Pooled HIV-1 Viral Load Testing Using Dried Blood Spots to Reduce the Cost of Monitoring Antiretroviral Treatment in a Resource-Limited Setting
Identifieur interne : 000251 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000250; suivant : 000252Pooled HIV-1 Viral Load Testing Using Dried Blood Spots to Reduce the Cost of Monitoring Antiretroviral Treatment in a Resource-Limited Setting
Auteurs : Pieter Pannus [Afrique du Sud] ; Emmanuel Fajardo [Afrique du Sud] ; Carol Metcalf [Afrique du Sud] ; Rebecca M. Coulborn [Malawi] ; Laura T. Durán [Malawi] ; Helen Bygrave [Afrique du Sud] ; Tom Ellman [Afrique du Sud] ; Daniela Garone [Malawi] ; Michael Murowa [Malawi] ; Reuben Mwenda [Malawi] ; Tony Reid [Belgique] ; Wolfgang Preiser [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) [ 1525-4135 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Rollout of routine HIV-1 viral load monitoring is hampered by high costs and logistical difficulties associated with sample collection and transport. New strategies are needed to overcome these constraints. Dried blood spots from finger pricks have been shown to be more practical than the use of plasma specimens, and pooling strategies using plasma specimens have been demonstrated to be an efficient method to reduce costs. This study found that combination of finger-prick dried blood spots and a pooling strategy is a feasible and efficient option to reduce costs, while maintaining accuracy in the context of a district hospital in Malawi.
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DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182a61e63
PubMed: 23892241
PubMed Central: 3815087
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pooled HIV-1 Viral Load Testing Using Dried Blood Spots to Reduce the Cost of Monitoring Antiretroviral Treatment in a Resource-Limited Setting</title><author><name sortKey="Pannus, Pieter" sort="Pannus, Pieter" uniqKey="Pannus P" first="Pieter" last="Pannus">Pieter Pannus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fajardo, Emmanuel" sort="Fajardo, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Fajardo E" first="Emmanuel" last="Fajardo">Emmanuel Fajardo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metcalf, Carol" sort="Metcalf, Carol" uniqKey="Metcalf C" first="Carol" last="Metcalf">Carol Metcalf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coulborn, Rebecca M" sort="Coulborn, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Coulborn R" first="Rebecca M." last="Coulborn">Rebecca M. Coulborn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duran, Laura T" sort="Duran, Laura T" uniqKey="Duran L" first="Laura T." last="Durán">Laura T. Durán</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bygrave, Helen" sort="Bygrave, Helen" uniqKey="Bygrave H" first="Helen" last="Bygrave">Helen Bygrave</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellman, Tom" sort="Ellman, Tom" uniqKey="Ellman T" first="Tom" last="Ellman">Tom Ellman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garone, Daniela" sort="Garone, Daniela" uniqKey="Garone D" first="Daniela" last="Garone">Daniela Garone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murowa, Michael" sort="Murowa, Michael" uniqKey="Murowa M" first="Michael" last="Murowa">Michael Murowa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Ministry of Health, Health Technical Support Services, Diagnostics, District Management Office, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health, Health Technical Support Services, Diagnostics, District Management Office, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwenda, Reuben" sort="Mwenda, Reuben" uniqKey="Mwenda R" first="Reuben" last="Mwenda">Reuben Mwenda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health, Lilongwe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lilongwe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, Tony" sort="Reid, Tony" uniqKey="Reid T" first="Tony" last="Reid">Tony Reid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff5">Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Research Unit, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, Wolfgang" sort="Preiser, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Preiser W" first="Wolfgang" last="Preiser">Wolfgang Preiser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, South Africa.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tygerberg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23892241</idno><idno type="pmc">3815087</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815087</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3815087</idno><idno type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182a61e63</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000385</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000385</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000251</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pooled HIV-1 Viral Load Testing Using Dried Blood Spots to Reduce the Cost of Monitoring Antiretroviral Treatment in a Resource-Limited Setting</title><author><name sortKey="Pannus, Pieter" sort="Pannus, Pieter" uniqKey="Pannus P" first="Pieter" last="Pannus">Pieter Pannus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fajardo, Emmanuel" sort="Fajardo, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Fajardo E" first="Emmanuel" last="Fajardo">Emmanuel Fajardo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metcalf, Carol" sort="Metcalf, Carol" uniqKey="Metcalf C" first="Carol" last="Metcalf">Carol Metcalf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coulborn, Rebecca M" sort="Coulborn, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Coulborn R" first="Rebecca M." last="Coulborn">Rebecca M. Coulborn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duran, Laura T" sort="Duran, Laura T" uniqKey="Duran L" first="Laura T." last="Durán">Laura T. Durán</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bygrave, Helen" sort="Bygrave, Helen" uniqKey="Bygrave H" first="Helen" last="Bygrave">Helen Bygrave</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellman, Tom" sort="Ellman, Tom" uniqKey="Ellman T" first="Tom" last="Ellman">Tom Ellman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garone, Daniela" sort="Garone, Daniela" uniqKey="Garone D" first="Daniela" last="Garone">Daniela