Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions
Identifieur interne : 000410 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000409; suivant : 000411Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions
Auteurs : John W. Orchard [Australie] ; Markus Waldén [Suède] ; Martin H Gglund [Suède] ; Jessica J. Orchard [Australie] ; Ian Chivers [Australie] ; Hugh Seward [Australie] ; Jan Ekstrand [Suède]Source :
- Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine [ 1179-1543 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Australian Football League (AFL) teams in northern (warmer) areas generally have higher rates of injury than those in southern (cooler) areas. Conversely, in soccer (football) in Europe, teams in northern (cooler) areas have higher rates of injury than those in southern (warmer) areas, with an exception being knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which are more common in the southern (warmer) parts of Europe. This study examined relative injury incidence in the AFL comparing 9,477 injuries over 229,827 player-weeks from 1999–2012. There was a slightly higher injury incidence for teams from warmer parts of Australia (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.10) with quadriceps strains (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58), knee cartilage injuries (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74), and ankle sprains (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.37) all being more likely in warmer region teams. Achilles injuries followed a reverse pattern, tending to be more common in cooler region teams (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03). In conclusion, common findings from the AFL and European soccer are that ankle sprains and ACL injuries are generally more likely in teams playing in warmer climate zones, whereas Achilles tendinopathy may be more likely in teams playing in cooler zones. These injuries may have climate or surface risk factors (possibly related to types and structure of grass and shoe-surface traction) that are universal across different football codes.
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DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S52417
PubMed: 24379731
PubMed Central: 3862696
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions</title><author><name sortKey="Orchard, John W" sort="Orchard, John W" uniqKey="Orchard J" first="John W" last="Orchard">John W. Orchard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-oajsm-4-251">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walden, Markus" sort="Walden, Markus" uniqKey="Walden M" first="Markus" last="Waldén">Markus Waldén</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-oajsm-4-251">Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Gglund, Martin" sort="H Gglund, Martin" uniqKey="H Gglund M" first="Martin" last="H Gglund">Martin H Gglund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-oajsm-4-251">Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orchard, Jessica J" sort="Orchard, Jessica J" uniqKey="Orchard J" first="Jessica J" last="Orchard">Jessica J. Orchard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-oajsm-4-251">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chivers, Ian" sort="Chivers, Ian" uniqKey="Chivers I" first="Ian" last="Chivers">Ian Chivers</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-oajsm-4-251">Native Seeds, Cheltenham, VIC, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Native Seeds, Cheltenham, VIC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seward, Hugh" sort="Seward, Hugh" uniqKey="Seward H" first="Hugh" last="Seward">Hugh Seward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-oajsm-4-251">Australian Football League Medical Officers Association, Melbourne, VIC, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Football League Medical Officers Association, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ekstrand, Jan" sort="Ekstrand, Jan" uniqKey="Ekstrand J" first="Jan" last="Ekstrand">Jan Ekstrand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-oajsm-4-251">Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24379731</idno><idno type="pmc">3862696</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3862696</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3862696</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/OAJSM.S52417</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000410</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000410</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions</title><author><name sortKey="Orchard, John W" sort="Orchard, John W" uniqKey="Orchard J" first="John W" last="Orchard">John W. Orchard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-oajsm-4-251">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walden, Markus" sort="Walden, Markus" uniqKey="Walden M" first="Markus" last="Waldén">Markus Waldén</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-oajsm-4-251">Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Gglund, Martin" sort="H Gglund, Martin" uniqKey="H Gglund M" first="Martin" last="H Gglund">Martin H Gglund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-oajsm-4-251">Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orchard, Jessica J" sort="Orchard, Jessica J" uniqKey="Orchard J" first="Jessica J" last="Orchard">Jessica J. Orchard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-oajsm-4-251">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chivers, Ian" sort="Chivers, Ian" uniqKey="Chivers I" first="Ian" last="Chivers">Ian Chivers</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-oajsm-4-251">Native Seeds, Cheltenham, VIC, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Native Seeds, Cheltenham, VIC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seward, Hugh" sort="Seward, Hugh" uniqKey="Seward H" first="Hugh" last="Seward">Hugh Seward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-oajsm-4-251">Australian Football League Medical Officers Association, Melbourne, VIC, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Football League Medical Officers Association, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ekstrand, Jan" sort="Ekstrand, Jan" uniqKey="Ekstrand J" first="Jan" last="Ekstrand">Jan Ekstrand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-oajsm-4-251">Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1543</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Australian Football League (AFL) teams in northern (warmer) areas generally have higher rates of injury than those in southern (cooler) areas. Conversely, in soccer (football) in Europe, teams in northern (cooler) areas have higher rates of injury than those in southern (warmer) areas, with an exception being knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which are more common in the southern (warmer) parts of Europe. This study examined relative injury incidence in the AFL comparing 9,477 injuries over 229,827 player-weeks from 1999–2012. There was a slightly higher injury incidence for teams from warmer parts of Australia (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.10) with quadriceps strains (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58), knee cartilage injuries (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74), and ankle sprains (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.37) all being more likely in warmer region teams. Achilles injuries followed a reverse pattern, tending to be more common in cooler region teams (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03). In conclusion, common findings from the AFL and European soccer are that ankle sprains and ACL injuries are generally more likely in teams playing in warmer climate zones, whereas Achilles tendinopathy may be more likely in teams playing in cooler zones. These injuries may have climate or surface risk factors (possibly related to types and structure of grass and shoe-surface traction) that are universal across different football codes.