record, the user may duplicate or delete an element, change its authority control, link to external multimedia objects or extend its sub‐elements based on the mapping. The user can also invoke the query and retrieval interface to check on the current status of the database or any record being maintained.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Establish thesaurus and authority file</italic>. The process for building the thesaurus and authority file is the same as cataloguing the metadata records. The authority control is built automatically by the system according to the database schema. Metalogy provides maximum flexibility for the user in terms of authority control. The user can decide whether authority control is required for a given metadata type. If the same user uses Metalogy to build different databases based on different metadata types, he/she can choose to have authority control on one database but not on the others. Metalogy differs in this respect from the design of conventional library automation systems.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Manage multimedia objects</italic>. If the user already has a file or files of multimedia objects with simple descriptions, they can be incorporated into the metadata catalogue by linking. This can be done either as single records individually or in batch mode.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Search</italic>. Metalogy provides search facilities with a single metadata attribute or several attributes, exact or fuzzy, and Boolean combinations. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501007">Figure 4</xref> gives an example.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Search on authority files</italic>. Searches can also be performed on the authority files. It is done the same way as searching using metadata fields.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Import XML files</italic>. Data exchange between Metalogy and external systems is done via XML. Metalogy can import XML files from an external system as long as it recognises (or after it imports) the DTD. In order to avoid duplication of data, Metalogy allows the user to set conditions to check on specific attributes before importing XML files. An example is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501008">Figure 5</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Export XML files</italic>. Metalogy may exchange metadata with other systems or export well‐formed XML files for user access. The user can set, a priori, the metadata attributes that are to be exported or not to be exported. The user can also specify the records to be exported via search. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501009">Figure 6</xref> shows an example.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Access control.</italic> Metalogy provides management functions for establishing basic information and access restrictions on users. When initialising the system, the user needs to give a user name and password, and the system will then allow the user to use Metalogy after verification.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Message management.</italic> Metalogy provides a number of error messages such as “unauthorised usage”, “overwrite existing record”, “wrong password”, etc. They can be edited or modified according to specific user needs.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Web search facilities.</italic> Metalogy provides the same search facilities for external users to search via the Web as for searching from within the database. A Web interface was built for this purpose. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2640260501010">Figure 7</xref> for an example.</p></list-item></list></sec></sec><sec><title>Metadata and DTD instances</title><p>While designing a digital library/museum/archive, one must design the metadata based on its data. In addition, while using Metalogy, one should use XML/DTD to express metadata. Since designing Metadata requires an in‐depth understanding of the characteristics of the target objects (which can be rather time‐consuming) and a good understanding of the interoperability issues, it is desirable to provide ready‐for‐use metadata types. We have incorporated several such metadata types and DTD in Metalogy. Originally designed for cataloguing objects of the National Palace Museum, they include metadata types and DTD for calligraphies, artefacts, scriptures, exhibitions, references, name authority files, title authority files, geographical names thesaurus and time thesaurus. They also came with a tagging guide and examples.</p></sec><sec><title>Current status of Metalogy</title><p>In order to promote the metadata usage and design ability of the Taiwanese research community and companies, we offer the source code of Metalogy free of charge to the public. Not only do we allow them to use it, but we also encourage them to build and improve upon our system. Metalogy has been extensively used in numerous digital archiving projects. Its users include the National Central Library, National Taichung Library, the Cultural Centres of Ilan County, Taipei County, Hsinchu County, Kaohsiung County, Taichung City, and various academic departments in different universities. The applications include Taiwanese theatrical recordings, ceramics, Hukka cultural artefacts, old photographs, puppet shows, indigenous clothing, sculpture, genealogical records and materials about physical therapy.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Strengths and weaknesses of Metalogy</title><p>The greatest strength of Metalogy is its generality and flexibility. However, the same features also become its weakness. Generality often comes at the cost of system effectiveness. Metalogy allows the co‐existence of different databases and provides flexible search/retrieval, thus it has to accommodate the co‐existence of different index files. As the amounts of data become greater and greater, the index files also grow in variety and sizes. This may affect the system response time.</p><p>When we started to design Metalogy, one of the main purposes was to provide novice users (non‐programmers) a simple tool to build data quickly. Our goal was to provide a tool so easy to use that a user, without any knowledge of databases, can install the system, choose the target features, build data and the associated database, and provide retrieval facilities on the Web for other users to search through his/her data. After announcing Metalogy to the public and starting to have users from all sectors of the society, we started to realise that our original intention was too naïve. The users still need to understand basic database concepts such as access points, plus some knowledge of XML, metadata, authority control and client‐server architecture to utilise fully what is offered in Metalogy. Indeed, a completely user‐friendly system is still a goal yet to be accomplished. We do feel, however, that for an IT worker with a minor background in database management systems, a half‐day training is sufficient to become an expert in using Metalogy. This provides significant saving in both time and money for many agencies interested in building large digital archives.</p></sec><sec><title>Other lessons learned in building MICI and Metalogy</title><p>During the past four years, the ROSS team gradually built up its experience with metadata design through increasingly more complicated objects and more elaborated scopes of collaboration. Like other pioneering projects, the ROSS team suffered through the initial period of trying to find a common language and an appropriate working model among people from different disciplines. We feel that several factors contributed significantly to the success of our effort. First, the team members were bonded by a strong sense of mission and urgency to preserve the indigenous Taiwanese cultural heritage. Second, the team’s early participation in the CIMI metadata testbed project gave us a jump‐start and hands‐on experience in metadata development. Third, during the process of metadata development, the ROSS team members held frequent discussions with content experts to understand better their information needs and seeking behaviours. Furthermore, discussion meetings were held periodically for all staff to report their work progress and difficulties encountered. In addition to official meetings, we also organised social activities, which played an important role in building personal friendships; it helped people get acquainted and enhanced their willingness to cooperate.