Batwanema gen. n. and Chokwenema gen. n. (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae), new nematode genera as parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo
Identifieur interne : 000444 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000443; suivant : 000445Batwanema gen. n. and Chokwenema gen. n. (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae), new nematode genera as parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo
Auteurs : Jans Morffe ; Nayla GarcíaSource :
- ZooKeys [ 1313-2989 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Two new genera and species parasitizing passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo are described.
Url:
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.361.6351
PubMed: 24363593
PubMed Central: 3867116
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Batwanema</italic> gen. n. and <italic>Chokwenema</italic> gen. n. (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae), new nematode genera as parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo</title><author><name sortKey="Morffe, Jans" sort="Morffe, Jans" uniqKey="Morffe J" first="Jans" last="Morffe">Jans Morffe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana 19, CP 11900, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Nayla" sort="Garcia, Nayla" uniqKey="Garcia N" first="Nayla" last="García">Nayla García</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana 19, CP 11900, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24363593</idno><idno type="pmc">3867116</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867116</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3867116</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.361.6351</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000444</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Batwanema</italic> gen. n. and <italic>Chokwenema</italic> gen. n. (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae), new nematode genera as parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo</title><author><name sortKey="Morffe, Jans" sort="Morffe, Jans" uniqKey="Morffe J" first="Jans" last="Morffe">Jans Morffe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana 19, CP 11900, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Nayla" sort="Garcia, Nayla" uniqKey="Garcia N" first="Nayla" last="García">Nayla García</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana 19, CP 11900, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>Two new genera and species parasitizing passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo are described. <italic>Batwanema congo</italic><bold>gen. n. et sp. n.</bold> is characterized by having females with the cervical cuticle armed with scale-like projections, arranged initially in rows of eight elements that gradually divide and form pointed spines toward the end of the spiny region, two cephalic annuli, clavate procorpus and genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic. Two Malagasian species of <italic>Artigasia</italic> Christie, 1934 were placed in this genus as <italic>B. latum</italic> (Van Waerebeke, 1973) <bold>comb. n.</bold> and <italic>B. annulatum</italic> (Van Waerebeke, 1973) <bold>comb. n.</bold><italic>Chokwenema lepidophorum</italic><bold>gen. n. et sp. n.</bold> is characterized by having females with the cervical cuticle armed with scale-like projections, arranged initially in rows of eight elements (similar to <italic>Batwanema</italic>) that divide gradually, forming spines; a single cephalic annule cone-like, truncated, moderately inflated; procorpus sub-cylindrical and genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adamson, M" uniqKey="Adamson M">M Adamson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Waerebeke, D" uniqKey="Van Waerebeke D">D Van Waerebeke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Wv" uniqKey="Baker W">WV Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Christie, Jr" uniqKey="Christie J">JR Christie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morffe, J" uniqKey="Morffe J">J Morffe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, N" uniqKey="Garcia N">N García</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Theodorides, J" uniqKey="Theodorides J">J Théodoridès</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Theodorides, J" uniqKey="Theodorides J">J Théodoridès</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Travassos, L" uniqKey="Travassos L">L Travassos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kloss, Gr" uniqKey="Kloss G">GR Kloss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Waerebeke, D" uniqKey="Van Waerebeke D">D Van Waerebeke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Waerebeke, D" uniqKey="Van Waerebeke D">D Van Waerebeke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remillet, M" uniqKey="Remillet M">M Remillet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24363593</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3867116</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.361.6351</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>Batwanema</italic> gen. n. and <italic>Chokwenema</italic> gen. n. (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae), new nematode genera as parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morffe</surname><given-names>Jans</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://zoobank.org/6285C0EA-922E-467F-BE19-D50BB7601360">http://zoobank.org/6285C0EA-922E-467F-BE19-D50BB7601360</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>García</surname><given-names>Nayla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://zoobank.org/B74CF649-3FBC-4862-8B6E-801437F87FEB">http://zoobank.org/B74CF649-3FBC-4862-8B6E-801437F87FEB</uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana 19, CP 11900, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Jans Morffe (<email xlink:type="simple">jans@ecologia.cu</email>); Nayla García (<email xlink:type="simple">nayla@ecologia.cu</email>)</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: H-P. Fagerholm</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><issue>361</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Jans Morffe, Nayla García</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://zoobank.org/A3E4F7B5-0EFB-4FDA-83D9-C6AFAA61CD69">http://zoobank.org/A3E4F7B5-0EFB-4FDA-83D9-C6AFAA61CD69</self-uri><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>Two new genera and species parasitizing passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo are described. <italic>Batwanema congo</italic><bold>gen. n. et sp. n.</bold> is characterized by having females with the cervical cuticle armed with scale-like projections, arranged initially in rows of eight elements that gradually divide and form pointed spines toward the end of the spiny region, two cephalic annuli, clavate procorpus and genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic. Two Malagasian species of <italic>Artigasia</italic> Christie, 1934 were placed in this genus as <italic>B. latum</italic> (Van Waerebeke, 1973) <bold>comb. n.</bold> and <italic>B. annulatum</italic> (Van Waerebeke, 1973) <bold>comb. n.</bold><italic>Chokwenema lepidophorum</italic><bold>gen. n. et sp. n.</bold> is characterized by having females with the cervical cuticle armed with scale-like projections, arranged initially in rows of eight elements (similar to <italic>Batwanema</italic>) that divide gradually, forming spines; a single cephalic annule cone-like, truncated, moderately inflated; procorpus sub-cylindrical and genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>Nematoda</kwd><kwd>Hystrignathidae</kwd><kwd><italic>Batwanema</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Chokwenema</italic></kwd><kwd>Passalidae</kwd><kwd>Democratic Republic of Congo</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The nematode family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathidae</named-content> Travassos, 1920 is well known as a parasite group restricted to the gut of passalid beetles. At present, 29 genera have been described with more than 100 species.</p><p>One of these genera: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic> Christie, 1934 was diagnosed on the basis of presenting spines on the cervical cuticle, a clavate procorpus and a genital system monodelphic-prodelphic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Christie 1934</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adamson and Van Waerebeke 1992</xref>). Considering this diagnosis, many species have been described and placed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic>. However, current studies on the genus showed that several species differ notably in features previously ignored, but with a great taxonomic value, such as the form of the cephalic end and the arrangement and shape of the cervical spines. Such combination of features appears to support the statement of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic> as a complex of genera morphologically distinct.</p><p>The African fauna of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathidae</named-content> is poorly known with a few species belonging to the genera <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic> (with the larger number of species), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathus</named-content></italic> Leidy, 1850; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidophila</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke, 1973 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xyo</named-content></italic> Cobb, 1898 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Théodoridès 1955</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1958</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Baker 1967</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Van Waerebeke 1973</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Van Waerebeke and Remillet 1982</xref>). Recently, the study of the group in the area was retaken by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Morffe and García (2013)</xref> with the description of two new genera from the Democratic Republic of Congo: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> Morffe & García, 2013 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> Morffe & García, 2013.