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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Two new genera of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo</title><author><name sortKey="Morffe, Jans" sort="Morffe, Jans" uniqKey="Morffe J" first="Jans" last="Morffe">Jans Morffe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona km 31/2, Capdevila, Boyeros, Habana 19, C.P.10800, La Habana, Cuba</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Nayla" sort="Garcia, Nayla" uniqKey="Garcia N" first="Nayla" last="García">Nayla García</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23653491</idno><idno type="pmc">3591736</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591736</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3591736</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.257.3666</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000440</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Two new genera of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo</title><author><name sortKey="Morffe, Jans" sort="Morffe, Jans" uniqKey="Morffe J" first="Jans" last="Morffe">Jans Morffe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona km 31/2, Capdevila, Boyeros, Habana 19, C.P.10800, La Habana, Cuba</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Nayla" sort="Garcia, Nayla" uniqKey="Garcia N" first="Nayla" last="García">Nayla García</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>Two new genera and species parasitizing passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo are described. <italic>Kongonema meyeri</italic><bold>gen. n. sp. n.</bold> is characterized by having females with the cervical cuticle unarmed, first cephalic annule cone-like and truncate, sub-cylindrical procorpus and genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic. The males of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema meyeri</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n. sp. n.</bold> have the procorpus sub-cylindrical, the dorsal cuticle of the tail end thickened, a single large, median mammiform pre-cloacal papilla and a pair of small, pre-cloacal, sub-lateral papillae at a short distance before the level of the cloaca. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema decraemerae</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n. sp. n.</bold> is characterized by the body markedly fusiform, cuticle unarmed and strongly annulated, procorpus sub-cylindrical, isthmus as a constriction between procorpus and basal bulb, genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic and the posterior end rounded with a very short tail appendage.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adamson, M" uniqKey="Adamson M">M Adamson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Waerebeke, D" uniqKey="Van Waerebeke D">D Van Waerebeke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Wv" uniqKey="Baker W">WV Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, Wc" uniqKey="Clark W">WC Clark</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cordeira, N" uniqKey="Cordeira N">N Cordeira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hunt, D" uniqKey="Hunt D">D Hunt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morffe, J" uniqKey="Morffe J">J Morffe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, N" uniqKey="Garcia N">N García</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seinhorst, Jw" uniqKey="Seinhorst J">JW Seinhorst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Theodorides, J" uniqKey="Theodorides J">J Théodoridès</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Theodorides, J" uniqKey="Theodorides J">J Théodoridès</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Waerebeke, D" uniqKey="Van Waerebeke D">D Van Waerebeke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Waerebeke, D" uniqKey="Van Waerebeke D">D Van Waerebeke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remillet, M" uniqKey="Remillet M">M Remillet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23653491</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3591736</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.257.3666</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Two new genera of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from the Democratic Republic of Congo</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morffe</surname><given-names>Jans</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6285C0EA-922E-467F-BE19-D50BB7601360</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>García</surname><given-names>Nayla</given-names></name><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B74CF649-3FBC-4862-8B6E-801437F87FEB</uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona km 31/2, Capdevila, Boyeros, Habana 19, C.P.10800, La Habana, Cuba</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Jans Morffe (<email xlink:type="simple">jans@ecologia.cu</email>); Nayla García (<email xlink:type="simple">nayla@ecologia.cu</email>)</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: H-P Fagerholm</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><issue>257</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Jans Morffe, Nayla García</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:34A10DE8-ABB1-4E1F-80C1-FF9645AFAFEE</self-uri><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>Two new genera and species parasitizing passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo are described. <italic>Kongonema meyeri</italic><bold>gen. n. sp. n.</bold> is characterized by having females with the cervical cuticle unarmed, first cephalic annule cone-like and truncate, sub-cylindrical procorpus and genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic. The males of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema meyeri</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n. sp. n.