Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian
Identifieur interne : 000232 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000231; suivant : 000233Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian
Auteurs : Iacopo Baussano ; Patrick Brzoska ; Ugo Fedeli ; Claudia Larouche ; Oliver Razum ; Isaac C-H FungSource :
- Emerging Themes in Epidemiology [ 1742-7622 ] ; 2008.
Abstract
Epidemiology and public health are usually context-specific. Journals published in different languages and countries play a role both as sources of data and as channels through which evidence is incorporated into local public health practice. Databases in these languages facilitate access to relevant journals, and professional education in these languages facilitates the growth of native expertise in epidemiology and public health. However, as English has become the
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1742-7622-5-16
PubMed: 18826570
PubMed Central: 2570667
Links to Exploration step
PMC:2570667Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian</title><author><name sortKey="Baussano, Iacopo" sort="Baussano, Iacopo" uniqKey="Baussano I" first="Iacopo" last="Baussano">Iacopo Baussano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">CPO-Piemonte, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brzoska, Patrick" sort="Brzoska, Patrick" uniqKey="Brzoska P" first="Patrick" last="Brzoska">Patrick Brzoska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Epidemiology & International Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fedeli, Ugo" sort="Fedeli, Ugo" uniqKey="Fedeli U" first="Ugo" last="Fedeli">Ugo Fedeli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">SER-Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Castelfranco (TV), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larouche, Claudia" sort="Larouche, Claudia" uniqKey="Larouche C" first="Claudia" last="Larouche">Claudia Larouche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razum, Oliver" sort="Razum, Oliver" uniqKey="Razum O" first="Oliver" last="Razum">Oliver Razum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Epidemiology & International Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fung, Isaac C H" sort="Fung, Isaac C H" uniqKey="Fung I" first="Isaac C-H" last="Fung">Isaac C-H Fung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">18826570</idno><idno type="pmc">2570667</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570667</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2570667</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-16</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000232</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian</title><author><name sortKey="Baussano, Iacopo" sort="Baussano, Iacopo" uniqKey="Baussano I" first="Iacopo" last="Baussano">Iacopo Baussano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">CPO-Piemonte, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brzoska, Patrick" sort="Brzoska, Patrick" uniqKey="Brzoska P" first="Patrick" last="Brzoska">Patrick Brzoska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Epidemiology & International Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fedeli, Ugo" sort="Fedeli, Ugo" uniqKey="Fedeli U" first="Ugo" last="Fedeli">Ugo Fedeli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">SER-Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Castelfranco (TV), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larouche, Claudia" sort="Larouche, Claudia" uniqKey="Larouche C" first="Claudia" last="Larouche">Claudia Larouche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razum, Oliver" sort="Razum, Oliver" uniqKey="Razum O" first="Oliver" last="Razum">Oliver Razum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Epidemiology & International Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fung, Isaac C H" sort="Fung, Isaac C H" uniqKey="Fung I" first="Isaac C-H" last="Fung">Isaac C-H Fung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</title><idno type="eISSN">1742-7622</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Epidemiology and public health are usually context-specific. Journals published in different languages and countries play a role both as sources of data and as channels through which evidence is incorporated into local public health practice. Databases in these languages facilitate access to relevant journals, and professional education in these languages facilitates the growth of native expertise in epidemiology and public health. However, as English has become the <italic>lingua franca </italic>of scientific communication in the era of globalisation, many journals published in non-English languages face the difficult dilemma of either switching to English and competing internationally, or sticking to the native tongue and having a restricted circulation among a local readership. This paper discusses the historical development of epidemiology and the current scene of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in three Western European languages: French, German and Italian, and examines the dynamics and struggles they have today.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Emerg Themes Epidemiol</journal-id><journal-title>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</journal-title><issn pub-type="epub">1742-7622</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826570</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2570667</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1742-7622-5-16</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Analytic Perspective</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="A1" equal-contrib="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baussano</surname><given-names>Iacopo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>i.baussano06@imperial.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" equal-contrib="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brzoska</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>patrickbrzoska@gmx.de</email></contrib><contrib id="A3" equal-contrib="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fedeli</surname><given-names>Ugo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>ugo.fedeli@ulssasolo.ven.it</email></contrib><contrib id="A4" equal-contrib="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Larouche</surname><given-names>Claudia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><email>clarouche@mun.ca</email></contrib><contrib id="A5" equal-contrib="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Razum</surname><given-names>Oliver</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>oliver.razum@uni-bielefeld.de</email></contrib><contrib id="A6" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fung</surname><given-names>Isaac C-H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>i.fung@imperial.ac.uk</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>CPO-Piemonte, Novara, Italy</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Department of Epidemiology & International Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>SER-Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Castelfranco (TV), Italy</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>Department of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ete-online.com/content/5/1/16"></ext-link><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2008</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2008 Baussano et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Baussano et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"></ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p><pmc-comment>
Baussano
Iacopo
i.baussano06@imperial.ac.uk
Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian
2008 Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 5(1): 16-. (2008) 1742-7622(2008)5:1<16> urn:ISSN:1742-7622
</license></permissions><abstract><p>Epidemiology and public health are usually context-specific. Journals published in different languages and countries play a role both as sources of data and as channels through which evidence is incorporated into local public health practice. Databases in these languages facilitate access to relevant journals, and professional education in these languages facilitates the growth of native expertise in epidemiology and public health. However, as English has become the <italic>lingua franca </italic>of scientific communication in the era of globalisation, many journals published in non-English languages face the difficult dilemma of either switching to English and competing internationally, or sticking to the native tongue and having a restricted circulation among a local readership. This paper discusses the historical development of epidemiology and the current scene of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in three Western European languages: French, German and Italian, and examines the dynamics and struggles they have today.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Epidemiology and public health have followed multiple lines of development in Western Europe in the past several centuries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. From the quarantine of ships introduced by powerful Italian city-states to the improvement in water supply and the sewage system in Victorian England, many schools of thought from diverse social and national contexts contributed to the development of various public health practices and the science of epidemiology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. The expansion of colonial empires gave birth to the discipline of tropical medicine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>], while the Industrial Revolution, and its accompanying urbanisation and impoverishment of the urban proletariat, brought into being social medicine and its concern for environmental and occupational health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Spatial and temporal differences of these developments across Western Europe due to different national contexts are observed. While epidemiology had made much progress since the 19<sup>th </sup>century in countries such as Great Britain [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>], France [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>] and Germany [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>], in countries such as Italy it only really took off as an independent discipline after the Second World War [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>].</p><p>Since the end of the Second World War, English has become the international language of scientific communication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. Academic journals of non-English-speaking countries struggle for survival and are under increasing pressure to switch to English [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. However, this pressure is troubling, due to the context-specific nature of epidemiology and public health, as well as its plurisecular development in Western Europe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Therefore, it is important for the understanding of the development and future of epidemiology to examine the academic literature and online resources available in Western European languages other than English, as well as both the opportunities and difficulties these journals face in the age of globalisation.</p><p>In this article, French, German and Italian have been chosen as representatives of non-English Western European languages. (For Portuguese and Spanish scenarios, please refer to articles by Barreto and Barata [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>], and Williams et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] in this thematic series). Through comparison between the three scenarios, this paper highlights how factors outside science (e.g. economic, social, political etc.) influence the development of epidemiology and public health journals, databases and professional education across languages.</p><p>To cover the world-wide Francophone community, French journals and online resources of Canadian and African origin are also included. However, as a limitation it should be mentioned that the collection of epidemiological journals presented here is based on the authors' knowledge and experience in the field as well as relevance of the journals (only those journals that frequently publish articles in epidemiology and public health are selected), and therefore the lists of epidemiological and public health journals are not meant to be exhaustive and authoritative. Apart from journals and databases, professional education in epidemiology in the respective languages is also discussed. Professional education is important as it brings into existence a community of epidemiologists that makes local epidemiology possible and forms the readership of local journals.</p></sec><sec><title>Scenario 1: French</title><sec><title>Background: France</title><p>It might be difficult to believe that France was the pioneer in public health and epidemiology publishing, considering the abundance of such literature published in English today. Nevertheless, it was. The first journal of public health in any language was founded by French physicians in 1829 and was published in French. The <italic>Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale </italic>has been the leader in this field for a long time [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]. Fifty years later, with the creation of the first two national public health organisations in 1877, three new journals focusing on public health and hygiene were created, namely the <italic>Journal d'hygiène</italic>, the <italic>Bulletin de la Société de Médecine Publique </italic>and the <italic>Revue d'hygiène et de police sanitaire </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>].</p><p>France is recognised as the country that created the first model of public health as a complete and coherent discipline in the 19<sup>th </sup>century, albeit through more academic means rather than a discipline in and of itself [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]. Even though health has been proclaimed as a right for every citizen in a modern democracy after the French Revolution (1789–1799), preventive medicine continued to be applied through local initiatives in villages and cities instead of through a larger, recognised movement. Contrary to England, France considered disease prevention as an intellectual and academic science, and this fact delayed the construction of disease prevention as a (practical) discipline until the end of the 19<sup>th </sup>century [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>].