</p><p>As a continuation of the studies on Congolese hystrignathids, the present paper deals with two new genera. One of these is created in order to separate two peculiar species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Several specimens of passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo were examined during a research visit to the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Six specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus barbatus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius, 1801), three of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimoides</named-content></italic> cf. <italic>parastictus</italic> (Imhoff, 1843) (all the latter from Mongwalu, Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo) and four specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus</named-content></italic> sp. from Bambesa, Uele region, Democratic Republic of Congo were revised for parasitological studies. All of these passalids were collected during the Belgian expeditions to the Congo in the 1930’s and stored in 70% ethanol.</p><p>The hosts were dissected by making incisions in both pleural membranes and the last abdominal sternites. Intestines were extracted and kept in Petri dishes with 70% ethanol. The guts were excised and the parasites removed. Nematodes were transferred to anhydrous glycerine via the slow evaporation method and mounted in the same medium. The edges of the coverslips were sealed using nail polish. Measurements were made with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer attached to a compound microscope. De Man’s ratios a, b, c and V% were calculated. Each variable is shown as the range followed by the mean plus standard deviation in parentheses; the number of measurements is also given. Micrographs were taken with an AxioCam digital camera attached to a Carl Zeiss AxioScop 2 Plus compound microscope. Line drawings were made with the softwares CorelDRAW X3 and Adobe Photoshop CS2 using the micrographs as masters. Scale bars of all plates are given in millimeters.</p><p>Some specimens were processed for SEM as follows: they were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, critical point-dried, mounted in aluminum stubs and coated in gold. SEM micrographs were taken at an acceleration voltage of 22–25 kV.</p><p>The type material and vouchers are deposited in the <abbrev><def><p>Colección Helmintológica de las Colecciones Zoológicas </p></def>(CZACC)</abbrev>, Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Havana, Cuba; the <abbrev><def><p>Collection of the Royal Museum of Central Africa </p></def>(RMCA)</abbrev>, Tervuren, Belgium; the <abbrev><def><p>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences </p></def>(RIT)</abbrev>, Brussels, Belgium and the <abbrev><def><p>Coleçao Helmintologica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz </p></def>(CHIOC)</abbrev>, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p></sec><sec><title>Systematics</title><sec sec-type="Family Hystrignathidae Travassos, 1920"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathidae</named-content> Travassos, 1920</title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><label>Genus</label><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Batwanema</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">gen. n.</named-content></title><p>http://zoobank.org/9B039791-CD4A-4932-A5F8-9A5F7A333FE3</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Batwanema</p><sec sec-type="treatment-Generic diagnosis"><title>Generic diagnosis.</title><p>Female. Cervical cuticle armed with wide, scale-like projections, arranged initially in rows of eight elements. Scales divide gradually, forming pointed spines toward the end of the spiny region. Lateral alae present. Head bearing eight rounded, paired papillae. Two short, not prominent cephalic annuli next to head, the second slightly longer and wider than the first. Oesophagus with procorpus clavate, its base set-off from the isthmus. Excretory pore post-bulbar. Genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic. Eggs ovoid. Tail subulate.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type species"><title>Type species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> Morffe & García, gen. n. et sp. n.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Other species"><title>Other species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> (Van Waerebeke, 1973) comb. n.; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia lata</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke, 1973: pag. 13, fig. 90–101.; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema annulatum</named-content></italic> (Van Waerebeke, 1973) comb. n.; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia annulata</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke, 1973: pag. 13, fig. 84–89.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>The generic epithet (neuter in gender), is a combination of Batwa, after the pygmy ethnic group that inhabits the D. R. of Congo, and the suffix–nema.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Batwanema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">congo</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></title><p>http://zoobank.org/303612B9-C74C-4296-9BC9-8C291145AFD1</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Batwanema_congo</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1A–G</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">, 2A–E</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Type material"><title>Type material.