</bold> have the procorpus sub-cylindrical, the dorsal cuticle of the tail end thickened, a single large, median mammiform pre-cloacal papilla and a pair of small, pre-cloacal, sub-lateral papillae at a short distance before the level of the cloaca. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema decraemerae</named-content></italic><bold>gen. n. sp. n.</bold> is characterized by the body markedly fusiform, cuticle unarmed and strongly annulated, procorpus sub-cylindrical, isthmus as a constriction between procorpus and basal bulb, genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic and the posterior end rounded with a very short tail appendage.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>Nematoda</kwd><kwd>Hystrignathidae</kwd><kwd><italic>Kongonema</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Lubanema</italic></kwd><kwd>Passalidae</kwd><kwd>Democratic Republic of Congo</kwd><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathidae</named-content> comprises 27 nominal genera with more than 100 species of monoxenous nematodes specific of the hind gut of passalid beetles. The family shows a mostly Gondwanian distribution, with taxa from North, Central and South America, West Indies, Africa and Australasia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adamson and Van Waerebeke 1992</xref>). Of these areas, the Americas and West Indies present the highest generic and specific diversity.</p><p>In Africa, the group still remains neglected with most of the species restricted to their type localities. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Théodoridès (1955)</xref> described the first African hystrignathids: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia pauliani</named-content></italic> Théodoridès, 1955and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia geopetiti</named-content></italic> Théodoridès, 1955 from Malagasian passalids. Later, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Théodoridès (1958)</xref> described <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia pauliani</named-content></italic> var. <italic>joliveti</italic> from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The status of this variety was analyzed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adamson and Van Waerebeke (1992)</xref> who raised it to the rank of species.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Baker (1967)</xref> recorded <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathus rigidus</named-content></italic> Leidy, 1850 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xyo hystrix</named-content></italic> Cobb, 1898 parasitizing three species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pentalobus</named-content></italic> from Ghana. These two latter species had previously been described from North America and Australia, respectively. The main contribution to the knowledge of the family in the region was made by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Van Waerebeke (1973)</xref>, with the description of 14 species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia</named-content></italic> Christie, 1934 one of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathus</named-content></italic> Leidy, 1850and the monotypic genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidophila</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke, 1973 all from Madagascar. The author also re-described <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Artigasia geopetiti</named-content></italic> and recorded three types of males, unable to be assigned to their correct species. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Van Waerebeke and Remillet (1982)</xref> described <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathus egalis</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke & Remillet, 1982 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathus inegalis</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke & Remillet, 1982 from Ivory Coast.</p><p>This paper retakes the study on African hystrignathids, describing two new genera and species parasitizing passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Material and methods</title><p>Several specimens of passalid beetles from the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) were examined in a parasitological survey during a research visit to the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Eight specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimus</named-content></italic> sp. and two specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erionomus pilosus</named-content></italic> Aurivillus, 1896 from Katale, Kivu region were included in this study, all collected during the Belgian expeditions to the Congo in the 1930´s and stored in 70% ethanol.</p><p>The hosts were dissected by practicing incisions in both pleural membranes and the intestines were extracted and kept in Petri dishes with 70% ethanol. The guts were excised and the parasites removed.</p><p>Nematodes were transferred and cleared in glycerine via slow evaporation method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Seinhorst 1959</xref>) and mounted in the same medium. The edges of the coverslips were sealed using nail polish. Measurements were made with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer attached to a compound microscope. De Man’s ratios a, b, c and V% were calculated. Each variable is shown as the range followed by the mean plus standard deviation in <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>parentheses; the number of measurements is also given. Micrographs were taken with an AxioCam digital camera attached to a Carl Zeiss AxioScop 2 Plus compound microscope. Line drawings were made with the softwares CorelDRAW X3 and Adobe Photoshop CS2 using the micrographs as templates. Scale bars of all plates are given in millimeters.