</p><p>However, this trend gradually changed with Louis Pasteur's discoveries related to bacteriology and microbiology. As a chemist, Pasteur discovered that organisms such as bacteria were responsible of the change of taste in beer and wine as well as milk. He demonstrated that bacteria could be removed by heating the liquid (pasteurisation) of each beverage [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. He also created the first vaccine against rabies, and on the whole his work served to improve epidemiology and public health. In 1888, the "Institut Pasteur" opened its doors in Paris [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Background: Québec</title><p>In Canada, the emergence of public health began late in the 19<sup>th </sup>century with the birth of the Confederation in 1867, after which the provinces were not under the control of England anymore [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. The creation in 1882 of the first Provincial Board of Health in Ontario marked the beginning of a recognised public hygiene movement. The only French province in Canada, Québec, followed four years later with the "Conseil d'hygiène de la Province de Québec". After the establishment of the Confederation, England continued to have a strong influence on Canada's decisions – e.g., its 1875 public health laws have strongly influenced Canada's general public health policies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>].</p><p>It is well known that Canada is divided linguistically into two communities with two official languages: English and French. The first recorded specialised journal on public health, <italic>Public Health Journal</italic>, began in 1910 and was published in both languages [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. Between 1880 and 1910, a group of Québécois physicians created the first sanitary education journal (<italic>Journal d'hygiène populaire</italic>), whose mission was to educate to the population of Québec on proper tools for hygiene [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>].</p><p>In the first decade of the 20<sup>th </sup>century, Québec and the nine other Canadian provinces developed parallel health care systems. The particular linguistic profile of Canada probably encouraged and influenced Québec to develop its own competences as well as to take its own actions in public health. In addition, constant tensions between French and English-speaking Canadians within medical and public health communities also enabled Québec to develop this emergent science independently [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. The creation of the first French-speaking hygiene school (University of Montréal) in North America in 1946 is one of the best examples of this dynamism [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Journals in epidemiology and public health in French: a portrayal of France, Québec and francophone Africa</title><p>In France, there exists a notably larger network of epidemiologists and public health practitioners; for example, the French Language Epidemiologists Association founded in 1976 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>] includes epidemiologists from everywhere in France. This larger network and the history of France in the development of preventive medicine might explain the greater number of publications from France than those from Canada, as it is noticeable in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>. France obviously has more publications than either Canada or Africa, but unlike Canada, journals published in France are unilingual (except for the <italic>Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique</italic>). In addition, France also has an online public health database containing 28,047 accessible documents, as of December 5<sup>th</sup>, 2007 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Selection of French language journals relevant to epidemiology</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="center"><bold>Title</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>English translation (for French title)</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>ISSN (Print/Electonic)</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Epidemiological topics covered<sup>1</sup></bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Official Impact factor 2006</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Listed in Medline</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Issues per year</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>First edition<sup>2</sup></bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Country of publication</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Official journal language</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Notes of Language</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>URL</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category A: Journals covering (mainly non-clinical epidemiology)</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar</italic></td><td align="left">Archives of the Madagascar Pasteur Institute</td><td align="left">0020-2495</td><td align="left">Allergy- Vaccine-Immunology- Public Health</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">1954</td><td align="left">Madagascar</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis</italic></td><td align="left">Archives of the Tunis Pasteur Institute</td><td align="left">0020-2509</td><td align="left">Public health epidemiology-Microbiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1923</td><td align="left">Tunisia</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Bulletin de l'Académie nationale de médecine</italic></td><td align="left">Bulletin of the National Academy of Medicine</td><td align="left">0001-4079</td><td align="left">Public Health Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">0.323</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">9</td><td align="left">1947</td><td align="left">Netherlands*</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.academie-medecine.fr/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Bulletin de l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale</italic></td><td align="left">Bulletin of the National Health Institute and Medical Research</td><td align="left">0553-2469</td><td align="left">Public Health-Research</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1964</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cahier de santé publique</td><td align="left">Public Health Book</td><td align="left">1817-5538</td><td align="left">Public Health Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">†</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Côte d'Ivoire</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Concours medical</italic></td><td align="left">Medical Contest</td><td align="left">0010-5309</td><td align="left">Public Health Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">41</td><td align="left">1879</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Dakar Médical</td><td align="left">Medical Dakar</td><td align="left">0049-1101</td><td align="left">Medicine- Tropical Medicine</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">1979</td><td align="left">Senegal</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">Articles in French with summaries in French and English</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dakarmedical.sn/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Le journal africain de la médecine et des sciences médicales</td><td align="left">African journal of medicine and medical sciences</td><td align="left">0309-3913</td><td align="left">Public Health-Medicine Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1976</td><td align="left">Nigeria</td><td align="left">French/English</td><td align="left">Articles in French or English with summaries in both languages</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Le Mali médical</td><td align="left">Mali Medical</td><td align="left">0464-7874/1993-0836</td><td align="left">Medicine Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">1963</td><td align="left">Mali</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ehponline.org/malimed"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Médicine d'Afrique noire</td><td align="left">Black Africa Medicine</td><td align="left">0047-6404</td><td align="left">Education- Medical-Graduate</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">11</td><td align="left">1954</td><td align="left">Senegal</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French with summaries in English and French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Politiques de Santé (continuing Ruptures)</italic></td><td align="left">Healthcare Policy</td><td align="left">1715-6572</td><td align="left">Public Health-Practice- Canadian-Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Canada</td><td align="left">French/English</td><td align="left">Articles in French and English, summaries and table of contents in English and French</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.longwoods.com/home.php?cat=247"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Population et sociétés</italic></td><td align="left">Population and Societies</td><td align="left">0184-7783</td><td align="left">Bulletin-Epidemiology- Social sciences- History of Medicine Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left">1968</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique</italic></td><td align="left">Epidemiology and Public Health</td><td align="left">0398-7620</td><td align="left">Journal – Education-Practice- Social Medicine- Health Research</td><td align="left">0.592</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1976</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French/</td><td align="left">Articles in French or English with summaries and table of content in both languages</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Revue canadienne de santé publique</italic></td><td align="left">Canadian Journal of Public Health</td><td align="left">0008-4263</td><td align="left">Public Health-Education- Practice-Canadian Public Health Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1943</td><td align="left">Canada</td><td align="left">French/English</td><td align="left">Issues for 1943-59 have English title only. French title varies:<italic>Revue canadienne d'hygiène publique</italic>, 1960-69 Text chiefly in English, with some in French.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Revue Santé, Société et Solidarité</italic></td><td align="left">Health, Society and Solidarity</td><td align="left">1634-8176</td><td align="left">Social sciences-Public Health- Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">2002</td><td align="left">Canada/France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Santé</italic></td><td align="left">Health</td><td align="left">1157-5999</td><td align="left">Public Health-Environmental Health</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1990</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">Articles in French; summaries and table of contents in English and French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Santé publique</italic></td><td align="left">Public Health</td><td align="left">0995-3914</td><td align="left">Public Health Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1988</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">Articles in French; summaries in English and French. Formed by the union of Cahiers de l'Ecole nationale de la santé publique and Revue française de la santé publique</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category B: Medical journals occasionally covering (mainly clinical) epidemiology</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Développement et santé: revue de perfectionnement médical et sanitaire en pays tropical</italic></td><td align="left">Development and Health: Journal of Medical learning and sanitary in tropical countries</td><td align="left">0396-8014</td><td align="left">Public Health – Medicine – Tropical Climate Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1976</td><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">French</td><td align="left">French</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada</italic></td><td align="left">Canada communicable disease report</td><td align="left">1188-4169/1481-8531</td><td align="left">Communicable diseases – Control – Epidemiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1992</td><td align="left">Canada</td><td align="left">French/English</td><td align="left">Text in English and French</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/index-eng.php"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category C: Journals dedicated to specific fields of epidemiology</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire</italic></td><td align="left">Weekly Epidemiological Record</td><td align="left">0049-8114</td><td align="left">World Health Organization-Communicable diseases<break></break>Epidemiology Vaccination Infectious diseases</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1928</td><td align="left">Switzerland (WHO in Geneva)</td><td align="left">French/English</td><td align="left">Text in English and French</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/wer/en/"></ext-link></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>1 </sup>Only major topics <italic>relevant to epidemiology </italic>are listed here.</p><p><sup>2 </sup>This refers to the original first issue of the journal despite any changes made to the journal's title or concept in the past.</p><p>* The publisher of the <italic>Bulletin of National Academy of Medicine </italic>(of France) is a Dutch publisher.</p><p>† Biannual publication.