</title><p>♀ holotype, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ituri province, Mongwalu; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus barbatus</named-content></italic>; 5.VI.1939; Lepersonne coll.; CZACC 11.4700. Paratypes: 4 ♀♀, same data as holotype, CZACC 11.4701-11.4704; 3 ♀♀, same data as holotype, RMCA; 1 ♀♀, same data as holotype, RIT820; 1 ♀♀, same data as holotype, CHIOC.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Additional material"><title>Additional material.</title><p>Vouchers: 3♀♀,Democratic Republic of Congo, Uele region, Bambesa, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">3°28'N, 25°43'E</named-content>; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus</named-content></italic> sp.; 15.V.1937; J. Vrijdagh coll.; CZACC 11.4705-11.4707. 2♀♀, same data as the latter, RMCA.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Measurements"><title>Measurements.</title><p>Holotype (female) a = 14.81, b = 6.24, c = 7.90, V% = 50.63, total length = 2.370, maximum body width = 0.160, stoma length = 0.045, procorpus length = 0.290, isthmus length = 0.033, diameter of basal bulb = 0.070, total length of oesophagus = 0.380, nerve ring to anterior end = 0.200, excretory pore to anterior end = 0.550, anus to posterior end = 0.300, eggs = 0.100–0.110×0.045–0.050 (0.106 ± 0.005×0.048 ± 0.003 n = 3).</p><p>Paratypes (females) (n = 9) a = 13.20–17.50 (14.72 ± 1.50 n = 9), b = 4.92–5.56 (5.33 ± 0.24 n = 9), c = 6.28–7.48 (6.87 ± 0.40 n = 9), V% = 51.83–54.29 (52.76 ± 0.92 n = 7), total length = 1.820–2.170 (2.013 ± 0.138 n = 9), maximum body width = 0.120–0.160 (0.138 ± 0.015 n = 9), stoma length = 0.040–0.050 (0.045 ± 0.003 n = 9), procorpus length = 0.270–0.320 (0.283 ± 0.016 n = 9), isthmus length = 0.025–0.035 (0.031 ± 0.004 n = 9), diameter of basal bulb = 0.060–0.075 (0.067 ± 0.004 n = 9), total length of oesophagus = 0.350–0.420 (0.378 ± 0.020 n = 9), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.170–0.210 (0.191 ± 0.013 n = 9), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.490–0.550 (0.515 ± 0.026 n = 4), anus to posterior end = 0.260–0.310 (0.293 ± 0.015 n = 9), eggs = 0.098–0.123×0.030–0.053 (0.108 ± 0.006×0.041 ± 0.006 n = 16).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Specimens from Bambesa"><title>Specimens from Bambesa.</title><p>Females (n = 5) a = 15.91–21.00 (18.40 ± 2.22 n = 5), b = 5.11–6.10 (5.60 ± 0.40 n = 5), c = 5.39–6.13 (5.68 ± 0.30 n = 5), V% = 49.74–54.30 (51.84 ± 1.65 n = 5), total length = 1.510–1.890 (1.716 ± 0.162 n = 5), maximum body width = 0.080–0.110 (0.094 ± 0.011 n = 5), stoma length = 0.040–0.050 (0.043 ± 0.004 n = 5), procorpus length = 0.185–0.270 (0.227 ± 0.030 n = 5), isthmus length = 0.025–0.038 (0.032 ± 0.005 n = 5), diameter of basal bulb = 0.033–0.058 (0.049 ± 0.010 n = 5), total length of oesophagus = 0.258–0.360 (0.308 ± 0.036 n = 5), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.135–0.180 (0.155 ± 0.019 n = 4), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.380–0.430 (0.397 ± 0.029 n = 3), anus to posterior end = 0.280–0.340 (0.302 ± 0.023 n = 5), eggs = 0.095–0.118×0.033–0.045 (0.110 ± 0.008×0.039 ± 0.005 n = 10).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Body comparatively slender, widening from the base of the second cephalic annule, maximum body diameter at level of the vulva, tapering towards anus. Cuticle markedly annulated in the spiny region, annuli (<italic>ca.</italic> 2 µm) less marked in the rest of body. Cervical region armed with rows of cuticular projections from the end of the second cephalic annule to the base of isthmus. First row consisting of eight wide, rectangular, scale-like cuticular projections. At level of row 3-4, a shallow cleavage at midpoint of the scales becoming deeper and wider towards the posterior region of body, until reaching row 8–9, where each scale is divided in two or three spines, their tips rounded. Next to it, spines become pointed gradually and increase their number: <italic>ca.</italic> 22 elements in the median rows and <italic>ca.</italic> 34 in the last rows. Lateral alae commencing at level of the isthmus, within the spiny region and extending to about three body-widths posterior to the vulva. Sub-cuticular longitudinal striae present. Head set-off from body by a deep groove, bearing eight rounded, less prominent, paired papillae. Amphids lateral, pore-like. Next to head, two short, not prominent cephalic annule; the second slightly wider and longer than the first. Cephalic annuli poorly differentiated one from the other, only by a shallow groove. Mouth circular. Stoma about four head-lengths long, surrounded by an oesophageal collar. Lumen of anterior region of stoma triangular, with a ridge in each side. Oesophagus consisting of a muscular clavate procorpus, well set-off from the isthmus. Basal bulb rounded, valve plate well developed. Intestine simple, sub-rectilinear. Rectum short, anus not prominent. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at about its midpoint. Excretory pore situated at about half of body width posterior to basal bulb. Vulva a median transverse slit near midbody, lips slightly prominent. Vagina muscular, forwardly directed. Genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed behind the excretory pore, distal flexure <italic>ca.</italic> 1.5 body-widths long. Eggs ovoid, shell with eight rough, longitudinal, hardly prominent ridges. Tail conical, subulate, ending in a sharp point. Male unknown.