</p><p>Some specimens were prepared for SEM as follows: they were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, critical point-dried, mounted in aluminum stubs and coated in gold. SEM micrographs were taken at an acceleration voltage of 22–25 kV.</p><p>Classification at generic level was followed after <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adamson and Van Waerebeke (1992)</xref>. For comparison, one paratype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidophila exceptionalis</named-content></italic> Van Waerebeke, 1973; deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Museum of Natural History, Paris (MNHN) was reviewed. The type material and vouchers of the next taxa are deposited in the Colección Helmintológica de las Colecciones Zoológicas (CZACC), Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Havana, Cuba; the Collection of the Royal Museum of Central Africa (RMCA), Tervuren, Belgium; the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium and the Coleçao Helmintologica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CHIOC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p></sec><sec><title>Systematics</title><sec sec-type="Family Hystrignathidae Travassos, 1920"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathidae</named-content> Travassos, 1920</title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><label>Genus</label><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Kongonema</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">gen. n.</named-content></title><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0D693E9A-DB4B-4740-92FA-2053B0F574AC</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Kongonema</p><sec sec-type="treatment-Generic diagnosis"><title>Generic diagnosis.</title><p><bold>Female.</bold> Body comparatively robust. Cervical cuticle unarmed. Lateral alae present, from the oesophageal region to a short distance beyond the level of the anus. Posterior ends of the lateral alae rounded, forming lobes. Head bearing eight paired papillae. First cephalic annule cone-like, truncate, barely inflated, about two head-lengths long. Oesophagus consisting of a muscular sub-cylindrical procorpus, its base well set-off from the isthmus. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at its midpoint. Excretory pore post-bulbar. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic. Eggs ovoid, ridged-shelled. Tail filiform and subulate.</p><p><bold>Male.</bold> Body shorter and more slender than female. Cervical cuticle unarmed. Lateral alae present, from the oesophageal region to the level of the single median mammiform papilla. First cephalic annule inconspicuous. Stoma scarcely developed. Oesophagus with a sub-cylindrical procorpus, well set-off from the short isthmus. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at its posterior half. Excretory pore post-bulbar. Monorchic. Testis outstretched. Spicule absent. Posterior end ventrally curved, tapering abruptly, forming a very short, rounded tail appendage. Dorsal cuticle of the tail end thickened. A single large, median mammiform pre-cloacal papilla present. A pair of small, pre-cloacal, sub-lateral papillae located at a short distance before the level of the cloaca.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type species"><title>Type species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema meyeri</named-content></italic> Morffe & García gen. n. sp. n. (monotypic genus).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>The generic name (neuter) is a combination of Kongo, after the main ethnic group in the country of this taxon, and the suffix –nema.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Kongonema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">meyeri</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></title><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0E02D195-40DE-4D6A-A752-D9FEAF8910E7</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Kongonema_meyeri</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1 A–G</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">, 2 A–D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">, 3 A–E</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Type material"><title>Type material.</title><p>♀ holotype, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kivu Region, Katale, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">1°19'S, 29°22'E</named-content>; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimus</named-content></italic> sp.; 4.V.1939; Hautmann coll.; CZACC 11.4653. Paratypes: 10♀♀, same data as holotype, CZACC 11.4654-11.4663; 10♀♀, same data as holotype, RMCA; 4♀♀, same data as holotype, CHIOC; ♂, same data as holotype, CZACC 11.4664; ♂, same data as holotype, RMCA.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Additional material"><title>Additional material.</title><p>Vouchers: 2♀♀, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kivu Region, Katale, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">1°19'S, 29°22'E</named-content>; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimus</named-content></italic> sp.; 4.V.1939; Hautmann coll., RBINS. 2♀♀, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kivu Region, Katale, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">1°19'S, 29°22'E</named-content>; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erionomus pilosus</named-content></italic>; 4.V.1939; Hautmann coll.;CZACC 11.4665-11.4666; 2♀♀, same data as the latter, RMCA;</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Measurements"><title>Measurements.