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>As shown in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>, there are only three Canadian journals covering the field of epidemiology and public health and they are bilingual. As in other non-English-speaking countries, francophone journals including those in France, Switzerland and Africa are struggling to survive considering the fact that English is currently the primary language in the scientific world (Personal communication, Dr. Benoit Gaumer, Associate Professor, Department of Health Administration, University of Montréal). For researchers in Québec and in francophone countries, it is more rewarding to publish their results in English and this tendency is difficult to reverse. One of the consequences of the current situation is the transformation of French journals into bilingual publications. This is the case for the journal <italic>Ruptures</italic>, previously published by the Department of Public Health of the University of Montréal, which ceased publication in May 2007 due to a lack of human and financial resources [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]. Now, <italic>Ruptures </italic>has become <italic>Healthcare Policy/Politiques de Santé </italic>under a more prestigious publishing house, Longwoods (Personal communication, Ms. Saul-Cohen, Department of Health Administration, University of Montréal).</p><p>In Africa, there are several French journals available as well as one publication that publishes articles in both English and French (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). Senegal, Madagascar, Mali, Tunisia, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria are currently the only African countries that publish epidemiology or public health journals in French. However, one can retrieve (via PubMed) a few other journals from these countries that only offer articles in English or in their native languages.</p></sec><sec><title>Bibliographic databases in French</title><p>One of the most extensive bibliographic databases in French is CAT.INIST, which provides access to 15 million references [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]. This database contains documents covering research in Sciences, Technology, Medicine, Humanity and Social Sciences across the world from 1973 to today. CAT.INIST combines documents from The Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (INIST) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] (English website: [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]) and the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] (English website: [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]). Other relevant databases include Base de données Santé Publique (Public Health Database), France [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], Institut national de santé publique (National Public Health Institute), Québec (Canada) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] and Masson, Éditeur médical et paramédical (Masson, Medical and Paramedical Editor), France [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Professional education in epidemiology and public health in French</title><p>Today, France offers post-graduate training through the École nationale de la Santé Publique [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>], the Institut de Veille Sanitaire [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>] and the Institut Pasteur [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. In Québec, epidemiology and public health are taught in graduate and post-graduate programmes at the University of Montréal (in French) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>], at Laval University (in French) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>] and McGill University (in English) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. Basic epidemiology and public health training is also offered in other universities such as the University of Sherbrooke [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>] and University of Québec at Chicoutimi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. The Québec National Public Health Institute provides training sessions for practitioners and public health researchers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. Through universities and specialist institutes, postgraduate epidemiology and public health courses are also offered in French in Belgium (e.g. Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]) and Switzerland (cf. Swiss School of Public Health plus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>], a foundation jointly founded by the Universities of Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Lugano and Zurich) as well as in francophone Africa (cf. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>] in which north African countries were classified in a separate category): Algeria (e.g. École National de Santé Publique [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]), Benin (Institut Regional de Santé Publique de Ouidah), Cameroon (University of Yaounde 1), Côte d'Ivoire (UFR des Sciences Medicales de l'Université de Cocody-Abidjan), Democratic Republic of Congo (e.g. Kinshasha School of Public Health), Morocco (Institut National de l'Administration Sanitaire [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]), Senegal (Institut de Santé et Développement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]) and Tunisia (e.g. Institut National de la Santé Publique). However, there are still 18 francophone African countries without any advanced public health education programmes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Implications for French-language publications</title><p>In conclusion, there is no doubt that the epidemiology and public health journals of francophone countries and Québec are struggling against the dominance of those in English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The fact that English-speaking countries have been dominant in the history, literature and academic field of epidemiology for many years certainly influenced the current scene in francophone countries. French-speaking researchers and practitioners do not have a choice but to refer to English epidemiology and public health journals for their work as they offer more complete and accurate information at the international level.</p><p>This fact is ironic considering that France, Québec and francophone Africa are actively providing training in epidemiology and public health in French. Employment opportunities for French researchers and practitioners are flourishing within health care, administration, and academia due to the increase of chronic and infectious diseases. It is possible that partnerships between French-speaking countries and Québec, such as the Observatoire franco-québécois de la santé et de la solidarité (OFQSS) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>] created in 2002 in order to enable Québec and France to distribute their work in the social and sanitary field, will promote better development and visibility of research published in French publications.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Scenario 2: German</title><sec><title>Background: Germany</title><p>Today, German epidemiologists tend to publish major results and methodological aspects of their studies in English language journals (European or American), followed by papers on selective aspects of the study or overviews in German in German journals. For example, a team who conducted a retrospective cohort study of ethnic German migrants in Germany published innovative aspects of the methodology and major findings in English in the <italic>European Journal of Epidemiology </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>], <italic>BMC Public Health </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>] and <italic>European Journal of Cancer </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>], respectively. Thereafter, a summary of the major epidemiological findings appeared in German in the German medical journal <italic>Deutsches Ärzteblatt </italic>(including an English translation, see footnote 3 in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>].</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Selection of German, Austrian, and Swiss journals relevant to epidemiology</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="center"><bold>Title</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>English translation (for German title)</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>ISSN (printed/electronic)</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Epidemiological topics covered<sup>1</sup></bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Official Impact Factor 2006</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Listed in Medline</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Issues per year</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>First edition<sup>2</sup></bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Country of publication</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Official journal language</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Language predominantly used</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>URL</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category A: Journals covering (mainly non-clinical) epidemiology</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz</italic></td><td align="left">Federal Health Journal – Health Research – Health Protection</td><td align="left">1436-9990/1437-1588</td><td align="left">Public health epidemiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left">1958/59</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/1436-9990"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Das Gesundheitswesen</italic></td><td align="left">The Health System</td><td align="left">0941-3790</td><td align="left">Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">0.716</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left">1949</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German/English</td><td align="left">German</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thieme.de/fz/gesu/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>International Journal of Public Health (formerly: Sozial- und Präventivmedizin)</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">1661-8556/1420-911X</td><td align="left">Public health epidemiology</td><td align="left">1.013</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1900</td><td align="left">Switzerland</td><td align="left">German/French/English</td><td align="left">English</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/1661-8556"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Journal of Public Health (formerly: Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften)</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">0943-1853/1613-2238</td><td align="left">Public health epidemiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">1990</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">English</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/110811/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Public Health Forum. Forschung – Lehre – Praxis</italic></td><td align="left">Public Health Forum. Research – Education – Practice</td><td align="left">0944-5587</td><td align="left">Public health epidemiology (only brief summaries)</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1993</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09445587"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category B: Medical journals occasionally covering (mainly clinical) epidemiology</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift</italic></td><td align="left">German Medical Weekly</td><td align="left">0012-0472</td><td align="left">Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">0.584</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1874/75</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thieme.de/dmw/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Deutsches Ärzteblatt</italic></td><td align="left">German Physicians' Journal</td><td align="left">0012-1207</td><td align="left">Wide range of topics</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1903</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German<sup>3</sup></td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aerzteblatt.de"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>MMW – Fortschritte der Medizin</italic></td><td align="left">MMW – Progress in Medicine</td><td align="left">1438-3276</td><td align="left">Clinical (and public health) epidemiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1853/82</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mmw.de/home.do"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Swiss Medical Weekly</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">1424-7860/1424-3997</td><td align="left">Clinical epidemiology</td><td align="left">1.346</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1871</td><td align="left">Switzerland</td><td align="left">English</td><td align="left">English</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.smw.ch/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift – The Middle European Journal of Medicine</italic></td><td align="left">Vienna Clinical Weekly</td><td align="left">0043-5325/1613-7671</td><td align="left">Clinical epidemiology</td><td align="left">0.804</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">24</td><td align="left">1888</td><td align="left">Austria</td><td align="left">German/English</td><td align="left">German and English approx. equal</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/0043-5325"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift</italic></td><td align="left">Vienna Medical Weekly</td><td align="left">0043-5341/1563-258X</td><td align="left">Clinical (and public health) epidemiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="left">24</td><td align="left">1851</td><td align="left">Austria</td><td align="left">German/English</td><td align="left">German and English approx. equal</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/0043-5341"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category C: Journals dedicated to specific fields of epidemiology</italic><sup>4</sup></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Umweltmedizin</italic></td><td align="left">Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, Environmental Medicine</td><td align="left">0944-6052</td><td align="left">Occupational health and public health epidemiology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No<sup>5</sup></td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left">1962</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Dermatologie in Beruf und Umwelt</italic></td><td align="left">Occupational and Environmental Dermatology</td><td align="left">1438-776X</td><td align="left">Occupational health related to dermatology</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1953</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German/English</td><td align="left">German</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://nephrology.de/dustride/zd/db/volltext/index.htm"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Epidemiologisches Bulletin</italic></td><td align="left">Epidemiological Bulletin</td><td align="left">1430-0265/1430-1172</td><td align="left">Infectious diseases</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">52</td><td align="left">1995</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/epid__bull__node.html"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ernährung & Medizin</italic></td><td align="left">Nutrition & Medicine</td><td align="left">1439-1635</td><td align="left">Nutrition</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">1985</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German</td><td></td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thieme-connect.de/ejournals/toc/eum"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="12"><bold><italic>Category D: Journals dedicated to methodical aspects of epidemiology</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>GMS Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie/GMS Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (MIBE) </italic>(formerly: <italic>Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie in Medizin und Biologie</italic>)</td><td></td><td align="left">1860-9171 (electronic only)</td><td align="left">Methods, historical aspects and applications</td><td align="left">-</td><td align="left">No</td><td align="left">3</td><td align="left">1969</td><td align="left">Germany</td><td align="left">German/English</td><td align="left">German</td><td align="left"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.egms.de/en/journals/mibe/index.shtml"></ext-link></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>1 </sup>Only major topics <italic>relevant to epidemiology </italic>are listed here.