</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. Female. <bold>A</bold> Oesophageal region, lateral view <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, internal view <bold>C</bold> Tail, lateral view <bold>D</bold> Vulva, ventro-lateral view <bold>E</bold> Egg <bold>F</bold> Genital tract, ventro-lateral view <bold>G</bold> Habitus, ventro-lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-361-001-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images <bold>A</bold> Cervical region <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, lateralview <bold>C</bold> Cephalic end, <italic>en face</italic> view <bold>D</bold> End of the spiny region and beginning of a lateral ala <bold>E</bold> Detail of the beginning of a lateral ala. Scale lines: <bold>A, D</bold> 0.05 mm, <bold>B</bold> 0.025mm, <bold>C, E</bold> 0.02 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-361-001-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Discussion"><title>Discussion.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. presents a similar arrangement of the cervical cuticular projections to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n., consisting of a first row of eight rectangular scales that gradually bifurcate, becoming pointed spines. It can be differentiated by its reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic contrary to didelphic-amphidelphic. The genus has two cephalic annuli barely expanded <italic>vs.</italic> the unique truncate, more expanded first cephalic annule of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n. In addition, the procorpus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. is clavate <italic>vs.</italic> sub-cylindrical.</p><p>The other genera with scales in the cervical cuticle are <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lepidonema</named-content></italic> Cobb, 1898 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salesia</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1958, both having genital tracts didelphic-amphidelphic and with more elements in the first row of spines: 16 <italic>vs.</italic> 8 and a single, large cephalic annuli <italic>vs.</italic> the two shorter of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. Also, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lepidonema</named-content></italic> has a sub-cylindrical procorpus <italic>vs.</italic> the clavate of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Van Waerebeke (1973)</xref> described 14 species of Malagasian <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic>, all of these quite variable in the shape of the cephalic end and the form and arrangement of spines. Two of such species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia lata</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia annulata</named-content></italic> are characterized, in addition to the clavate procorpus and the monogonant genital tract, by the presence of two cephalic annuli (the second larger) and the cervical region with scale-like cuticular projections. These scales are arranged initially in a row of eight elements, which increase their number and become gradually in pointed spines. The latter features agree with the diagnosis of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n., supporting the establishment of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> comb. n. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema annulatum</named-content></italic> comb. n. as new combinations of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia lata</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia annulata</named-content></italic>.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. can be segregated from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> comb. n. by the extension of the cervical spines and lateral alae. In the new species, the spines end at level of the basal bulb <italic>vs.</italic> the level of the nerve ring in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> comb. n. On the other hand, the lateral alae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. arise within the spiny region and extend to a distance beyond the vulva, whereas <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> comb. n. presents lateral alae from the beginning of the isthmus to the level of anus. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. has a larger body (1.820–2.370 <italic>vs.</italic> 1.360–1.472) but the oesophagus is comparatively shorter (b = 4.92–6.24 <italic>vs.</italic> 4.10–4.60).</p><p>The eggs of both taxa are similar in size (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. = 0.098–0.123×0.030–0.053; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> = 0.112–0.116×0.039–0.042), but are ridged-shelled in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. <italic>vs.</italic> the smooth-shelled eggs of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema latum</named-content></italic> comb. n. The tail of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. is comparatively longer (c = 6.28–7.90 <italic>vs.</italic> 11.00–13.00).