</title><p>Holotype (female) a = 12.15, b = 5.06, c = 7.26, V% = 58.08, total length = 1.670, maximum body width = 0.138, first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.013×0.038, stoma length = 0.050, procorpus length = 0.260, isthmus length = 0.020, diameter of basal bulb = 0.058, total length of oesophagus = 0.330, nerve ring to anterior end = 0.185, excretory pore to anterior end = 0.440, vulva to posterior end = 0.700, anus to posterior end = 0.230, eggs = 0.123×0.050 (n = 1).</p><p>Paratypes (females) (n = 24) a = 8.65-13.08 (10.68 ± 0.90 n = 23), b = 4.30-5.03 (4.71 ± 0.71 n = 21), c = 5.65-7.45 (6.43 ± 0.37 n = 23), V% = 53.02-58.82 (55.91 ± 1.43 n = 23), total length = 1.400-1.670 (1.530 ± 0.075 n = 23), maximum body width = 0.120-0.170 (0.144 ± 0.012 n = 24), first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.013-0.025×0.038-0.043 (0.016 ± 0.003×0.041 ± 0.002 n = 19), stoma length = 0.033-0.050 (0.045 ± 0.005 n = 19), procorpus length = 0.210-0.270 (0.244 ± 0.013 n = 20), isthmus length = 0.020-0.033 (0.024 ± 0.003 n = 22), diameter of basal bulb = 0.053-0.070 (0.061 ± 0.004 n = 24), total length of oesophagus = 0.283-0.350 (0.324 ± 0.014 n = 21), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.148-0.190 (0.172 ± 0.011 n = 21), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.320-0.490 (0.402 ± 0.046 n = 23), vulva to posterior end = 0.620-0.750 (0.674 ± 0.038 n = 23), anus to posterior end = 0.200-0.280 (0.239 ± 0.019 n = 23), eggs = 0.120-0.133×0.043-0.063 (0.125 ± 0.004×0.051 ± 0.006 n = 26).</p><p>Paratypes (males) (n = 2) a = 15.67-17.33 (16.50 ± 1.18 n = 2), b = 3.47-3.58 (3.52 ± 0.08 n = 2), c = 121.33-125.33 (123.33 ± 2.83 n = 2), total length = 0.910-0.940 (0.925 ± 0.021 n = 2), maximum body width = 0.053-0.060 (0.056 ± 0.005 n = 2), procorpus length = 0.250 (n = 2), isthmus length = 0.018-0.020 (0.019 ± 0.002 n = <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>2), diameter of basal bulb = 0.035 (n = 2), total length of oesophagus = 0.263 (n = 2), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.138-0.148 (0.143 ± 0.007 n = 2), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.290-0.330 (0.310 ± 0.028 n = 2), cloacae to posterior end = 0.008 (n = 2).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Specimens from Erionomus pilosus."><title>Specimens from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erionomus pilosus</named-content></italic>.</title><p>Females (n = 4) a = 9.46-10.75 (10.06 ± 0.68 n = 4), b = 4.75-4.97 (4.87 ± 0.09 n = 4), c = 6.58-7.13 (6.82 ± 0.23 n = 4), V% = 55.56-61.59 (57.75 ± 2.72 n = 4), total length = 1.640-1.750 (1.703 ± 0.046 n = 4), maximum body width = 0.153-0.185 (0.170 ± 0.015 n = 4), first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.018-0.020×0.043-0.048 (0.019 ± 0.001×0.045 ± 0.002 n = 4), stoma length = 0.048-0.053 (0.050 ± 0.003 n = 4), procorpus length = 0.255-0.275 (0.267 ± 0.009 n = 4), isthmus length = 0.020-0.025 (0.023 ± 0.002 n = 4), diameter of basal bulb = 0.068-0.075 (0.071 ± 0.004 n = 4), total length of oesophagus = 0.330-0.360 <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>(0.350 ± 0.014 n = 4), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.185-0.195 (0.189 ± 0.004 n = 4), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.420-0.510 (0.475 ± 0.040 n = 4), vulva to posterior end = 0.630-0.760 (0.720 ± 0.61 n = 4), anus to posterior end = 0.230-0.260 (0.250 ± 0.014 n = 4), eggs = 0.120-0.130×0.048-0.065 (0.126 ± 0.004×0.058 ± 0.007 n = 7).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p><bold>Female.</bold>Body comparatively robust, widening from the base of the first cephalic annule, maximum body diameter at level of the vulva, then tapering towards anus. Cervical cuticle unarmed, markedly annulated (annuli <italic>ca</italic>. 5-7 µm). Rest of the body with marked annuli decreasing their width towards the level of the anus. Sub-cuticular longitudinal striae present. Lateral alae <italic>ca</italic>. 9 µm wide, from the oesophageal region (<italic>ca</italic>. 30 µm before the level of the nerve ring) to a very short distance beyond the level of the anus. Posterior ends of the lateral alae rounded, forming short lobes. Head well developed, set-off from body by a single, deep groove and bearing eight rounded, paired papillae. Amphids pore-like, laterally situated. Mouth sub-triangular in shape. First cephalic annule cone-like, truncate, barely inflated, about two head-lengths long. Stoma comparatively long, about three first cephalic annule lengths long, surrounded by an oesophageal collar. Oesophagus consisting of a muscular, sub-cylindrical procorpus, its base slightly wider and well set-off from the short isthmus. Basal bulb sub-spherical, valve plate well developed. Intestine simple, sub-rectilinear, anterior portion dilated. Rectum short, anus not prominent, as a crescent-like slit. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at about its midpoint. Excretory pore situated at about half of a body width posterior to basal bulb. Genital tract didelphic-amphidelphic, both ovaries reflexed. Anterior ovary reflexed behind the excretory pore, posterior ovary reflexed at about a body width before the anus. Distal flexures of ovaries about one body width-length long. Oöcytes in single rows. Vulva a median transverse slit slightly displaced to the posterior half of body, lips prominent. Vagina muscular, forwardly directed. Eggs ovoid, bearing eight longitudinal, rough, ridges on the shell. Tail comparatively long, filiform, subulate, ending in a sharp point.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Male"><title>Male.