</p><p><sup>2 </sup>This refers to the original first issue of the journal despite any changes made to the journal's title or concept in the past.</p><p><sup>3 </sup>English translations of articles relevant to medical research appearing from volume 103, no. 37, 2006 onwards are available on the journal's website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aerzteblatt.de/english"></ext-link></p><p><sup>4 </sup>Since there are many specialized German journals that sporadically publish articles relevant to epidemiology, this section only gives a few examples. Most of these journals publish in German.</p><p><sup>5 </sup>Indexed by Medline until 1993. Until then published as <italic>Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Präventivmedizin</italic>.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>In other words, when German epidemiologists wish to retrieve findings of studies conducted in Germany, they have to access the international epidemiological and public health literature. At the same time, German public health practitioners, who often do not routinely access English-language journals, receive information on German studies belatedly and only in the form of summary papers. What is the history behind this situation?</p><p>German used to be a major language of science in the 19th and early 20th century. This also applied to social medicine (the precursor of epidemiology and public health) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>]. For example, Robert Koch published almost exclusively in German [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]. Thus, German scientists used to communicate in German in the past. This tradition still exists in Germany even today, especially in the social sciences but also in medicine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. However, after World War I and II, the German language lost some of its dominance in many core areas of science. The reason for this was, among other things, anti-German sentiment related to the atrocities committed during the Nazi regime, as well as the economic and cultural influence of the United States combined with the prestige associated with the English language [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>].</p><p>After World War II, social medicine was discredited in Germany because of its misuse by the Nazis (e.g. in the field of eugenics) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]. A renaissance started only in the 1980s and especially the 1990s [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]. German-language medical and medical research journals started to recover earlier, but initially followed a "German", rather than international approach: a tendency to focus on experience, rather than evidence, persisted much longer in the German literature than in that of the United Kingdom and the United States. For example, evidence from randomised, controlled trials was introduced in a systematic way only much later in German-language journals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>].</p><p>As will be seen in the following, the historical development of epidemiology also finds expression in the publication behaviour of epidemiologists and the current role of German-language epidemiology and public health publications.</p></sec><sec><title>Journals in epidemiology and public health: German</title><p>In Germany, epidemiology is considered to be one of the constitutional or core sciences of public health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]. Hence, the findings of non-clinical epidemiological studies are published in public health journals as well as in epidemiological journals. Naturally, the former cover a broad range of topics, of which epidemiology is only one.</p><p>In Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>, journals publishing epidemiological papers with a public health focus are grouped in category A. The majority of these journals are published in German, with abstracts in both German and English. Some of these journals are increasingly accepting and publishing English language articles. One example is the <italic>International Journal of Public Health</italic>, formerly <italic>Sozial- und Präventivmedizin</italic>. This journal is in the process of completely switching over to English language, an aim which the <italic>Journal of Public Health </italic>(formerly <italic>Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften</italic>) has already achieved.</p><p>Clinical epidemiological research is occasionally published in general medical journals. Examples are listed under category B in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>. These journals are almost exclusively in German. Findings from clinical epidemiology can also be found in journals dedicated to subfields of medicine such as occupational health (see category C in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> for some such examples). Some of these journals accept papers in English, e.g. the journal with the German title <italic>Dermatologie in Beruf und Umwelt </italic>(<italic>Dermatology in the Workplace and Environment</italic>).</p><p>Besides the actual subject matter, epidemiological studies often comprise innovative methodological aspects, which are usually covered by more specialized epidemiological journals. Only one such journal, <italic>German Medical Science (GMS) Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie </italic>(see category D in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>) is published in the German language. Incidentally, this journal is the only journal in the table featuring "epidemiology" in its (sub-)title. However, this journal is published only three times a year and contains only a few articles per issue.</p><p>In addition, there is a tendency in Germany today to assume that excellence in science is reflected by publications in English, rather than in German. This could be due to the higher impact factors of English language journals and the higher "international visibility" of English-language publications. This phenomenon can be evidenced in the so-called "Exzellenzinitiative" in which German universities competed for government funding – "international visibility" was a crucial criterion in the evaluation of applications [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>]. Clearly, English-language publications ensure a higher international visibility than German-language ones.</p><p>In public health, however, many scientists still write in German. It is striking to observe to what a low extent English language public health papers – even those in high impact journals – are read and discussed in Germany, compared to German language publications in journals that are not even listed in Medline. This has a peculiar side effect: public health specialists and epidemiologists in Germany who publish mainly in English are sometimes better known in neighbouring European countries than they are in Germany itself. They only become more widely known and acknowledged in their home country and language after publishing overview articles in widely read German journals (as in the example above).</p></sec><sec><title>Bibliographic databases in German</title><p>As is the case for Italian and French, there are also various web-based bibliographic databases in German speaking countries that also cover literature relevant to public health and epidemiology. Aside from general catalogues offered by national and university libraries in Austria, Switzerland, and Germany, some examples that focus on medicine, social and health sciences in particular include (topics covered are given in brackets): <italic>SOMED </italic>(social medicine) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>], <italic>Archido </italic>(publications and information related to drugs and addiction) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>], <italic>BELIT </italic>(Bioethics) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>], <italic>ETHMED </italic>(Ethics in medicine) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>], <italic>GeroLit </italic>(Gerontology) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>], resources offered by the <italic>Federal Centre for Health Education (Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, BZgA) </italic>(portal for different databases relevant to prevention and health promotion) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>], <italic>Zeitschriften-Dokumentation Sozialwesen/Pflege </italic>(social services, nursing) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>]. Additionally, some services offer meta-search in different databases. Two examples are the search engines offered by the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>] and MedPilot [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>], a service offered by a cooperation of different institutions. Most of the databases mentioned above are not limited to German language publications but also cover international literature. Apart from these bibliographic collections, web-based surveillance information systems and other web-based resources relevant to health reporting are available in all three countries.</p></sec><sec><title>Professional education in epidemiology and public health in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland</title><p>Until the late 1990s, there were no postgraduate epidemiology training courses in Germany. The first MSE (Master of Science in Epidemiology) course only started in 2001. In the early- to mid-1990s there was a special programme ("Sonderprogramm Epidemiologie") funded by the government to send young German scientists to the United Kingdom or the United States for training in epidemiology. Many of those who graduated from international courses later took up leadership positions in German academia (e.g. chairs in epidemiology) and routinely write their major epidemiological papers in English. Thus, the "Sonderprogramm" contributed to the trend among German epidemiologists to publish mainly in English.</p><p>Due to a similar influence of National Socialism, the historic development of public health in Austria bears a similar pattern to that of Germany. Hence, public health in Austria also has a rather short tradition. Before the establishment of public health courses in recent years, public health education took place abroad and was supported by scholarship programs. The oldest German-language School of Public Health is located in Austria and was founded in 1986 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>].</p><p>In Switzerland, however, the development of public health started a bit earlier. In the 1950s and 1960s, some Swiss physicians took epidemiology and public health courses in the United States and the United Kingdom, mostly at their own expense. Later, further education in public health was financed through scholarships via a national fund. Public health courses have been available in Switzerland since 1990 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Scenario 3: Italian</title><sec><title>Background: Italy</title><p>In Italy, before the unification in 1861, epidemiology developed within the context of public health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>]. In particular, based on either the miasmatic or the epidemiological-materialistic paradigm of epidemics, scientists developed theories to interpret the cholera outbreaks periodically striking the Italian peninsula [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>]. These efforts contributed to the identification of the <italic>Vibrio cholerae </italic>bacillus in Florence by Filippo Pacini in 1854 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>].</p><p>Following the unification, epidemiology strongly contributed to the major public health efforts devoted to control malaria which affected most of the country. Within this context descriptive and analytical epidemiological methods were adopted to assess the local burden of malaria, to design and test the efficacy and impact of both preventive and curative measures, and finally to evaluate the results of extensive campaigns against malaria in rural settings. Eventually, Italy was declared malaria-free in 1962 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>].</p><p>After the Second World War, the focus progressively shifted towards non-communicable diseases; in particular, major efforts were devoted to occupational, environmental and cancer epidemiology. The contribution of Italian epidemiology at an international level has become increasingly relevant. As an example we would like to recall the key role played by Lorenzo Tomatis (1929–2007), director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) between 1982 and 1993, in setting up the IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans programme, which seeks to identify the causes of human cancer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>].