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501001"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Metadata interchange for Chinese Information (MICI‐DC)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501002"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><graphic xlink:href="2640260501002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501003"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><graphic xlink:href="2640260501003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501004"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Structure of Metalogy system</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501004.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501005"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Input DTD</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501005.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501006"><label><bold>Figure 3<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>The referencing relationships of tables in importing XML scheme</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501006.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501007"><label><bold>Figure 4<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Search function</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501007.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501008"><label><bold>Figure 5<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Import XML files</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501008.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501009"><label><bold>Figure 6<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Export XML files</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501009.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2640260501010"><label><bold>Figure 7<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Web search</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2640260501010.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Chang</surname>, <given-names>S.C.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>), “<article-title><italic>Digitise national collections</italic></article-title>”, in <source><italic>The 9th Executive Yuan of the Republic of China SRB Meeting</italic></source> (in Chinese), <publisher-name>Science and Technology Advisory Group of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Taipei</publisher-loc>, pp. <fpage>153</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>82</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Chen</surname>, <given-names>H.</given-names></string-name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Chen</surname>, <given-names>C.</given-names></string-name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Chen</surname>, <given-names>K.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>), “<article-title><italic>Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information</italic></article-title>”, in Chen, C. (Ed.), <source><italic>IT and Global Digital Library Development</italic></source>, <publisher-name>MicroUse Information</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>West Newton, MA</publisher-loc>, pp. <fpage>65</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>74</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>Digital Museum Project Extension (DMPE)</string-name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>), “<article-title><italic>National Science Council Digital Museum Project summary</italic></article-title>” (in Chinese), available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://mars.csie.ntu.edu.tw/dlm/plan/1st/intro12.htm">http://mars.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ dlm/plan/1st/intro12.htm</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Hwang</surname>, <given-names>J.T.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>), “<article-title><italic>Greeting a new millennium – a cross‐century technology development program with concern for the humanities</italic></article-title>” (in Chinese), <source><italic>National Science Council Monthly</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>27</volume> No. <issue>7</issue>, pp. <fpage>715</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>18</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>National Science Council (NGC)</string-name></person-group> (<year>1999a</year>), “<article-title><italic>National Science Council Digital Museum Project, Call for Proposals 2000</italic></article-title>” (in Chinese), available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nsc.gov.tw/announce/89digi_museum.html">www.nsc.gov.tw/announce/89digi_museum.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>National Science Council (NGC)</string-name></person-group> (<year>1999b</year>), “<article-title><italic>The general situation of the National Science Council Digital Museum Project</italic></article-title>” (in Chinese), available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nsc.gov.tw/y2k/dml/880209DATA2.html">www.nsc.gov.tw/y2k/dml/880209DATA2.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The design of metadata for the Digital Museum Initiative in Taiwan</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The design of metadata for the Digital Museum Initiative in Taiwan</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chaochen</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>Associate Professor in the Department of Adult and Continuing Education</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hsuehhua</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>Professor, Department of Library and Information Science</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kuanghua</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jieh</namePart><namePart type="family">Hsiang</namePart><affiliation>Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, all at the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>MCB UP Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2002-10-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2002</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Metadata plays a crucial role in a digital librarymuseum environment. However, the development of metadata is not an easy task. Its formulation starts with analysing the attributes of collections as well as understanding the user information needs and information seeking behaviour. The issue of interoperability also needs to be considered in terms of both semantics and syntax. This paper discusses issues related to the development of metadata in Taiwan. It describes the development process of a Chinese metadata system, Metadata Interchange for Chinese Information MICI, and an XMLmetadata management system, Metalogy. Both were developed under the Digital Museum Initiative sponsored by the National Science Council of Taiwan.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Data processing</topic><topic>Museums</topic><topic>Libraries</topic><topic>Taiwan</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Online Information Review</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-CBM">Collection building & management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IBRT">Information behaviour & retrieval</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-RMP">Records management & preservation</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-BIB">Bibliometrics</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-DAT">Databases</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-DOCM">Document management</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1468-4527</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">oir</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/oir</identifier><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>26</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>295</start><end>306</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">A3F06DD8BA03D4214A8CBE8D822635461BE97010</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/14684520210447868</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2640260501</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2640260501.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">14684520210447868.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© MCB UP Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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