</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. differs from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema annulatum</named-content></italic> comb. n. by the cervical spines extending further down the body, whereas <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema annulatum</named-content></italic> comb. n. has spines ending before the level of the basal bulb. Lateral alae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema annulatum</named-content></italic> comb. n. extend from the level of the isthmus to the level of the anus in opposition to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. where the lateral alae clearly finish before the anus. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. is also longer (1.820–2.370 <italic>vs.</italic> 1.439–1.509), with the oesophagus comparatively shorter (b = 4.92–6.24 <italic>vs.</italic> 4.50–4.60). Moreover, the eggs of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema annulatum</named-content></italic> comb. n. are smooth-shelled <italic>vs.</italic> the ridged-shelled ones of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema congo</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type host"><title>Type host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus barbatus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius, 1801) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Other host"><title>Other host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus</named-content></italic> sp. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Site"><title>Site.</title><p>Gut caeca.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type locality"><title>Type locality.</title><p>Mongwalu, Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Other locality"><title>Other locality.</title><p>Bambesa, Uele region, Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Specific epithet in apposition refers to the country of the new taxon.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><label>Genus</label><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Chokwenema</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">gen. n.</named-content></title><p>http://zoobank.org/CF402D0C-D9CB-47F4-9B52-08BAC87A6D11</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Chokwenema</p><sec sec-type="treatment-Generic diagnosis"><title>Generic diagnosis.</title><p>Female. Cervical cuticle armed with wide, scale-like projections, arranged initially in rows of eight elements. Scales divide gradually, forming spines. Head bearing eight rounded, paired papillae. First cephalic annule cone-like, truncated, comparatively long, moderately inflated. Oesophagus with procorpus sub-cylindrical, its base set-off from the short isthmus. Excretory pore post-bulbar. Genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic. Eggs ovoid. Tail subulate.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type species"><title>Type species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema lepidophorum</named-content></italic> Morffe & García gen. n. et sp. n.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>The generic name (neuter in gender) is derived of Chokwe, after an ethnic group from Central Africa (including the D. R. of Congo) and the suffix–nema.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Chokwenema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lepidophorum</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></title><p>http://zoobank.org/124AD063-4948-4F9C-8BD2-F796C14DAA59</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Chokwenema_lepidophorum</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3A–H</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">, 4A–C</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Type material"><title>Type material.</title><p>♀ holotype, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ituri province, Mongwalu; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimoides</named-content></italic> cf. <italic>parastictus</italic>.; 5.VI.1939; Lepersonne coll.; CZACC 11.4708. Paratypes: 3 ♀♀, same data as holotype, CZACC 11.4709-11.4711; 4 ♀♀, same data as holotype, RMCA; 1 ♀♀, same data as holotype, CHIOC.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Additional material"><title>Additional material.</title><p>Vouchers: 3♀♀, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ituri province, Mongwalu; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus barbatus</named-content></italic>; 5.VI.1939; Lepersonne coll.; CZACC 11.4712-11.4714; 2♀♀, same data as the latter, RMCA; ♀, same data as the latter, RIT821.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Measurements"><title>Measurements.</title><p>Holotype (female) a = 11.65, b = 5.25, c = 13.40, V% = 55.97, total length = 2.680, maximum body width = 0.230, first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.018×0.063, stoma length = 0.038, procorpus length = 0.400, isthmus length = 0.025, diameter of basal bulb = 0.090, total length of oesophagus = 0.510, nerve ring to anterior end = 0.260, excretory pore to anterior end = 0.720, anus to posterior end = 0.200, eggs = 0.093–0.098×0.038–0.040 (0.095 ± 0.003×0.039 ± 0.001 n = 3).