</p><p>During the last few decades, epidemiology has become increasingly relevant in Italy as a driving force of the National Health Service. Epidemiological resources and activities are currently present both at the central level, in particular within the National Health Institute (Istituto Superiore di Sanità or ISS) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>], and at a peripheral level, in particular within agencies and observatories present in the twenty Italian regions. These central and peripheral epidemiological and public health activities are coordinated by the National Center for Disease Control (CCM) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>]. Furthermore, since the Italian National Health Service is largely run at a regional level, a substantial amount of epidemiological activity is also carried out at smaller – e.g. Local Health Unit – levels. A typical example is given by the 21 population-based cancer registries active mainly in Northern and Central Italy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>], covering about the 25% of total Italian population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Journals in epidemiology and public health: Italian</title><p>Similar to what happens in other non-English speaking countries, Italian epidemiologists aim to publish major results [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>] and methodological aspects of their investigations in international journals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>], whereas selected reviews and studies with a predominant local interest are published in Italian journals. As shown in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>, a number of Italian epidemiological and public health journals are indexed in Medline with abstracts available in English. In particular, the journal <italic>Epidemiologia & Prevenzione </italic>regularly publishes monothematic supplements on selected topics such as health consequences of air pollution, cancer statistics and screening program management. Recently, the tendency to publish (or translate) selected articles in English has emerged, while two new public health journals have adopted English as their official language.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Selection of Italian journals relevant to epidemiology</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="center"><bold>Title</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>English translation (for Italian title)</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>ISSN (printed/electronic)</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Topics</bold></td><td><bold>Official Impact factor 2006</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Listed in Medline</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Issues per year</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>First edition</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>Language</bold></td><td align="center"><bold>URL</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="10"><bold><italic>Journals covering epidemiology and public health</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="10"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità</td><td align="left">Annals of Istituto Superiore di Sanità</td><td align="center">0021-2571</td><td align="center">Public health</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1965</td><td align="center">English</td><td align="center"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.iss.it/anna/index.php?lang=1"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annali di Igiene</td><td align="left">Annals of Hygiene</td><td align="center">1120-9135</td><td align="center">Public health Microbiology</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">1889*</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Epidemiologia & Prevenzione</td><td align="left">Epidemiology and prevention</td><td align="center">1120-9763</td><td align="center">Epidemiology</td><td align="center">#</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">1976</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td align="center"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.epidemiologiaeprevenzione.it/cms/?q=node/11"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale</td><td align="left">Epidemiology and Social Psychiatry</td><td align="center">1121-189X</td><td align="center">Epidemiology Psychiatry</td><td align="center">#</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1992</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Igiene e Sanità Pubblica</td><td align="left">Hygiene and Public Health</td><td align="center">0019-1639</td><td align="center">Public health</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">1945</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Igiene Moderna</td><td align="left">Modern Hygiene</td><td align="center">0019-1655</td><td align="center">Public health</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">1908</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Italian Journal of Public Health</td><td></td><td align="center">1723-7807/1723-7815</td><td align="center">Public health</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">2003</td><td align="center">English</td><td align="center"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ijph.it/"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene</td><td></td><td align="center">1121-2233</td><td align="center">Public health</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1989</td><td align="center">English</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="10"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="10"><bold><italic>A selection of specialty journals frequently covering epidemiological issues</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="10"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">La Medicina del Lavoro</td><td align="left">Occupational Medicine</td><td align="center">0025-7818</td><td align="center">Occupational health</td><td align="center">#</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">1901</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Giornale Italiano delle Infezioni Ospedaliere</td><td align="left">Italian Journal of Nosocomial Infections</td><td align="center">1122-407X</td><td align="center">Nosocomial infections</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1994</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Giornale Italiano di Farmacia Clinica</td><td align="left">Italian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology</td><td align="center">1120-3749</td><td align="center">Clinical pharmacology</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1987</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td align="center"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sifoweb.it/pubblicazioni/gifac.asp"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia</td><td align="left">Italian Journal of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics</td><td align="center">1592-7830</td><td align="center">Occupational health</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1979</td><td align="center">Italian</td><td align="center"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gimle.fsm.it"></ext-link></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Tumori</td><td align="left">Neoplasms</td><td align="center">0300-8916</td><td align="center">Oncology</td><td align="center">0.701</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">1911</td><td align="center">Italian/English</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>* <italic>Annali di Igiene </italic>was first founded as <italic>Annali dell'Istituto d'Igiene Sperimentale della R. Universita di Roma</italic>, and had undergone a number of title changes. It was under its current title since 1989.</p><p># Included in the Web of Science; Impact Factor due in the forthcoming years.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>While there is no widely circulated Italian medical journal addressing topics relevant to general medicine, many specialty journals often publish epidemiological papers relevant to their domain of interest. The topics addressed by these journals encompass most of the medical specialties such as mental health, occupational health, nosocomial infections, oncology and clinical pharmacology.</p><p>One major weakness of Italian epidemiological and public health journals arises from their limited local readership. In particular, these journals are read by a small proportion of public health practitioners, while they are largely ignored by physicians and other medical practitioners. The lack of a common methodological approach, conflicting research interests, and the inability to ensure dissemination of epidemiological data at the local level results in poor communication between public health services, the academic sector, and experts involved in clinical epidemiology. The inability to reach a suitable audience challenges the reason for keeping Italian as the main publishing language: if a relevant proportion of public health practitioners do not access local publications, these become non-relevant to the health care development process.</p></sec><sec><title>Databases and online resources: Italian</title><p>Although no comprehensive bibliographic database is available in Italian, many databases relevant to epidemiology and public health are accessible on the web. Without claiming any completeness, the following websites can be cited: a registry of clinical (drug) trials conducted in Italy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>]; an overview of epidemiological activities (studies, meeting, resources) throughout the country [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>]; data on health care delivery (including hospital discharges by primary diagnosis and intervention, and infectious diseases with mandatory notification) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>]; general country statistics (demography, socio-economic indicators, mortality); an Italian version of the Health for All Database [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>]; and incidence, mortality and survival from the Italian cancer registries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>]. Finally, information from the Italian Environmental Protection Agency is accessible at its own website [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Professional education in epidemiology in Italy</title><p>At the academic level, epidemiology is regularly taught in under- and post-graduate courses as part of the core scientific syllabus. Moreover, basic epidemiological training is often required to write and defend the thesis concluding health-related academic courses. It is worth noting that the intensive summer school "European Educational Programme in Epidemiology" (EEPE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>] has been held in Florence since 1988, and has been attended by several hundred students from European and extra-European countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. The first post-graduate course in Epidemiology, a Masters of Science (M.Sc.) in Epidemiology, was started in 1997 by the Italian Association of Epidemiology (AIE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>], is now run by the University of Turin on a biennial basis, and is part of the network "European Master of Science in Epidemiology" (EU-MSE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>]. Currently, four additional M.Sc. programmes and several short courses are available through the country [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Discussion in a comparative perspective</title><p>This paper gave an overview and analysis of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education represented in three Western European languages: French, German and Italian. The historical development of the profession of epidemiology and public health and their respective journals, databases and professional education in these linguistic communities followed different paths due to differences in historical, social and political circumstances.</p><p>Bibliographic databases are gateways to the vast quantity of medical literature. There is evidence that many non-English medical journals are not indexed by major English-based bibliographic databases like PubMed and Web of Science, and that alternative databases like EMBASE provide more comprehensive coverage of non-English literature (please refer to the following papers, all available in this thematic series: papers on Chinese bibliographic databases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>], on LILACS and SciELO databases for Spanish and Portuguese [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>], and on how EMBASE enhances access to randomised control trials [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]). While bibliographic databases that cover medical and scientific journals are available in French and German, their absence in Italian may reflect the relative dearth of Italian academic journals, but is possibly more likely a function of a lack of funding or commitment from the Italian government. However, various online databases and web resources are available in all three languages to provide interfaces through which epidemiological and public health information can be further disseminated in a national or regional context.</p><p>Academic literature in a given language presupposes a professional community who will read and contribute to it. The strength of a language as a medium of communication in epidemiology and public health is reflected, to a certain extent, in professional education in the respective language. France and other French-speaking countries or territories have a long tradition of public health professional education in French. Thus, they have fostered a community of French-speaking epidemiologists and public health practitioners who in turn can contribute to the professional literature in French. The relatively late development of professional education in modern epidemiology in the German-speaking countries and Italy may have contributed further to the contemporary dilemma of epidemiology and public health journals published in these languages.