Garone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murowa, Michael" sort="Murowa, Michael" uniqKey="Murowa M" first="Michael" last="Murowa">Michael Murowa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Ministry of Health, Health Technical Support Services, Diagnostics, District Management Office, Thyolo, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health, Health Technical Support Services, Diagnostics, District Management Office, Thyolo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thyolo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwenda, Reuben" sort="Mwenda, Reuben" uniqKey="Mwenda R" first="Reuben" last="Mwenda">Reuben Mwenda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health, Lilongwe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lilongwe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, Tony" sort="Reid, Tony" uniqKey="Reid T" first="Tony" last="Reid">Tony Reid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff5">Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Research Unit, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, Wolfgang" sort="Preiser, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Preiser W" first="Wolfgang" last="Preiser">Wolfgang Preiser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, South Africa.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tygerberg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)</title><idno type="ISSN">1525-4135</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-7884</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract:</title><p>Rollout of routine HIV-1 viral load monitoring is hampered by high costs and logistical difficulties associated with sample collection and transport. New strategies are needed to overcome these constraints. Dried blood spots from finger pricks have been shown to be more practical than the use of plasma specimens, and pooling strategies using plasma specimens have been demonstrated to be an efficient method to reduce costs. This study found that combination of finger-prick dried blood spots and a pooling strategy is a feasible and efficient option to reduce costs, while maintaining accuracy in the context of a district hospital in Malawi.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lynen, L" uniqKey="Lynen L">L Lynen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Griensven, J" uniqKey="Van Griensven J">J Van Griensven</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliott, J" uniqKey="Elliott J">J Elliott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keiser, O" uniqKey="Keiser O">O Keiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chi, B" uniqKey="Chi B">B Chi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gsponer, T" uniqKey="Gsponer T">T Gsponer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Oosterhout, Jj" uniqKey="Van Oosterhout J">JJ Van Oosterhout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, L" uniqKey="Brown L">L Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weigel, R" uniqKey="Weigel R">R Weigel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kantor, R" uniqKey="Kantor R">R Kantor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diero, L" uniqKey="Diero L">L Diero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delong, A" uniqKey="Delong A">A Delong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sigaloff, Kc" uniqKey="Sigaloff K">KC Sigaloff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamers, Rl" uniqKey="Hamers R">RL Hamers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallis, Cl" uniqKey="Wallis C">CL Wallis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keiser, O" uniqKey="Keiser O">O Keiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tweya, H" uniqKey="Tweya H">H Tweya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boulle, A" uniqKey="Boulle A">A Boulle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberts, T" uniqKey="Roberts T">T Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bygrave, H" uniqKey="Bygrave H">H Bygrave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fajardo, E" uniqKey="Fajardo E">E Fajardo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johannessen, A" uniqKey="Johannessen A">A Johannessen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Metcalf, C" uniqKey="Metcalf C">C Metcalf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fajardo, E" uniqKey="Fajardo E">E Fajardo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pannus, P" uniqKey="Pannus P">P Pannus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, D" uniqKey="Smith D">D Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="May, S" uniqKey="May S">S May</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Santiago, J" uniqKey="Perez Santiago J">J Perez-Santiago</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="May, S" uniqKey="May S">S May</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gamst, A" uniqKey="Gamst A">A Gamst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haubrich, R" uniqKey="Haubrich R">R Haubrich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tilghman, Mw" uniqKey="Tilghman M">MW Tilghman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guerena, Dd" uniqKey="Guerena D">DD Guerena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Licea, A" uniqKey="Licea A">A Licea</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Zyl, G" uniqKey="Van Zyl G">G Van Zyl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, W" uniqKey="Preiser W">W Preiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potschka, S" uniqKey="Potschka S">S Potschka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, H" uniqKey="Kim H">H Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ku, N" uniqKey="Ku N">N Ku</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chohan, B" uniqKey="Chohan B">B Chohan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tapia, K" uniqKey="Tapia K">K Tapia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merkel, M" uniqKey="Merkel M">M Merkel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">qai</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1525-4135</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1944-7884</issn><publisher><publisher-name>JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23892241</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3815087</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">QAI203092</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182a61e63</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id">00003</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Rapid