</p><p>Paratypes (females) (n = 8) a = 9.09–15.63 (10.87 ± 2.40 n = 6), b = 4.26–4.90 (4.62 ± 0.28 n = 5), c = 11.68–12.53 (12.04 ± 0.36 n = 4), V% = 54.40–57.75 (55.76 ± 1.24 n = 6), total length = 2.000–2.500 (2.192 ± 0.181 n = 6), maximum body width = 0.160–0.225 (0.209 ± 0.021 n = 8), first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.015–0.020×0.058–0.063 (0.018 ± 0.002×0.060 ± 0.002 n = 6), stoma length = 0.030–0.040 (0.035 ± 0.004 n = 7), procorpus length = 0.330–0.420 (0.376 ± 0.032 n = 7), isthmus length = 0.023–0.038 (0.027 ± 0.006 n = 5), diameter of basal bulb = 0.088–0.100 (0.093 ± 0.005 n = 8), total length of oesophagus = 0.450–0.520 (0.487 ± 0.026 n = 6), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.210–0.260 (0.235 ± 0.021 n = 4), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.660, anus to posterior end = 0.170–0.210 (0.184 ± 0.019 n = 4), eggs = 0.090–0.100×0.038–0.050 (0.097 ± 0.004×0.043 ± 0.004 n = 11).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Specimens from"><title>Specimens from</title><p><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus barbatus</named-content></italic>.</bold> Females (n = 6) a = 10.36–15.00 (13.25 ± 1.85 n = 6), b = 4.94–5.80 (5.41 ± 0.31 n = 6), c = 13.35–15.73 (14.21 ± 0.95 n = 6), V% = 51.31–56.99 (53.49 ± 2.40 n = 5), total length = 2.175–2.720 (2.453 ± 0.228 n = 6), maximum body width = 0.170–0.210 (0.187 ± 0.016 n = 6), first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.015–0.018×0.048–0.058 (0.016 ± 0.001×0.053 ± 0.004 n = 6), stoma length = 0.033–0.038 (0.036 ± 0.002 n = 6), procorpus length = 0.310–0.390 (0.353 ± 0.027 n = 6), isthmus length = 0.018–0.033 (0.025 ± 0.006 n = 5), diameter of basal bulb = 0.083–0.103 (0.091 ± 0.007 n = 6), total length of oesophagus = 0.410–0.490 (0.453 ± 0.029 n = 6), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.210–0.250 (0.228 ± 0.015 n = 5), anus to posterior end = 0.150–0.200 (0.173 ± 0.022 n = 6), eggs = 0.088–0.100×0.035–0.050 (0.095 ± 0.004×0.042 ± 0.004 n = 10).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Female body robust, widening from the base of the first cephalic annule, maximum body diameter at level of the vulva, then tapering towards anus. Cuticle markedly annulated in the spiny region, annuli less marked in the rest of the body (<italic>ca.</italic> 3–5µm). Cervical cuticle armed initially by opposite rows of rectangular scales, arranged in number of eight. Scales bifurcate gradually at the third row by a cleavage. Division is total at level of the fifth row, with 16 shorter scales, their tips rounded. Scales becoming pointed towards the end of the spiny region. Last rows of spines (a total of 35–36) end at about one seventh of the body-width before the base of the procorpus. Sub-cuticular longitudinal striae present. Lateral alae absent. Head bearing eight rounded, paired papillae. Amphids lateral, pore-like. First cephalic annule similar in length to head, cone-like, truncated, slightly inflated. Stoma short, about two first cephalic annule-lengths long, surrounded by an oesophageal collar. Oesophagus consisting of a muscular, sub-cylindrical procorpus, its base well set-off from the short isthmus. Basal bulb pyriform, valve-plate well developed. Intestine simple, sub-rectilinear. Rectum short, anus not prominent. Nerve ring encircling the procorpus at <italic>ca.</italic> 55% of its length. Excretory pore located at <italic>ca.</italic> three fourths of the body-width posterior to the basal bulb. Vulva a median transverse slit, displaced to the posterior half of body, its lips slightly prominent. Vagina muscular, directed forwardly. Genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic, both ovaries reflexed. Oocytes in single rows. Eggs comparatively small, ovoid, with eight rough longitudinal ridges in the shell. Tail short, conical, subulate, ending in a sharp tip. Male unknown.</p><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema lepidophorum</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. Female. <bold>A</bold> Oesophageal region, lateral view <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, internal view <bold>C</bold> Cephalic end, external view <bold>D</bold> Tail, lateral view <bold>E</bold> Vulva, ventral view <bold>F</bold> Egg <bold>G</bold> Genital tract, ventro-lateral view <bold>H</bold> Habitus, ventro-lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-361-001-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema lepidophorum</named-content></italic> gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images <bold>A</bold> Cephalic end <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, <italic>en face</italic> view <bold>C</bold> Cervical region. Scale lines: <bold>A</bold> 0.05 mm, <bold>B</bold> 0.04mm, <bold>C</bold> 0.1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-361-001-g004"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Discussion"><title>Discussion.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n. resembles the African genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. by having a similar arrangement of the cervical spines: first row of eight rectangular scales gradually bifurcating, turning into pointed spines. The genus differs by its genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic <italic>vs.</italic> monodelphic-prodelphic in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. The procorpus is sub-cylindrical in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n. in opposition to the clavate procorpus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. Moreover, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n. posses a single, evident truncate first cephalic annule, slightly inflated instead of the two hardly marked annuli of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Batwanema</named-content></italic> gen. n., barely expanded.