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Powell, Jw" uniqKey="Powell J">JW Powell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schootman, M" uniqKey="Schootman M">M Schootman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekstrand, J" uniqKey="Ekstrand J">J Ekstrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Timpka, T" uniqKey="Timpka T">T Timpka</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Gglund, M" uniqKey="H Gglund M">M Hägglund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hershman, Eb" uniqKey="Hershman E">EB Hershman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, R" uniqKey="Anderson R">R Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergfeld, Ja" uniqKey="Bergfeld J">JA 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Open Access J Sports Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Open Access J Sports Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1543</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24379731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3862696</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/OAJSM.S52417</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">oajsm-4-251</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Orchard</surname><given-names>John W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-oajsm-4-251">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-oajsm-4-251"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Waldén</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-oajsm-4-251">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hägglund</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-oajsm-4-251">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Orchard</surname><given-names>Jessica J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-oajsm-4-251">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chivers</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-oajsm-4-251">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seward</surname><given-names>Hugh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-oajsm-4-251">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ekstrand</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-oajsm-4-251">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-oajsm-4-251"><label>1</label>School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia</aff><aff id="af2-oajsm-4-251"><label>2</label>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</aff><aff id="af3-oajsm-4-251"><label>3</label>Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden</aff><aff id="af4-oajsm-4-251"><label>4</label>Native Seeds, Cheltenham, VIC, Australia</aff><aff id="af5-oajsm-4-251"><label>5</label>Australian Football League Medical Officers Association, Melbourne, VIC, Australia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-oajsm-4-251">Correspondence: John W Orchard, Sports Medicine, University of Sydney, Corner Western Ave & Physics Rd, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Email <email>johnworchard@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><fpage>251</fpage><lpage>260</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Orchard et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Australian Football League (AFL) teams in northern (warmer) areas generally have higher rates of injury than those in southern (cooler) areas. Conversely, in soccer (football) in Europe, teams in northern (cooler) areas have higher rates of injury than those in southern (warmer) areas, with an exception being knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which are more common in the southern (warmer) parts of Europe. This study examined relative injury incidence in the AFL comparing 9,477 injuries over 229,827 player-weeks from 1999–2012. There was a slightly higher injury incidence for teams from warmer parts of Australia (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.10) with quadriceps strains (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58), knee cartilage injuries (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74), and ankle sprains (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.37) all being more likely in warmer region teams. Achilles injuries followed a reverse pattern, tending to be more common in cooler region teams (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03). In conclusion, common findings from the AFL and European soccer are that ankle sprains and ACL injuries are generally more likely in teams playing in warmer climate zones, whereas Achilles tendinopathy may be more likely in teams playing in cooler zones. These injuries may have climate or surface risk factors (possibly related to types and structure of grass and shoe-surface traction) that are universal across different football codes.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="graphical"><title>Video abstract</title><p><media xlink:href="OAJSM-4-251-s.avi" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e143" position="anchor"></media></p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>climate</kwd><kwd>grass</kwd><kwd>shoe-surface traction</kwd><kwd>Australian football</kwd><kwd>soccer</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>A warm-season grass showing a very thick thatch layer between the leaves and the soil.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Stolons (above ground lateral growth) removed and displayed above the leaves of a warm-season grass.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Hybrid Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Warm-season turfgrass. Generally high thatch levels in this grass profile.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Kikuyu grass (<italic>Pennisetum clandestinum</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Warm-season turfgrass. Generally high thatch levels in this grass profile.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Buffalo grass (<italic>Stenotaphrum secundatum</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Warm-season turfgrass. Generally high thatch levels in this grass profile.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Zoysia grass (<italic>Zoysia japonica</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Warm-season turfgrass. Generally high thatch levels in this grass profile.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Perennial ryegrass (<italic>Lolium perenne</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Cool-season grass species. Relative lack of thatch in this figure compared to those in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-oajsm-4-251">Figures 3</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-oajsm-4-251">6</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Mix of ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass (<italic>Poa pratensis</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Cool-season grass species. Relative lack of thatch in this figure compared to those in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-oajsm-4-251">Figures 3</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-oajsm-4-251">6</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Annual winter grass (<italic>Poa annua</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Cool-season grass species. Relative lack of thatch in this figure compared to those in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-oajsm-4-251">Figures 3</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-oajsm-4-251">6</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig9"></graphic></fig><fig id="f10-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label><caption><p>Ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Cool-season grass species. Relative lack of thatch in this figure compared to those in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-oajsm-4-251">Figures 3</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-oajsm-4-251">6</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig10"></graphic></fig><fig id="f11-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 11</label><caption><p>Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue (<italic>Festuca arundinacea</italic>) mix.