</title><p>Body shorter than female, comparatively slender, posterior region ventrally curved. Cervical cuticle unarmed. Sub-cuticular longitudinal striae present. Lateral alae from the oesophageal region (about three body-widths posterior to the cephalic end) to the level of the single mammiform papilla (about a body-width before the level of anus). Head not set-off from body. First cephalic annule not developed. Stoma not defined. Oesophagus consisting of a sub-cylindrical procorpus, well set-off from the short isthmus. Basal bulb rounded, valve plate well developed. Intestine simple, anterior portion slightly dilated. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at its posterior half, about 65% of its length. Excretory pore situated at about 1.5 body-widths posterior to basal bulb. Monorchic. Testis outstretched, arising at a short distance behind the excretory pore. Spicule absent. Dorsal cuticle of the tail region thickened. A single, large, pre-cloacal ventromedian mammiform papilla situated at about a body width before the posterior end. A pair of small, pre-cloacal, sub-lateral papillae situated at a short distance before the level of the cloaca. Tail region becoming sharp visibly from the beginning of the cuticular thickening, until forming a very short tail appendage, its tip rounded.</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema meyeri</named-content></italic> gen. n. sp. n. Female. <bold>A</bold> Oesophageal region, ventral view <bold>B</bold> Tail, lateral view <bold>C</bold> Cephalic end, internal view <bold>D</bold> Cephalic end, external view <bold>E</bold> Egg <bold>F</bold> Reproductive system, lateral view <bold>G</bold> Entire nematode, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-257-001-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema meyeri</named-content></italic> gen. n. sp. n. Male. <bold>A</bold> Oesophageal region, lateral view <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, internal view <bold>C</bold> Posterior end, lateral view <bold>D</bold> Entire nematode, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-257-001-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema meyeri</named-content></italic> gen. n. sp. n. Female. SEM images <bold>A</bold> Cephalic end <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, <italic>en face</italic> view <bold>C</bold> Vulva <bold>D</bold> Anus and end of lateral alae <bold>E</bold> Habitus, lateral view. Scale lines: <bold>A</bold> 0.025 mm, <bold>B</bold> 0.01 mm, <bold>C,</bold><bold>D</bold> 0.04 mm, <bold>E</bold> 0.3 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-257-001-g003"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Discussion"><title>Discussion.</title><p>There are three genera of hystrignathids the female of which present the cervical cuticle unarmed, procorpus sub-cylindrical and reproductive system digonant: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anomalostoma</named-content></italic> Cordeira, 1981; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coynema</named-content></italic> (Coy, García & Alvarez, 1993) Morffe & García, 2011 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ventelia</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1958. The first differs by having the anterior region of the procorpus strongly swollen, surrounding the stoma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cordeira 1981</xref>). The stoma of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n. is surrounded only by an oesophageal collar, as occur in many hystrignathids. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anomalostoma</named-content></italic> lacks an evident first cephalic annule <italic>vs</italic>. conspicuous first cephalic annule of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n.</p><p>Females of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coynema</named-content></italic> can be segregated by the basal dilatation of its procorpus and the anterior region of the intestine notably inflated, forming a saccular structure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Morffe and García 2011</xref>). Both traits are absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n., which procorpus increases its diameter slightly and gradually towards its base and the fore region of the intestine is only moderately inflated, without the saccular structure mentioned above. The oviduct next to the vagina forms a loop in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coynema</named-content></italic>, instead of the straight oviduct of the present genus.</p><p>The males of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n. resemble their counterparts of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coynema</named-content></italic> (only close genus where the male is known) by lacking of spicule and by having a similar arrangement of the copulatory papillae: the ventromedian pre-cloacal papilla (typical of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hystrignathidae</named-content>) and another pair of small sub-lateral pre-cloacal papillae. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n. differs by having a sub-cylindrical procorpus, without the basal dilation and by lacking the saccular region of the intestine characteristic of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coynema</named-content></italic>. The posterior end of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n. forms a short, rounded tail appendage <italic>vs</italic>. the sharp tail of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coynema</named-content></italic>.</p><p>On the other hand, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ventelia</named-content></italic> has the procorpus barely set-off from the isthmus, since the posterior third of the procorpus decreases its diameter. The hind procorpus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kongonema</named-content></italic> gen. n. increases its diameter slightly and is well differentiated from the isthmus.