The textencoding initiative Part 1
Identifieur interne : 000007 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000006; suivant : 000008The textencoding initiative Part 1
Auteurs : Linda CantaraSource :
- OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives [ 1065-075X ] ; 2005-03-01.
Abstract
Purpose To present a concise introduction to and history of the Text Encoding Initiative TEI. Designmethodologyapproach Presents the TEI from a literaturebased, chronological perspective. Findings The de facto standard for electronic text encoding in the humanities, the Text Encoding Initiative TEI, an international and interdisciplinary standard for the electronic representation of documents in the humanities, has influenced the development of the Extensible Markup Language XML family of standards, and has become an indispensable tool for building digital libraries. Practical implications Reinforces the primacy of TEI in the creation of interchangeable electronic texts, particularly in humanities disciplines. Originalityvalue The first part of a twopart column, explains how the TEI came into being, how it has influenced the evolution of world wide web standards, and why it has become an integral tool for digital library development.
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DOI: 10.1108/10650750510578136
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ISTEX:4789D81141BECCBE6D216C03E54406AFA5F68B25Le document en format XML
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Designmethodologyapproach Presents the TEI from a literaturebased, chronological perspective. Findings The de facto standard for electronic text encoding in the humanities, the Text Encoding Initiative TEI, an international and interdisciplinary standard for the electronic representation of documents in the humanities, has influenced the development of the Extensible Markup Language XML family of standards, and has become an indispensable tool for building digital libraries. Practical implications Reinforces the primacy of TEI in the creation of interchangeable electronic texts, particularly in humanities disciplines. Originalityvalue The first part of a twopart column, explains how the TEI came into being, how it has influenced the evolution of world wide web standards, and why it has become an integral tool for digital library development.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Linda Cantara</name><affiliations><json:string>Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Digital libraries</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Standard General Markup Language</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Extensible Markup Language</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>review-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Purpose To present a concise introduction to and history of the Text Encoding Initiative TEI. Designmethodologyapproach Presents the TEI from a literaturebased, chronological perspective. Findings The de facto standard for electronic text encoding in the humanities, the Text Encoding Initiative TEI, an international and interdisciplinary standard for the electronic representation of documents in the humanities, has influenced the development of the Extensible Markup Language XML family of standards, and has become an indispensable tool for building digital libraries. Practical implications Reinforces the primacy of TEI in the creation of interchangeable electronic texts, particularly in humanities disciplines. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="review-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oclc</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/oclc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1065-075X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/10650750510578136</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">1640210107.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">1640210107</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">review-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">General review</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-RMP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Records management & preservation</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IREP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information repositories</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The text‐encoding initiative: Part 1</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Linda</given-names> <surname>Cantara</surname></string-name><aff>Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2005</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="10650750510578136.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>To present a concise introduction to and history of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI).</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>Presents the TEI from a literature‐based, chronological perspective.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>The <italic>de facto</italic> standard for electronic text encoding in the humanities, the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), an international and interdisciplinary standard for the electronic representation of documents in the humanities, has influenced the development of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) family of standards, and has become an indispensable tool for building digital libraries.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Practical implications</title><x> – </x><p>Reinforces the primacy of TEI in the creation of interchangeable electronic texts, particularly in humanities disciplines.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>The first part of a two‐part column, explains how the TEI came into being, how it has influenced the evolution of world wide web standards, and why it has become an integral tool for digital library development.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Digital libraries</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Standard General Markup Language</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Extensible Markup Language</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>In November 1987, an international group of humanities scholars, computer specialists, and librarians convened at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, with the goal of establishing mutually agreeable guidelines for encoding and interchanging electronic texts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Robinson, 1994</xref>). Up to that time, the proliferation of idiosyncratic and incompatible encoding schemes devised by humanities scholars to create electronic texts for research and analysis purposes had led to near chaos. A lot of time and energy had produced a growing core of electronic texts that could not be accessed by anyone but their creators. The group at Vassar hoped to remedy this situation. The Vassar Planning Conference drafted a closing statement known as the “Poughkeepsie Principles” which outlined nine principles that would guide the development of what was to become the Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Mylonas and Renear, 1999</xref>)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">[1]</xref>. Over the course of the next six‐and‐a‐half years, under the sponsorship of the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH), the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), and the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC), and with funding from the United States’ National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Directorate XIII of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC/DG‐XIII), the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, more than 100 scholars and technical experts worked collaboratively to achieve the goals of the Vassar meeting. In May 1994, the first official version of the guidelines, The Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI P3), was released.