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Cool-season grass species. Relative lack of thatch in this figure compared to those in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-oajsm-4-251">Figures 3</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-oajsm-4-251">6</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig11"></graphic></fig><fig id="f12-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 12</label><caption><p>Portable natural grass being laid in rolls at the San Siro, Milan.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig12"></graphic></fig><fig id="f13-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 13</label><caption><p>Portable squares being laid at the Nou Camp, Barcelona.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig13"></graphic></fig><fig id="f14-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 14</label><caption><p>Squares in situ with no joins visible surface.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig14"></graphic></fig><fig id="f15-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 15</label><caption><p>An Australian Football League match being played outdoors on natural grass.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig15"></graphic></fig><fig id="f16-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Figure 16</label><caption><p>European football (soccer) played at the Emirates Stadium in London.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="oajsm-4-251Fig16"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Categorization of teams into climate zones</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern (warmer)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern (cooler)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Teams</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adelaide, Brisbane, Fremantle, Gold Coast, Port Adelaide, Sydney, West Coast</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Geelong, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, Western Bulldogs</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cities/towns where home games are typically played</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sydney, Adelaide, Perth</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Melbourne, Geelong, Launceston</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Climate zones</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Csa – Adelaide, Perth; Cfa – Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sydney</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cfb</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Predominant grasssurface</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bermuda grass ± early-mid season ryegrass oversow (warm-season dominant)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ryegrass or Bermuda grass base with preseason ryegrass oversow (cool-season dominant)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Traction levels</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medium-high</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low-medium</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-oajsm-4-251"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> Cfa, Humid Subtropical; Cfb, Maritime Temperate; Csa, Mediterranean.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Injury incidence comparison of northern AFL teams to southern AFL teams from 1999–2012, inclusive</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Body area</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Injury category</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Injury incidence
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RR
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">95% CI
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern warmer
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern cooler
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">N:S (warm:cool)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Low</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">High</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Csa, Cfa</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cfb</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Head/neck</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concussion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Facial fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neck sprains</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other head and neck injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All head/neck</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Shoulder/arm/elbow</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shoulder sprains and dislocations</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC joint injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fractured clavicles</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elbow sprains or joint injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other shoulder/arm/elbow injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All shoulder/arm/elbow</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Forearm/wrist/hand</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forearm/wrist/hand fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other hand/forearm/wrist injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All forearm/wrist hand</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Trunk/back</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rib and chest wall injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar and thoracic spine injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other buttock/back/trunk injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All trunk/back</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Hip/groin/thigh</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groin strains and osteitis pubis</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hamstring strains</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadriceps strains</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thigh and hip hematomas</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other hip/groin/thigh injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All hip/groin/thigh</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8" colspan="1">Knee</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee cartilage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patella injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee and patella tendon injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other knee injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All knee</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="7" colspan="1">Shin/ankle/foot</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankle sprains or joint injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calf strains</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achilles tendon injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leg and foot fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leg and foot stress fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other leg/foot/ankle injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All leg/foot/ankle</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical illness</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical illnesses</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-oajsm-4-251"><label>*</label><p>Signifies <italic>P</italic><0.05 difference. Cfa – Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sydney. Cfb – Melbourne, Geelong, Launceston. Csa – Adelaide, Perth.