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lepidonema</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salesia</named-content></italic> also bear scale-like projections in the cervical cuticle and shows a didelphic-amphidelphic genital system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Travassos and Kloss 1958</xref>). In addition, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lepidonema</named-content></italic> have a sub-cylindrical procorpus. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n. can be differentiated from both by the arrangement of the cervical spines with eight scales in the first row and the characteristic bifurcation of these, their number increasing towards the end of the spiny region. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lepidonema</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salesia</named-content></italic> present more elements in their first rows of spines, that are not bifurcated. Moreover, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salesia</named-content></italic> present a clavate procorpus <italic>vs.</italic> the sub-cylindrical of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n.</p><p>The other digonant genus with spines in the cuticle and sub-cylindrical procorpus is <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Soaresnema</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1958, which can be segregated from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n. by lacking scales in the cervical cuticle, by the spines forming transverse rows <italic>vs.</italic> opposite rows and by the larger number of elements in the first row (16) <italic>vs.</italic> eight in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chokwenema</named-content></italic> gen. n.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type host"><title>Type host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimoides</named-content></italic> cf. <italic>parastictus</italic> (Imhoff, 1843) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Other host"><title>Other host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus barbatus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius, 1801) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Site"><title>Site.</title><p>gut caeca.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type locality"><title>Type locality.</title><p>Mongwalu, Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Specific epithet derived from the Greek <italic>lepidos</italic>: scale and <italic>phoreus</italic>: to bear, after the scale-like projections of the cervical cuticle.</p></sec></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.361.6351-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Batwanema</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.361.6351-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.361.6351-treatment2" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Batwanema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">congo</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.361.6351-treatment2.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.361.6351-treatment3" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Chokwenema</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.361.6351-treatment3.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.361.6351-treatment4" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Chokwenema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lepidophorum</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.361.6351-treatment4.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We thank Dr. Marc de Meyer, curator of the Entomological Collection of the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium for his kind permission to access material deposited in this collection. To Dr. Wilfrida Decraemer, Dr. Yves Samyn, Dr. Marie-Lucie Susini and Dr. Alain Drumont for their assistance during the visit of the senior author to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels. To Julien Cillis (RBINS) for technical help with SEM. To MSc. Yamir Arias, MSc. Eduardo Furrazola and Lic. Susett González (Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática) for their help with the micrographs. To Dr. Pedro Reyes-Castillo (Instituto de Ecología, Veracruz, México) and Dr. Stéphane Boucher (Museum of Natural History, Paris, France) for the identification of the hosts. We are indebted to Dr. Pedro Herrera (Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática) for his review of the English language. The visit to collections in Belgium to access the material and SEM techniques was supported by the Belgian Development Cooperation through the Belgian Focal Point of the Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI), 2010 and 2012 calls. Open access to this paper was supported by the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Open Access Support Project (EOASP).</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Adamson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Waerebeke</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1992</year>) <article-title>Revision of the Thelastomatoidea, Oxyurida of invertebrate hosts III. 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