</p><p>Against the backdrop of English being the contemporary <italic>lingua franca </italic>of the global scientific community today, both practitioners and researchers in these fields face the difficult dilemma of switching to English and forsaking their native tongues as their means of scientific communication, or holding onto their national scientific heritage and in the process possibly losing out in the race of competitive international scientific research. However, it would be biased to ignore the fact that a globalising world, not least the scientific community at large, demands a global language so as to break down linguistic barriers and foster international communication in a more effective and efficient way. As a legacy of the British Empire and the current status of the USA as the leading superpower, English has overtaken French and German as the global language [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>]. In a nutshell, it is a matter of prioritising efficiency versus equity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>].</p><p>In a market economy, it is the size of readership that determines the circulation and thus the survival of a journal. The larger the size and the more international the potential readerships are, the more likely a journal is to survive. As a legacy of the French and Belgian colonial empires, French is an official language in 30 countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>], and may survive the globalisation of English as a means of scientific communication. However, given the continual growth of English as a language of international communication and the fact that publication in English gains a wider circulation and a better chance of being cited, the trend of even French-speaking scientists now switching to publish in English in order to compete in the international scene is obvious and difficult to reverse [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>]. (The Appendix provides a brief analysis of English-language epidemiological and public health journals indexed in PubMed.)</p><p>Sources of funding may also be a related issue. Given that many international epidemiological and public health research programmes are now funded by international agencies and foundations as well as governments of some Anglophone countries, it is likely that research outputs from these programmes will be required to be published in English in order to appeal to as wide and international an audience as possible.</p><p>In addition, it is important to take notice of the trend of a growing division between researchers and practitioners and the corresponding classification of journals into international and local focus. It seems that in all three linguistic communities mentioned in this paper, researchers tend to read and publish in English, unlike practitioners who mainly read in their native languages. This dichotomy of international English language research journals and local native language journals for continuing medical education has made an impact on the practice of the profession itself, e.g. by making it necessary to facilitate the publication of reviews in the native language 'local' journals of the latest studies published in English in international journals. Indeed, the publication of reviews in the native language should have the function of encouraging physicians, other health-care or social services professionals, policy makers and stakeholders (e.g. patient associations, coalitions against environmental risks and trade unions, etc.) to access the latest research outputs. Incidentally, this phenomenon of two tiers of journals is observed in Russia as well (cf. the paper by Vlassov and Danishevskii [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>] in this thematic series).</p><p>Nevertheless, as Ofori-Adjei et al. argue, local journals in native languages are a health resource and are important for the contextualisation of evidence on which public health practices are based [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Thus as epidemiologists, it is important to ensure that data published in non-English journals (especially when we conduct meta-analyses and systematic reviews) are not overlooked. Furthermore, the importance of channelling the knowledge of research outputs published in English into our respective linguistic communities through writing reviews and summaries in the local native language journals should be appreciated and encouraged. Considering the information presented in this article, it can be ultimately stated that language does matter a great deal in epidemiology today.</p></sec><sec><title>Abstract in alternative languages</title><p>The abstract of this editorial has been translated into the following languages by the following translators (names in brackets):</p><p>• Chinese – simplified characters (Mr. Isaac Chun-Hai Fung and Dr. Yan Che) [see Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>]</p><p>• Chinese – traditional characters (Mr. Isaac Chun-Hai Fung and Dr. Yan Che) [see Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">2</xref>]</p><p>• French (Mr. Philip Harding-Esch) [see Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S3">3</xref>]</p><p>• German (Mr. Patrick Brzoska and Prof. Oliver Razum) [see Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S4">4</xref>]</p><p>• Italian (Dr. Iacopo Baussano and Dr. Ugo Fedeli) [see Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S5">5</xref>]</p><p>• Spanish (Ms. Gabriela Gomez) [see Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S6">6</xref>]</p></sec><sec><title>Appendix: Epidemiological and public health journals in English</title><p>Data on epidemiological and public health journals published in English were retrieved from PubMed Journals Database on 4 December 2007 using this combination of keywords: (Public health OR epidemiol* OR hygiene). A total of 447 journal records were retrieved, of which 247 titles are still being published (No entry of Publication End Year). Among these 247 titles, 173 are in English (70%) while 74 (30%) are in other languages or multiple languages (including English). Among the 173 English journals, 143 (82.66%) are published in English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and the United States). Among the 30 English journals published in non-English-speaking countries, nine are published in the Netherlands, four in Switzerland, three in Germany, three in Italy, and one in China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, India, Japan, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand and Uganda respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contributions</title><p>ICHF conceived the original ideas of the project and organised the other co-authors to contribute to this paper. He also wrote the first draft of the introductory and discussion sections and the Appendix. CL wrote the French section and Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>. OR and PB wrote the German section and Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>. IB and UF wrote the Italian section and Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>. All authors revised the final manuscript and agree to the publication of this paper in its final form.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S1"><caption><title>Additional File 1</title><p>Abstract in Chinese – simplified characters.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-7622-5-16-S1.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S2"><caption><title>Additional File 2</title><p>Abstract in Chinese – traditional characters.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-7622-5-16-S2.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S3"><caption><title>Additional File 3</title><p>Abstract in French.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-7622-5-16-S3.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S4"><caption><title>Additional File 4</title><p>Abstract in German.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-7622-5-16-S4.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S5"><caption><title>Additional File 5</title><p>Abstract in Italian.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-7622-5-16-S5.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S6"><caption><title>Additional File 6</title><p>Abstract in Spanish.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-7622-5-16-S6.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>ICHF thanks Mr. Clement Kwun-Lam Lo for providing the reprint of Prof. Tze-Wan Kwan's article on the 'overdominance' of the English language [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>]. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers, Ms. Anita Ramesh, and Dr. Gambhir Manoj for their helpful comments on this paper.</p></sec></ack><ref-list><ref id="B1"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Olsen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Saracci</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Holland WW, Olsen J, Florey CdV</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology as a common European endeavor</article-title><source>The Development of Modern Epidemiology: Personal reports from those who were there</source><year>2007</year><publisher-name>Oxford: Oxford University Press</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B2"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Porter</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><source>Health, Civilization and the State: a history of public health from ancient to modern times</source><year>1999</year><publisher-name>London: Routledge</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B3"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Farley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><source>Bilharzia: a history of imperial tropical medicine</source><year>1991</year><publisher-name>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B4"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hamlin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Porter D</surname></name></person-group><article-title>State Medicine in Great Britain</article-title><source>The History of Public Health and the Modern State</source><year>1994</year><publisher-name>Amsterdam – Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B.V</publisher-name><fpage>132</fpage><lpage>164</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B5"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramsey</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Porter D</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Public Health in France</article-title><source>The History of Public Health and the Modern State</source><year>1994</year><publisher-name>Amsterdam – Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B.V</publisher-name><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>118</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B6"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weindling</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Porter D</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Public Health in Germany</article-title><source>The History of Public Health and the Modern State</source><year>1994</year><publisher-name>Amsterdam – Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B.V</publisher-name><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>131</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B7"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saracci</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Terracini</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Merletti</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Holland WW, Olsen J, Florey CdV</surname></name></person-group><article-title>History of modern epidemiology: Italy</article-title><source>The Development of Modern Epidemiology: Personal reports from those who were there</source><year>2007</year><publisher-name>Oxford: Oxford University Press</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B8"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garfield</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>English – An International language for science, The Information Scientist, Dec 76</article-title><source>Essays of an Information Scientist</source><year>1977</year><volume>1</volume><publisher-name>ISI Press</publisher-name><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>20</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B9"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Puliselic</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Petrak</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Is it enough to change the language? A case study of Croatian biomedical journals</article-title><source>Learned Publishing</source><year>2006</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>299</fpage><lpage>306</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1087/095315106778690733</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B10"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barreto</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name><name><surname>Barata</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Public health and epidemiological journals published in Brazil and other Portuguese speaking countries</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>18</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826592</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-18</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B11"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Borquez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Basanez</surname><given-names>M-G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hispanic Latin America, Spain and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean: a rich source of reference material for public health, epidemiology and tropical medicine</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>17</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-10</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B12"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>BBC – History – Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pasteur_louis.shtml"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B13"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Institut Pasteur</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pasteur.