Quantifying the influence of the tobacco industry on EU governance: automated content analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive
Identifieur interne : 000436 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000435; suivant : 000437Quantifying the influence of the tobacco industry on EU governance: automated content analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive
Auteurs : Hélia Costa [Royaume-Uni] ; Anna B. Gilmore [Royaume-Uni] ; Silvy Peeters [Royaume-Uni] ; Martin Mckee [Royaume-Uni] ; David Stuckler [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Tobacco Control [ 0964-4563 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The tobacco industry spends large sums lobbying the European Union (EU) institutions, yet whether such lobbying significantly affects tobacco policy is not well understood. We used novel quantitative text mining techniques to evaluate the impact of industry pressure on the contested EU Tobacco Products Directive revision.
Policy positions of 18 stakeholders including the tobacco industry, health NGOs and tobacco retailers were evaluated using their text submissions to EU consultations and impact assessments. Using Wordscores to calculate word frequencies, we developed a scale ranging from 0–tobacco industry to 1–public health organisations, which was then used to track changes in the policy position of the European Commission's 2010 consultation document, its 2012 final proposal and the European Parliament and Council's approved legislation in March 2014.
Several stakeholders’ positions were closer to the tobacco industry than that of health NGOs, including retailers (ω=0.35), trade unions (ω=0.34) and publishers (ω=0.33 and ω=0.40). Over time the European Commission's position shifted towards the tobacco industry from ω=0.52 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.54) to ω=0.40 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.42). This transition reflected an increasing use of words pertaining to business and the economy in the Commission's document. Our findings were robust to alternative methods of scoring policy positions in EU documents.
Using quantitative text mining techniques, we observed that tobacco industry lobbying activity at the EU was associated with significant policy shifts in the EU Tobacco Products Directive legislation towards the tobacco industry's submissions. In the light of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, additional governance strategies are needed to prevent undue influence of the tobacco industry on EU policy making.
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DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051822
PubMed: 25124165
PubMed Central: 4215371
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Gilmore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department for Health</addr-line>,<institution>University of Bath and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies</institution>,<addr-line>Bath</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, Silvy" sort="Peeters, Silvy" uniqKey="Peeters S" first="Silvy" last="Peeters">Silvy Peeters</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department for Health</addr-line>,<institution>University of Bath and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies</institution>,<addr-line>Bath</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mckee, Martin" sort="Mckee, Martin" uniqKey="Mckee M" first="Martin" last="Mckee">Martin Mckee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Policy</addr-line>,<institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stuckler, David" sort="Stuckler, David" uniqKey="Stuckler D" first="David" last="Stuckler">David Stuckler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Sociology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Policy</addr-line>,<institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25124165</idno><idno type="pmc">4215371</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215371</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4215371</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051822</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000436</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000436</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Quantifying the influence of the tobacco industry on EU governance: automated content analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive</title><author><name sortKey="Costa, Helia" sort="Costa, Helia" uniqKey="Costa H" first="Hélia" last="Costa">Hélia Costa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Sociology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilmore, Anna B" sort="Gilmore, Anna B" uniqKey="Gilmore A" first="Anna B" last="Gilmore">Anna B. Gilmore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department for Health</addr-line>,<institution>University of Bath and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies</institution>,<addr-line>Bath</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, Silvy" sort="Peeters, Silvy" uniqKey="Peeters S" first="Silvy" last="Peeters">Silvy Peeters</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department for Health</addr-line>,<institution>University of Bath and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies</institution>,<addr-line>Bath</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mckee, Martin" sort="Mckee, Martin" uniqKey="Mckee M" first="Martin" last="Mckee">Martin Mckee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Policy</addr-line>,<institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stuckler, David" sort="Stuckler, David" uniqKey="Stuckler D" first="David" last="Stuckler">David Stuckler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Sociology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Policy</addr-line>,<institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Tobacco Control</title><idno type="ISSN">0964-4563</idno><idno type="eISSN">1468-3318</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>The tobacco industry spends large sums lobbying the European Union (EU) institutions, yet whether such lobbying significantly affects tobacco policy is not well understood. We used novel quantitative text mining techniques to evaluate the impact of industry pressure on the contested EU Tobacco Products Directive revision.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>Policy positions of 18 stakeholders including the tobacco industry, health NGOs and tobacco retailers were evaluated using their text submissions to EU consultations and impact assessments. Using Wordscores to calculate word frequencies, we developed a scale ranging from 0–tobacco industry to 1–public health organisations, which was then used to track changes in the policy position of the European Commission's 2010 consultation document, its 2012 final proposal and the European Parliament and Council's approved legislation in March 2014.