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type host"><title>Type host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimus</named-content></italic> sp. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Other host"><title>Other host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Erionomus pilosus</named-content></italic> Aurivillus, 1896 (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Site"><title>Site.</title><p>Gut caeca.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type locality"><title>Type locality.</title><p>Katale, Kivu region, Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Specific epithet dedicated to Dr. Marc de Meyer, curator of the Entomological Collection of the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. In appreciation of his kind help by permitting access to the material assessed.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><label>Genus</label><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lubanema</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">gen. n.</named-content></title><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F73361A0-2822-4BAE-8976-05BA66452B9E</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Lubanema</p><sec sec-type="treatment-Generic diagnosis"><title>Generic diagnosis.</title><p><bold>Female.</bold>Body notably robust and fusiform. Posterior end strongly rounded, bearing a terminal, very short, conical tail appendage. Cuticle unarmed, markedly annulated until the level of the anus. Lateral alae wide, from the oesophageal region to the level of the anus. Posterior ends of the alae almost forming a straight angle with the body axis, slightly convex and with short lobes in their margins. First <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>cephalic annule cone-like, slightly inflated, its margins convex. Oesophagus with a sub-cylindrical, muscular procorpus. Isthmus as a constriction between the procorpus and basal bulb. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at its posterior half. Excretory pore post-bulbar. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary stout. Eggs markedly ovoid, smooth-shelled.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type species"><title>Type species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema decraemerae</named-content></italic> Morffe & García gen. n. (monotypic genus).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>The generic name (neuter) is a combination of Luba, after one of the ethnic groups in the country, and the suffix –nema.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Lubanema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">decraemerae</named-content></named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></title><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D480D872-86F3-4920-B9A7-550925CCD97A</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Lubanema_decraemerae</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 4 A–G</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">, 5 A–D</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Type material"><title>Type material.</title><p>♀ holotype, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kivu Region, Katale, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">1°19'S, 29°22'E</named-content>; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimus</named-content></italic> sp.; 4.V.1939; Hautmann coll.; CZACC 11.4667. Paratypes: ♀, same data as holotype, CZACC 11.4668; ♀, same data as holotype, RMCA.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Measurements"><title>Measurements.</title><p>Holotype (female) a = 6.70, b = 5.97, c = 40.18, V% = 57.92, total length = 2.210, maximum body width = 0.330, first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.020×0.070, stoma length = 0.048, procorpus length = 0.268, diameter of basal bulb = 0.108, total length of oesophagus = 0.370, excretory pore to anterior end = 0.520, vulva to posterior end = 0.930, anus to posterior end = 0.055, eggs = 0.168-0.173×0.075-0.080 (0.170 ± 0.004×0.078 ± 0.004 n = 2).</p><p>Paratypes (females) (n = 2) a = 4.44-6.36 (5.40 ± 1.36 n = 2), b = 3.66-5.68 (4.67 ± 1.43 n = 2), c = 34.45-38.18 (36.31 ± 2.64 n = 2), V% = 56.67 (n = 1), total length = 2.100-2.400 (2.250 ± 0.212 n = 2), maximum body width = 0.330 (n = 2), first cephalic annule (length×width) = 0.020×0.063-0.065 (0.020×0.064 ± 0.002 n = 2), stoma length = 0.043-0.045 (0.044 ± 0.002 n = 2), procorpus length = 0.275-0.300 (0.288 ± 0.018 n = 2), diameter of basal bulb = 0.108 (n = 2), total length of oesophagus = 0.370-0.400 (0.385 ± 0.021 n = 2), nerve ring to anterior end = 0.223 (n = 1), excretory pore to anterior end = 0.410-0.600 (0.505 ± 0.134 n = 2), vulva to posterior end = 1.040 (n = 1), anus to posterior end = 0.043-0.055 (0.049 ± 0.009 n = 2), eggs = 0.183×0.078 (n = 1).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Female body large, notably robust and fusiform, widening gradually from the base of the first cephalic annule, reaching maximum width near mid-body, then tapering softly towards the posterior end that rounds off abruptly. A comparatively very short, conical tail appendage with its tip rounded arises terminally from the posterior end. Cervical cuticle unarmed, with marked annule (<italic>ca</italic>. 13 µm wide), extending to the rest of body, until level of the anus. Lateral alae thick, <italic>ca</italic>. 