Communication</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pooled HIV-1 Viral Load Testing Using Dried Blood Spots to Reduce the Cost of Monitoring Antiretroviral Treatment in a Resource-Limited Setting</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pannus</surname><given-names>Pieter</given-names></name><degrees>MSc</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Fajardo</surname><given-names>Emmanuel</given-names></name><degrees>BSc</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metcalf</surname><given-names>Carol</given-names></name><degrees>MBChB, MPH</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coulborn</surname><given-names>Rebecca M.</given-names></name><degrees>MPH</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Durán</surname><given-names>Laura T.</given-names></name><degrees>MBChB</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bygrave</surname><given-names>Helen</given-names></name><degrees>MA, MBChB</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ellman</surname><given-names>Tom</given-names></name><degrees>BSc, MBChB, MSc</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garone</surname><given-names>Daniela</given-names></name><degrees>MBChB, BSc (ID)</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murowa</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><degrees>MBBS</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mwenda</surname><given-names>Reuben</given-names></name><degrees>MSc</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reid</surname><given-names>Tony</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">‖</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Preiser</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">¶</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>*</label>Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>†</label>Médecins Sans Frontières, Thyolo, Malawi;</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>‡</label>Ministry of Health, Health Technical Support Services, Diagnostics, District Management Office, Thyolo, Malawi;</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>§</label>Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi;</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>‖</label>Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium; and</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>¶</label>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, South Africa.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to: Emmanuel Fajardo, BSc, Médecins Sans Frontières, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, Mowbray, 7925, Wyecroft Road, South Africa (e-mail: <email>emmanuel.fajardo@joburg.msf.org</email>).</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>03</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>7</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivitives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="qai-64-134.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><title>Abstract:</title><p>Rollout of routine HIV-1 viral load monitoring is hampered by high costs and logistical difficulties associated with sample collection and transport. New strategies are needed to overcome these constraints. Dried blood spots from finger pricks have been shown to be more practical than the use of plasma specimens, and pooling strategies using plasma specimens have been demonstrated to be an efficient method to reduce costs. This study found that combination of finger-prick dried blood spots and a pooling strategy is a feasible and efficient option to reduce costs, while maintaining accuracy in the context of a district hospital in Malawi.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key Words:</title><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>viral load</kwd><kwd>pooling</kwd><kwd>DBS</kwd><kwd>resource-limited setting</kwd><kwd>finger prick</kwd><kwd>operational research</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>OPEN-ACCESS</meta-name><meta-value>TRUE</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Malawi</li></country><region><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li></region><settlement><li>Bruxelles</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pannus, Pieter" sort="Pannus, Pieter" uniqKey="Pannus P" first="Pieter" last="Pannus">Pieter Pannus</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bygrave, Helen" sort="Bygrave, Helen" uniqKey="Bygrave H" first="Helen" last="Bygrave">Helen Bygrave</name><name sortKey="Ellman, Tom" sort="Ellman, Tom" uniqKey="Ellman T" first="Tom" last="Ellman">Tom Ellman</name><name sortKey="Fajardo, Emmanuel" sort="Fajardo, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Fajardo E" first="Emmanuel" last="Fajardo">Emmanuel Fajardo</name><name sortKey="Metcalf, Carol" sort="Metcalf, Carol" uniqKey="Metcalf C" first="Carol" last="Metcalf">Carol Metcalf</name><name sortKey="Preiser, Wolfgang" sort="Preiser, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Preiser W" first="Wolfgang" last="Preiser">Wolfgang Preiser</name></country><country name="Malawi"><noRegion><name sortKey="Coulborn, Rebecca M" sort="Coulborn, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Coulborn R" first="Rebecca M." last="Coulborn">Rebecca M. Coulborn</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Duran, Laura T" sort="Duran, Laura T" uniqKey="Duran L" first="Laura T." last="Durán">Laura T. Durán</name><name sortKey="Garone, Daniela" sort="Garone, Daniela" uniqKey="Garone D" first="Daniela" last="Garone">Daniela Garone</name><name sortKey="Murowa, Michael" sort="Murowa, Michael" uniqKey="Murowa M" first="Michael" last="Murowa">Michael Murowa</name><name sortKey="Mwenda, Reuben" sort="Mwenda, Reuben" uniqKey="Mwenda R" first="Reuben" last="Mwenda">Reuben Mwenda</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Reid, Tony" sort="Reid, Tony" uniqKey="Reid T" first="Tony" last="Reid">Tony Reid</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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