</p><p>The basis of the TEI was the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) which had become an international standard (ISO 8879:1986) less than a year before the Vassar Conference. A primary benefit of SGML was that it is a descriptive markup system, that is, one which specifies the structure and content of a document, in contrast with a presentational markup system which dictates how a document should be formatted or displayed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Coombs <italic>et al.</italic>, 1987</xref>). In addition, SGML is a metalanguage, one which permits markup language designers to create and extend customized vocabularies and rules for encoding texts. This flexibility facilitated the TEI developers’ creation of an innovative and modular Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD included a “core” set of elements that occur in all documents, base tag sets for major document types (prose, verse, drama, transcriptions of speech, print dictionaries, and terminological databases), and tag sets for additional features including linking, segmentation, and alignment; transcription of primary sources; critical apparatus; tables, formulae and graphics; and language corpora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Barnard <italic>et al.</italic>, 1996</xref>). The TEI Guidelines provided a standard mechanism for writing extensions to meet encoding needs not included in the TEI DTD; they also incorporated an “extended pointer” mechanism not included in SGML but derived from HyTime which facilitated linking to points within a document or within a different document (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Barnard <italic>et al.</italic>, 1996</xref>).</p><p>In addition to independent humanities scholars, early implementers of the TEI Guidelines were digital library initiatives including the Oxford Text Archive, the Women Writers Project at Brown University, the University of Virginia's Electronic Text Center, the Perseus Project at Tufts University, the University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative, the Library of Congress's American Memory Project, and many others. By June 1995, it had become apparent that particularly for large text archives, a minimal set of TEI tags needed to be utilized to decrease the number of key strokes necessary to encode hundreds of textual documents. To meet this need, the editors of the TEI Guidelines, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Burnard and Sperberg‐McQueen, 1995</xref>) developed the TEI‐Lite, “as a simple demonstration of how the TEI encoding scheme might be adopted to meet 90 percent of the needs of 90 percent of the TEI user community.” A subset of the full TEI DTD, TEI‐Lite became “if not a <italic>de facto</italic> standard, at least a common point of departure for electronic text centres and encoding projects world wide” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Barnard <italic>et al.</italic>, 1996</xref>).</p><p>Shortly after the celebration of the TEI's tenth anniversary in November 1997, the World Wide Web Consortium released a new standard for document markup, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Recommendation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Bray <italic>et al.</italic>, 1998</xref>)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">[2]</xref>. Since many of those serving on the W3C XML Working Group were also TEI members (most notably, then American co‐editor C. Michael Sperberg‐McQueen), it is not surprising that the XML family of languages – notably XLink and XPointer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Mylonas and Renear, 1999</xref>) – includes features originally conceived by TEI developers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">DeRose, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Sperberg‐McQueen, 1998</xref>). XML has eliminated some of the major complexities of SGML, making it easier for software designers to develop tools for creating and validating XML documents and for Internet browsers to support and deliver XML documents on the web. During the summer of 1998, the Digital Library Federation (DLF) sponsored a meeting on “TEI and XML in Digital Libraries”. One of the outcomes of this meeting was publication a year later of “TEI Text Encoding in Libraries: Guidelines for Best Encoding Practices v. 1.0.” Based on the SGML TEI‐Lite DTD, the version available at that time, these best practice guidelines provided digital library developers with clear recommendations for five levels of text encoding, from fully automated conversion and encoding to scholarly encoding projects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Digital Library Federation, 1999</xref>).</p><p>Soon after the DLF meeting, two major developments in the lifecycle of the TEI were set in motion. For the first 13 years of its existence, the TEI had been essentially a grant‐funded research project. Recognizing that a permanent organizational structure was crucial to the sustained development of the initiative, the TEI Consortium (TEI‐C) was established in 2000 as an international not‐for‐profit membership organization. Hosted by four universities – the University of Bergen (Norway), Brown University, Oxford University, and the University of Virginia – the TEI‐C is managed by an elected Board of Directors with technical work supervised by an elected Council. Electors from member organizations meet annually to discuss current applications and revisions of the TEI, share experiences and challenges, hold a business meeting, and elect new members to the Board and Council. The TEI‐C is funded by dues paid by members, both individual and institutional; membership fees are based on the size of the institution or project and the economic status of the member's home country (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">VanHoutte, 2004</xref>).</p><p>The second major development was the conversion of the TEI Guidelines from their original SGML‐based syntax to one based on XML. In the summer of 2001, work on the fourth edition of the TEI Guidelines (TEI P4) began. Although no major changes in the Guidelines resulted and care was taken to ensure that TEI P4 would remain compatible with TEI P3, every chapter of the Guidelines was carefully reviewed and rewritten to implement XML support as well as to correct obvious errors. TEI P4 was published in 2002 and about the same time, a Task Force on SGML to XML Migration, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, was charged with developing recommendations for migrating existing TEI resources from TEI P3 to TEI P4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">TEI Consortium, 2002</xref>).