55 µm wide, extending from the hind third of the procorpus to the level of the anus. Posterior ends of lateral alae almost forming a straight angle with the body axis, slightly convex, their external margins forming a very short lobe. Head bearing eight rounded, paired papil<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>lae, set-off from body by a single, deep groove. Amphids pore-like, laterally situated. Mouth trirradiate. First cephalic annule cone-like, slightly inflated, its margins convex, about two head-lengths long. Stoma long, about 1.5 first cephalic annule lengths <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>long, surrounded by an oesophageal collar. Oesophagus consisting of a muscular, sub-cylindrical procorpus, its diameter little increased at its base. Isthmus as a constriction between the procorpus and the large, rounded, basal bulb. Valve plate well developed. Intestine simple, sub-rectilinear, its fore region very inflated. Rectum short. Anus sub-terminal. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at its posterior half (<italic>ca</italic>. 60% of its length). Excretory pore located at about the half of a body width behind the basal bulb. Vulva a median trasverse slit, displaced to the posterior half of body, lips less prominent. Vagina muscular, forwardly directed. Genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic. Ovary stout, reflexed at about one third of the body width behind the basal bulb. Oöcytes in a single row, about four times wider than long (<italic>ca</italic>. 8×2 µm). Eggs large, markedly ovoid, smooth-shelled. Male unknown.</p><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema decraemerae</named-content></italic> gen. n. sp. n. Female. <bold>A</bold> Oesophageal region, ventrolateral view <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, internal view <bold>C</bold> Cephalic end, external view <bold>D</bold> Tail, ventral view <bold>E</bold> Egg <bold>F</bold> Reproductive system, ventrolateral view <bold>G</bold> Entire nematode, ventrolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-257-001-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema decraemerae</named-content></italic> gen. n. sp. n. Female. SEM images. <bold>A</bold> Cephalic end <bold>B</bold> Cephalic end, <italic>en face</italic> view <bold>C</bold> Mouth <bold>D</bold> Lateral ala, detail. Scale lines: <bold>A,</bold><bold>D</bold> 0.05 mm, <bold>B</bold> 0.02 mm, <bold>C</bold> 0.005 mm</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-257-001-g005"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Discussion"><title>Discussion.</title><p>The Malagasian genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidophila</named-content></italic> resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. by having both the body robust and fusiform, cervical cuticle unarmed and markedly annulated, a similar form of the cephalic end, the lateral alae extending from the level of the procorpus to the anus and the tail short (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Van Waerebeke 1973</xref>). Differs by having a procorpus which diameter increases towards its joint with the isthmus. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. have a more cylindrical procorpus and the isthmus is absent. The tail of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidophila</named-content></italic> is subulate, instead of the current new genus, which presents a very short tail appendage arising from the rounded posterior end. In addition, the ovary of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidophila</named-content></italic> is slender <italic>vs</italic>. the robust ovary of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n.</p><p>Other monogonant hystrignathid genera with smooth cervical cuticle are <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Christiella</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1957; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coronocephalus</named-content></italic> Cordeira, 1981; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Glaber</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1958; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Longior</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1958; and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Vulcanonema</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1958. All of these taxa can be differentiated from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. by having a well developed tail, from attenuate to subulate. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Christiella</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Longior</named-content></italic> females have a comparatively slender body <italic>vs</italic>. the notably more robust and fusiform body of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. Also, both genera present cylindrical procorpus more elongate than in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coronocephalus</named-content></italic> bears prominent, digitiform oral papillae, instead of the shorter, less developed papillae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. In the latter genus the procorpus meets directly the basal bulb, while <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coronocephalus</named-content></italic> present an isthmus. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Glaber</named-content></italic> differs from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. by having the base of the procorpus clavate, instead of the sub-cylindrical procorpus present in the new genus.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Vulcanonema</named-content></italic> presents the cephalic end consisting of a narrow cephalic annule separated of the head by a conical region. In opposition, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. have the first cephalic annule just after the head. Also, the procorpus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Vulcanonema</named-content></italic> is sub-cylindrical, with a basal dilation, absent in the present new genus.