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B14"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaumer</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Évolution du concept de santé publique dans quelques pays industrialisés du bloc occidental de la fin du XVIIIe sièecle aux années 1970</article-title><source>Ruptures, revue transdisciplinaire en santé</source><year>1995</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>55</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B15"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cassel</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Porter D</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Public Health in Canada</article-title><source>The History of Public Health and the Modern State</source><year>1994</year><publisher-name>Amsterdam – Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi B.V</publisher-name><fpage>276</fpage><lpage>312</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B16"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaumer</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Desrosiers</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Jules Gilbert et la professionnalisation de l'éducation sanitaire au Québec 1940–1970</article-title><source>Ruptures, revue transdisciplinaire en santé</source><year>2002</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>121</fpage><lpage>140</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B17"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Association des Épidémiologistes de Langue Française</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://adelf.isped.u-bordeaux2.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B18"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Banque de Données Santé Publique</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B19"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Ruptures</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.medsp.umontreal.ca/ruptures/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B20"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>What's behind CAT.INIST?</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=presentation"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B21"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.inist.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B22"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>INIST – Institute for Scientific and Technical Information – France (English website)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://international.inist.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B23"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cnrs.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B24"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) – English homepage</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B25"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Base de données Santé Publique (Public Health Database), France</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B26"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Institut national de santé publique (National Public Health Institute), Québec (Canada)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.santecom.qc.ca/web2/tramp2.exe/log_in?setting_key=santecom"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B27"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Masson, Éditeur médical et paramédical (Masson, Medical and Paramedical Editor), France</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.masson.fr/masson/portal/bookmark?Global=4&Page4=6&MenuIdSe lected=0&MenuItemSelected=0&MenuSupportSelected=12&ListeType=alpha"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B28"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>École Nationale de la Santé Publique</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.europubhealth.org/fr/accueil/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B29"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Institut de Veille Sanitaire</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.invs.sante.fr/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B30"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>University of Montreal (Université de Montréal)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.umontreal.ca/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B31"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Laval University (Université Laval)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ulaval.ca/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B32"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>McGill University</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mcgill.ca/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B33"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>University of Sherbrooke (Université de Sherbrooke)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.usherbrooke.ca/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B34"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>University of Quebec at Chicoutimi (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.uqac.ca/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B35"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Quebec National Public Health Institute</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.inspq.qc.ca/formation/default.asp?E=e&type=f"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B36"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp (ITM)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.itg.be/itg/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B37"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Swiss School of Public Health plus</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ssphplus.ch/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B38"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>IJsselmuiden</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name><name><surname>Nchinda</surname><given-names>TC</given-names></name><name><surname>Duale</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tumwesigye</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></name><name><surname>Serwadda</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mapping Africa's advanced public health education capacity: the AfriHealth project</article-title><source>Bull World Health Organ</source><year>2007</year><volume>85</volume><fpage>914</fpage><lpage>922</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18278250</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2471/BLT.07.045526</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B39"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Council on Health Research for Development webpage on 'African Schools of Public Health' (spread sheet of data available)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cohred.org/main/AfricaSPH.php"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B40"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>École National de Santé Publique (National School of Public Health, Algeria)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ands.dz/ensp/lasante.htm"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B41"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Institut National de l'Administration Sanitaire (Morocco)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sante.gov.ma/Departements/INAS/index.asp"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B42"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Institut de Santé et Développement (Institute of Health and Development, Senegal)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ised.sn/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B43"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Observatoire franco-québécois de la santé et de la solidarité</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.consulfrance-quebec.org/spip.php?article1759"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B44"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ronellenfitsch</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Kyobutungi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Becher</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Razum</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Large-scale, population-based epidemiological studies with record linkage can be done in Germany</article-title><source>European Journal of Epidemiology</source><year>2004</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>1073</fpage><lpage>1074</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15678785</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-004-1752-2</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B45"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ronellenfitsch</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Kyobutungi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Becher</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Razum</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>All-cause and cardiovascular mortality among ethnic German immigrants from the Former Soviet Union: a cohort study</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2006</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>16</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16438727</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2458-6-16</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B46"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kyobutungi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Ronellenfitsch</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Razum</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Becher</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mortality from cancer among ethnic German immigrants from the Former Soviet Union, in Germany</article-title><source>Eur J Cancer</source><year>2006</year><volume>42</volume><fpage>2577</fpage><lpage>2584</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16914309</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejca.2006.03.032</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B47"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Becher</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Razum</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Kyobutungi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Laki</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ott</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Ronellenfitsch</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Winkler</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mortalität von Aussiedlern aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion – Ergebnisse einer Kohortenstudie [Mortality of immigrants from the former Soviet Union: Results of a cohort study]</article-title><source>Deutsches Ärzteblatt</source><year>2007</year><volume>104</volume><fpage>A-1655</fpage><lpage>A-1661</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B48"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ammon</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><source>Ist Deutsch noch internationale Wissenschaftssprache? Englisch auch für die Lehre an den deutschsprachigen Hochschulen</source><year>1998</year><publisher-name>Berlin: de Gruyter</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B49"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Library of Congress</collab></person-group><source>The National Union Catalog Pre-1956 Imprints</source><year>1973</year><publisher-name>London: Mansel</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B50"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ofori-Adjei</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Antes</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Tharyan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Slade</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Tamber</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Have Online International Medical Journals Made Local Journals Obsolete?</article-title><source>PLoS Medicine</source><year>2006</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>e359</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16942397</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.0030359</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B51"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Labisch</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Woelk</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Hurrelmann K, Laaser U, Razum O</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Geschichte der Gesundheitswissenschaften</article-title><source>Handbuch Gesundheitswissenschaften</source><year>2006</year><volume>4</volume><publisher-name>Weinheim und München: Juventa</publisher-name><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>91</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B52"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hurrelmann</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Laaser</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Razum</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Hurrelmann K, Laaser U, Razum O</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Entwicklung und Perspektiven der Gesundheitswisenschaften</article-title><source>Handbuch Gesundheitswissenschaften</source><year>2006</year><volume>4</volume><publisher-name>Weinheim und München: Juventa</publisher-name><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>46</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B53"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Galandi</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwarzer</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Antes</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The demise of the randomised controlled trial: bibliometric study of the German-language health care literature, 1948 to 2004</article-title><source>BMC Med Res Methodol</source><year>2006</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>30</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16824217</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2288-6-30</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B54"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>1. Ausschreibung in der Exzellenzinitiative: Auswahl der Antragsteller. Bewertungskriterien für die 1. und 