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-oajsm-4-251"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AC, acromioclavicular joint; ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; AFL, Australian Football League; Cfa, Humid Subtropical; Cfb, Maritime Temperate; CI, confidence interval; Csa, Mediterranean; MCL, medial collateral ligament; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; RR, relative risk; N, north; S, south.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Comparison between southern (warm-season) UEFA teams and northern (cool-season) UEFA teams, recalculated from Walden et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-oajsm-4-251">15</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Body area</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Injury category</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Injury incidence
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RR
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">95% CI
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern warmer
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern cooler
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">S:N (warm:cool)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Low</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">High</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Csa, Csb</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cfa, Cfb</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Head/neck</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concussion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All head/neck</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shoulder/arm/elbow</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shoulder sprains and dislocations</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All shoulder/arm/elbow</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Forearm/wrist/hand</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forearm/wrist/hand fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.48</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All forearm/wrist/hand</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Trunk/back</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rib and chest wall injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar and thoracic spine injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All trunk/back</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Hip/groin/thigh</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groin strains and osteitis pubis</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hamstring strain</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadriceps strain</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All hip/groin/thigh</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Knee</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee cartilage and meniscus injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee and patella tendon injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All knee</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Shin/ankle/foot</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankle sprains or joint injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calf strains</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achilles tendon injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leg and foot fractures/stress fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All shin/ankle/foot</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Match</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.87</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn4-oajsm-4-251"><label>*</label><p>Signifies <italic>P</italic><0.05 difference.</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-oajsm-4-251"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; Cfa, Humid Subtropical; Cfb, Maritime Temperate; CI, confidence interval; Csa, Mediterranean; Csb, Dry-summer Subtropical; MCL, medial collateral ligament; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; RR, relative risk; UEFA, Union of European Football Associations; N, north; S, south.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-oajsm-4-251" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of injury incidence in Victorian and non-Victorian teams (1992–1998) (injuries/team/season)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Injury category</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Incidence
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RR
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">95% CI
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N:S (warm:cool)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concussion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other head and neck injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.93</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shoulder joint injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acromioclavicular injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper limb fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other upper limb injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trunk injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Back and buttock injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groin and hip injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hamstring strain injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadriceps strain injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee ACL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee MCL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee PCL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee cartilage/degenerative injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other knee injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leg fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leg stress fractures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.31</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calf muscle strain injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower limb hematomas (‘corks’)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foot fractures (including stress fractures)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankle joint injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other lower limb injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical illnesses</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total injuries</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-oajsm-4-251">*</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn6-oajsm-4-251"><label>*</label><p>Indicates significantly higher risk of injury for northern teams (<italic>P</italic><0.05 or 95% confidence). Reprinted with permission from AGCSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-oajsm-4-251">13</xref></p></fn><fn id="tfn7-oajsm-4-251"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; CI, confidence interval; MCL, medial collateral ligament; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; RR, relative risk; N, north; S, south.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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