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. shows morphological affinities with the Australian genera <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anuronema</named-content></italic> Clark, 1978 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Sprentia</named-content></italic> Clark, 1978 by having the cuticle unarmed and strongly annulated, reduction of the isthmus and the tail. Moreover, the lateral alae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anuronema</named-content></italic> extends from the oesophageal region to almost the level of the anus, similar to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. The new genus differs from both by its genital tract monodelphic-prodelphic <italic>vs</italic>. didelphic-amphidelphic, procorpus sub-cylindrical <italic>vs</italic>. claviform and development of the lateral alae, which in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. are very wide and with <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>lobes in the margins at their terminal ends.The procorpus is widely amalgamated with the basal bulb in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anuronema</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Sprentia</named-content></italic>, whereas <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. presents a well defined constriction separating both structures. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anuronema</named-content></italic> has a total reduction of the tail appendage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Clark 1978</xref>) not observed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> with a short, conical tail.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Carlosia</named-content></italic> Travassos & Kloss, 1957 also presents a reduction of the isthmus, a large, slightly inflated first cephalic annule and marked annule in the cervical region (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Hunt 1982</xref>). It can be easily segregated from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lubanema</named-content></italic> gen. n. by having a didelphic-amphidelphic genital tract and the annule of the cervical cuticle retrorse, with posterior prolongations forming a double row of spines laterally situated.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type host"><title>Type host.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Didimus</named-content></italic> sp. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Passalidae</named-content>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Site"><title>Site.</title><p>Hind gut, out of the caeca.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type locality"><title>Type locality.</title><p>Katale, Kivu region, Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Specific epithet dedicated to Prof. Dr. Wilfrieda Decraemer, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. In appreciation for her help and support during the current research.</p></sec></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.257.3666-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Kongonema</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.257.3666-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.257.3666-treatment2" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Kongonema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">meyeri</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.257.3666-treatment2.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.257.3666-treatment3" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Lubanema</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.257.3666-treatment3.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.257.3666-treatment4" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Lubanema</named-content><named-content content-type="species">decraemerae</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.257.3666-treatment4.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We are grateful to Dr. Marc de Meyer, curator of the Entomological Collection of the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium for his kind permission to access material deposited in this collection. To Dr. Wilfrieda Decraemer, Dr. Yves Samyn, Dr. Marie-Lucie Susini and Dr. Alain Drumont for their assistance during the visit of the senior author to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels. To Julian Cillis (RBINS) for technical help with SEM. To Dr. Coralie Martin for permission to access the nematode collection of the Museum of Natural History, Paris. To MSc. Yamir Arias, MSc. Eduardo Furrazola and Lic. Susett González (Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática) for their help with the micrographs. To Dr. Pedro Reyes-Castillo (Instituto de Ecología, Veracruz, México) for his accurate identification of the hosts. Our thanks to Dr. Luis F. de Armas and Dr. Pedro Herrera (Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática) for their review of the manuscript and the English language, respectively. The visit to collections in Belgium and France to access the material and SEM techniques was supported by the Belgian Development Cooperation through the Belgian Focal Point of the Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI), 2010 and 2012 calls. Open access to this paper was supported by the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Open Access Support Project (EOASP).</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Adamson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Waerebeke</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1992</year>)<article-title> Revision of the Thelastomatoidea, Oxyurida of invertebrate hosts III. 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