2. Förderlinie</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/texte/exini_1-2foerd.pdf"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B55"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>SOMED</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dimdi.de/static/de/db/dbinfo/sm78.htm"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B56"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Archido</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.archido.de/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=201"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B57"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>BELIT</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.drze.de/BELIT/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B58"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>ETHMED</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dimdi.de/static/de/db/dbinfo/ed93.htm"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B59"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>GeroLit</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gerolit.de/gerolit/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B60"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Federal Centre for Health Education (Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, BZgA)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bzga.de/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B61"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Zeitschriften-Dokumentation Sozialwesen/Pflege</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://213.182.150.78/acwww25/carbib.pl"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B62"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dimdi.de/static/en/index.html"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B63"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>MedPilot</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://medpilot.zbmed.de/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B64"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weithaler</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Polak G</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Aspekte und ihre Berücksichtigung im Lehrangebot der österreichischen School of Public Health</article-title><source>Das Handbuch Public Health Theorie und Praxis Die wichtigsten Public-Health-Ausbildungsstätten</source><year>1999</year><publisher-name>Vienna/New York: Springer</publisher-name><fpage>224</fpage><lpage>228</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B65"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heusser</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Gutzwiller</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Polak G</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Public-Health-Weiterbildung in der Schweiz. Das Modell von modularen Studiengängen</article-title><source>Das Handbuch Public Health Theorie und Praxis Die wichtigsten Public-Health-Ausbildungsstätten</source><year>1999</year><publisher-name>Vienna/New York: Springer</publisher-name><fpage>220</fpage><lpage>223</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B66"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Balfour</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>[The dominant medical thought against the epidemic: the interpretation of the cholera at its first appearance in Italy (1835–37)]</article-title><source>Med Secoli</source><year>1993</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>379</fpage><lpage>403</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11640159</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B67"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vandenbroucke</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The 1855 cholera epidemic in Ferrara: lessons from old data reanalysed with modern means</article-title><source>Eur J Epidemiol</source><year>2003</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>599</fpage><lpage>602</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12952131</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B68"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morabia</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Ferrara 1855: cholera without epidemiology</article-title><source>Eur J Epidemiol</source><year>2003</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>595</fpage><lpage>597</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12952130</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B69"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Scapoli</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Guidi</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Angelini</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Stefanati</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Gregorio</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sociomedical indicators in the cholera epidemic in Ferrara of 1855</article-title><source>Eur J Epidemiol</source><year>2003</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>617</fpage><lpage>621</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12952134</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/A:1024829328204</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B70"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hugh</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The Proposed Conservation of the Generic Name Vibrio Pacini 1854 and Designation of the Neotype Strain of Vibrio Cholerae Pacini 1854</article-title><source>Int Bull Bacteriol Nomencl Taxon</source><year>1964</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>101</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B71"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Snowden</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></name></person-group><source>The Conquest of Malaria: Italy, 1900–1962</source><year>2006</year><publisher-name>New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="B72"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Montesano</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An appreciation of Lorenzo Tomatis by a friend and colleague</article-title><source>Carcinogenesis</source><year>2008</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>889</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18174254</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/carcin/bgm273</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B73"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Istituto Superiore di Sanità</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.iss.it"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B74"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Centro Nazionale per la Prevenzione e il Controllo delle Malattie</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ccm.ministerosalute.it/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B75"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Associazione Italiana Registri Tumori</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.registri-tumori.it"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B76"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>AIRT working group</collab></person-group><article-title>Italian cancer figures–report 2006: 1. Incidence, mortality and estimates</article-title><source>Epidemiol Prev</source><year>2006</year><volume>30</volume><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><comment>12–28, 30–101 passim</comment></citation></ref><ref id="B77"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tavazzi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Maggioni</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name><name><surname>Tognoni</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Participation versus education: the GISSI story and beyond</article-title><source>Am Heart J</source><year>2004</year><volume>148</volume><fpage>222</fpage><lpage>229</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15308991</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2004.02.015</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B78"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Terracini</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Environmental and occupational epidemiology in Italy</article-title><source>Int J Occup Environ Health</source><year>2005</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15859183</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B79"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Osservatorio Nazionale sulla Sperimentazione Clinica dei Farmaci</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://oss-sper-clin.agenziafarmaco.it"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B80"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.epicentro.iss.it/formazione/corsi.asp"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B81"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Ministero della Salute</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ministerosalute.it"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B82"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Istituto Nazionale di Statistica</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.istat.it"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B83"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Agenzia per la Protezione dell'Ambiente e per i Servizi Tecnici</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.apat.gov.it"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B84"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>European Educational Programme in Epidemiology</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eepe.org/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B85"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Associazione Italiana di Epidemiologia</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.epidemiologia.it/"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B86"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>European Master of Science in Epidemiology</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eu-mse.de/links.html"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B87"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fung</surname><given-names>IC-H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chinese journals: a guide for epidemiologists</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>20</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826604</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-20</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B88"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>L-G</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>S-H</given-names></name><name><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Steinmann</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Mak</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Utzinger</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>X-N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Harnessing the wealth of Chinese scientific literature: schistosomiasis research and control in China</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>19</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826598</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-19</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B89"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lefebvre</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Eisinga</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>McDonald</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Enhancing access to reports of clinical trials published world-wide: the contribution of EMBASE records to the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>13</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826567</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-13</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B90"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>English language (Wikipedia – English)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B91"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fung</surname><given-names>IC-H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Open Access for the non-English-speaking world: Overcoming the language barrier</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>1</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18173854</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-1</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B92"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>French language (Wikipedia – English)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B93"><citation citation-type="other"><article-title>Francophone (Wikipedia – English)</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone"></ext-link></citation></ref><ref id="B94"><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garfield</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>FRENCH RESEARCH – CITATION ANALYSIS INDICATES TRENDS ARE MORE THAN JUST A SLIP OF THE TONGUE</article-title><source>Current Contents</source><year>1988</year><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>11</lpage></citation></ref><ref id="B95"><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vlassov</surname><given-names>VV</given-names></name><name><surname>Danishevskii</surname><given-names>KD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Biomedical journals and databases in Russia and Russian languages in Former Soviet Union and beyond</article-title><source>Emerging Themes in Epidemiology</source><year>2008</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>15</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826569</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-7622-5-15</pub-id></citation></ref><ref id="B96"><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kwan</surname><given-names>T-W</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>de Bary WT</surname></name></person-group><article-title>The Overdominance of English in Global Education</article-title><source>Confucian Tradition and Global Education</source><year>2007</year><publisher-name>Hong Kong and New York City: The Chinese University Press and Columbia University Press</publisher-name><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>105</lpage></citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Belgique/explor/OpenAccessBelV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000232 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000232 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Belgique
|area= OpenAccessBelV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:2570667
|texte= Does language matter? A case study of epidemiological and public health journals, databases and professional education in French, German and Italian
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:18826570" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a OpenAccessBelV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25. |  |