</p><p>The TEI Guidelines have been indispensable to the development of digital libraries in the humanities. Indeed, TEI is considered the <italic>de facto</italic> standard for electronic texts by professional organizations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Modern Language Association, 2003</xref>) as well by standards organizations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">National Information Standards Organization, 2004</xref>). The application of TEI to the construction of digital libraries will soon be even more versatile as a new version of the Guidelines, TEI P5, is currently under development. Part 2 of this column will report on the 4th Annual TEI Consortium Members’ Meeting held at Johns Hopkins University in October 2004 and the revisions to be included in TEI P5 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tei-c.org">www.tei‐c.org</ext-link>).</p></body><back><fn-group><title>Notes</title><fn id="fn1"><p>To read the actual “Closing Statement of the Vassar Planning Conference”, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tei-c.org.uk/Vault/SC/teipcp1.gml">www.tei‐c.org.uk/Vault/SC/teipcp1.gml</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="fn2"><p>The Third Edition of the XML Recommendation was released on 4 February 2004, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/">www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC‐xml‐20040204/</ext-link></p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Barnard</surname>, <given-names>D.T.</given-names></string-name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Lou</surname>, <given-names>B.</given-names></string-name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Sperberg‐McQueen</surname>, <given-names>C.M.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>1996</year>), “<article-title><italic>Lessons learned from using SGML in the text encoding initiative</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Computer Standards & Interfaces</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>18</volume> No. <issue>1</issue>, pp. <fpage>3</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>10</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Bray</surname>, <given-names>T.</given-names></string-name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Paoli</surname>, <given-names>J.</given-names></string-name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Sperberg‐McQueen</surname>, <given-names>C.M.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>1998</year>), “Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0. W3C recommendation”, 10 February, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210">www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC‐xml‐19980210</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Burnard</surname>, <given-names>L.</given-names></string-name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Sperberg‐McQueen</surname>, <given-names>C.M.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>), “TEI Lite: an introduction to text encoding for interchange”, (revised May, June), available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tei-c.org.uk/Lite/teiu5_en.pdf">www.tei‐c.org.uk/Lite/teiu5_en.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Coombs</surname>, <given-names>J.H.</given-names></string-name></person-group>, <person-group 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<fpage>11</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>30</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>Digital Library Federation</string-name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>), <italic>TEI Text Encoding in Libraries: Guidelines for Best Encoding Practices</italic>, v. 1.0, Digital Library Federation, 30 July, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.diglib.org/standards/tei.htm">www.diglib.org/standards/tei.htm</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>Modern Language Association</string-name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>), “Guidelines for editors of scholarly editions”, 15 September, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mla.org/cse_guidelines">www.mla.org/cse_guidelines</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><mixed-citation><person-group 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<fpage>314</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>17</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name>TEI Consortium</string-name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>), TEI Task Force on SGML to XML Migration, May, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tei-c.org/Activities/MI/">www.tei‐c.org/Activities/MI/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>VanHoutte</surname>, <given-names>E.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>), “<article-title><italic>An introduction to the TEI and the TEI consortium</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Literary and Linguistic Computing</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>19</volume> No. <issue>1</issue>, pp. <fpage>9</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>16</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The textencoding initiative Part 1</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The textencoding initiative Part 1</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Linda</namePart><namePart type="family">Cantara</namePart><affiliation>Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005-03-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose To present a concise introduction to and history of the Text Encoding Initiative TEI. Designmethodologyapproach Presents the TEI from a literaturebased, chronological perspective. Findings The de facto standard for electronic text encoding in the humanities, the Text Encoding Initiative TEI, an international and interdisciplinary standard for the electronic representation of documents in the humanities, has influenced the development of the Extensible Markup Language XML family of standards, and has become an indispensable tool for building digital libraries. Practical implications Reinforces the primacy of TEI in the creation of interchangeable electronic texts, particularly in humanities disciplines. Originalityvalue The first part of a twopart column, explains how the TEI came into being, how it has influenced the evolution of world wide web standards, and why it has become an integral tool for digital library development.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Digital libraries</topic><topic>Standard General Markup Language</topic><topic>Extensible Markup Language</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-RMP">Records management & preservation</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IREP">Information repositories</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1065-075X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">oclc</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/oclc</identifier><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>21</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>36</start><end>39</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">4789D81141BECCBE6D216C03E54406AFA5F68B25</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/10650750510578136</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">1640210107</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">1640210107.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">10650750510578136.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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