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Several stakeholders’ positions were closer to the tobacco industry than that of health NGOs, including retailers (ω=0.35), trade unions (ω=0.34) and publishers (ω=0.33 and ω=0.40). Over time the European Commission's position shifted towards the tobacco industry from ω=0.52 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.54) to ω=0.40 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.42). This transition reflected an increasing use of words pertaining to business and the economy in the Commission's document. Our findings were robust to alternative methods of scoring policy positions in EU documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Using quantitative text mining techniques, we observed that tobacco industry lobbying activity at the EU was associated with significant policy shifts in the EU Tobacco Products Directive legislation towards the tobacco industry's submissions. In the light of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, additional governance strategies are needed to prevent undue influence of the tobacco industry on EU policy making.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Savell, E" uniqKey="Savell E">E Savell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilmore, Ab" uniqKey="Gilmore A">AB Gilmore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fooks, G" uniqKey="Fooks G">G Fooks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hatchard, J" uniqKey="Hatchard J">J Hatchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, K" uniqKey="Evans K">K Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ulucanlar, S" uniqKey="Ulucanlar S">S Ulucanlar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peeters, S" uniqKey="Peeters S">S Peeters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, H" uniqKey="Costa H">H Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stuckler, D" uniqKey="Stuckler D">D Stuckler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berteletti, F" uniqKey="Berteletti F">F Berteletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joossens, L" uniqKey="Joossens L">L Joossens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toma, A" uniqKey="Toma A">A Toma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laver, M" uniqKey="Laver M">M Laver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benoit, K" uniqKey="Benoit K">K Benoit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, J" uniqKey="Garry J">J Garry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benoit, K" uniqKey="Benoit K">K Benoit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laver, M" uniqKey="Laver M">M Laver</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klemmensen, R" uniqKey="Klemmensen R">R Klemmensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hobolt, Sb" uniqKey="Hobolt S">SB Hobolt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Me" uniqKey="Hansen M">ME Hansen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bennani, H" uniqKey="Bennani H">H Bennani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farvauqe, E" uniqKey="Farvauqe E">E Farvauqe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kluver, H" uniqKey="Kluver H">H Klüver</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lowe, W" uniqKey="Lowe W">W Lowe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lowe, W" uniqKey="Lowe W">W Lowe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, L" uniqKey="Martin L">L Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanberg, G" uniqKey="Vanberg G">G Vanberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Tob Control</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Tob Control</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">tobaccocontrol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Tobacco Control</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0964-4563</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1468-3318</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group</publisher-name><publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25124165</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4215371</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">tobaccocontrol-2014-051822</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051822</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Quantifying the influence of the tobacco industry on EU governance: automated content analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Hélia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilmore</surname><given-names>Anna B</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peeters</surname><given-names>Silvy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McKee</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stuckler</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Sociology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department for Health</addr-line>,<institution>University of Bath and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies</institution>,<addr-line>Bath</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Policy</addr-line>,<institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label> Professor David Stuckler, Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Manor Road Building, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK; <email>david.stuckler@chch.ox.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>478</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="tobaccocontrol-2014-051822.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>The tobacco industry spends large sums lobbying the European Union (EU) institutions, yet whether such lobbying significantly affects tobacco policy is not well understood. We used novel quantitative text mining techniques to evaluate the impact of industry pressure on the contested EU Tobacco Products Directive revision.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>Policy positions of 18 stakeholders including the tobacco industry, health NGOs and tobacco retailers were evaluated using their text submissions to EU consultations and impact assessments. Using Wordscores to calculate word frequencies, we developed a scale ranging from 0–tobacco industry to 1–public health organisations, which was then used to track changes in the policy position of the European Commission's 2010 consultation document, its 2012 final proposal and the European Parliament and Council's approved legislation in March 2014.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Several stakeholders’ positions were closer to the tobacco industry than that of health NGOs, including retailers (ω=0.35), trade unions (ω=0.34) and publishers (ω=0.33 and ω=0.40). Over time the European Commission's position shifted towards the tobacco industry from ω=0.52 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.54) to ω=0.40 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.42). This transition reflected an increasing use of words pertaining to business and the economy in the Commission's document. Our findings were robust to alternative methods of scoring policy positions in EU documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Using quantitative text mining techniques, we observed that tobacco industry lobbying activity at the EU was associated with significant policy shifts in the EU Tobacco Products Directive legislation towards the tobacco industry's submissions. In the light of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, additional governance strategies are needed to prevent undue influence of the tobacco industry on EU policy making.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Tobacco Industry</kwd><kwd>Public Policy</kwd><kwd>Tobacco Industry Documents</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-feature</meta-name><meta-value>unlocked</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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