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Motor features in posterior cortical atrophy and their imaging correlates☆

Identifieur interne : 000254 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000253; suivant : 000255

Motor features in posterior cortical atrophy and their imaging correlates☆

Auteurs : Natalie S. Ryan [Royaume-Uni] ; Timothy J. Shakespeare [Royaume-Uni] ; Manja Lehmann [Royaume-Uni] ; Shiva Keihaninejad [Royaume-Uni] ; Jennifer M. Nicholas [Royaume-Uni] ; Kelvin K. Leung [Royaume-Uni] ; Nick C. Fox [Royaume-Uni] ; Sebastian J. Crutch [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4236588

Abstract

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by impaired higher visual processing skills; however, motor features more commonly associated with corticobasal syndrome may also occur. We investigated the frequency and clinical characteristics of motor features in 44 PCA patients and, with 30 controls, conducted voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness, and subcortical volumetric analyses of their magnetic resonance imaging. Prominent limb rigidity was used to define a PCA-motor subgroup. A total of 30% (13) had PCA-motor; all demonstrating asymmetrical left upper limb rigidity. Limb apraxia was more frequent and asymmetrical in PCA-motor, as was myoclonus. Tremor and alien limb phenomena only occurred in this subgroup. The subgroups did not differ in neuropsychological test performance or apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency. Greater asymmetry of atrophy occurred in PCA-motor, particularly involving right frontoparietal and peri-rolandic cortices, putamen, and thalamus. The 9 patients (including 4 PCA-motor) with pathology or cerebrospinal fluid all showed evidence of Alzheimer's disease. Our data suggest that PCA patients with motor features have greater atrophy of contralateral sensorimotor areas but are still likely to have underlying Alzheimer's disease.


Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.028
PubMed: 25086839
PubMed Central: 4236588

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<p>Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by impaired higher visual processing skills; however, motor features more commonly associated with corticobasal syndrome may also occur. We investigated the frequency and clinical characteristics of motor features in 44 PCA patients and, with 30 controls, conducted voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness, and subcortical volumetric analyses of their magnetic resonance imaging. Prominent limb rigidity was used to define a PCA-motor subgroup. A total of 30% (13) had PCA-motor; all demonstrating asymmetrical left upper limb rigidity. Limb apraxia was more frequent and asymmetrical in PCA-motor, as was myoclonus. Tremor and alien limb phenomena only occurred in this subgroup. The subgroups did not differ in neuropsychological test performance or apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency. Greater asymmetry of atrophy occurred in PCA-motor, particularly involving right frontoparietal and peri-rolandic cortices, putamen, and thalamus. The 9 patients (including 4 PCA-motor) with pathology or cerebrospinal fluid all showed evidence of Alzheimer's disease. Our data suggest that PCA patients with motor features have greater atrophy of contralateral sensorimotor areas but are still likely to have underlying Alzheimer's disease.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neurobiol Aging</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neurobiol. Aging</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Neurobiology of Aging</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0197-4580</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1558-1497</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25086839</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4236588</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0197-4580(14)00394-7</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.028</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Regular Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Motor features in posterior cortical atrophy and their imaging correlates
<sup>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e852"></xref>
</sup>
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ryan</surname>
<given-names>Natalie S.</given-names>
</name>
<email>natalie.ryan@ucl.ac.uk</email>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp"></xref>
<xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shakespeare</surname>
<given-names>Timothy J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lehmann</surname>
<given-names>Manja</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Keihaninejad</surname>
<given-names>Shiva</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nicholas</surname>
<given-names>Jennifer M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Leung</surname>
<given-names>Kelvin K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fox</surname>
<given-names>Nick C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Crutch</surname>
<given-names>Sebastian J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>a</label>
Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>b</label>
Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, UK</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">
<label></label>
Corresponding author at: Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Box 16 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosugery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 20 3448 3853; fax: +44 (0) 20 7676 2066.
<email>natalie.ryan@ucl.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="fn1">
<label>1</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to the work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>2845</fpage>
<lpage>2857</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>12</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>6</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>31</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2014 The Authors</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by impaired higher visual processing skills; however, motor features more commonly associated with corticobasal syndrome may also occur. We investigated the frequency and clinical characteristics of motor features in 44 PCA patients and, with 30 controls, conducted voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness, and subcortical volumetric analyses of their magnetic resonance imaging. Prominent limb rigidity was used to define a PCA-motor subgroup. A total of 30% (13) had PCA-motor; all demonstrating asymmetrical left upper limb rigidity. Limb apraxia was more frequent and asymmetrical in PCA-motor, as was myoclonus. Tremor and alien limb phenomena only occurred in this subgroup. The subgroups did not differ in neuropsychological test performance or apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency. Greater asymmetry of atrophy occurred in PCA-motor, particularly involving right frontoparietal and peri-rolandic cortices, putamen, and thalamus. The 9 patients (including 4 PCA-motor) with pathology or cerebrospinal fluid all showed evidence of Alzheimer's disease. Our data suggest that PCA patients with motor features have greater atrophy of contralateral sensorimotor areas but are still likely to have underlying Alzheimer's disease.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="author-highlights">
<title>Highlights</title>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item id="u0010">
<label></label>
<p>We investigated motor features and their neuroimaging correlates in 44 posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) patients.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item id="u0015">
<label></label>
<p>A total of 30% had asymmetrical left upper limb rigidity and were termed the “PCA-motor” group.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item id="u0020">
<label></label>
<p>Limb apraxia was more frequent and asymmetrical in PCA-motor, as was myoclonus.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item id="u0025">
<label></label>
<p>PCA-motor had greater asymmetry of atrophy, involving the right sensorimotor areas.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item id="u0030">
<label></label>
<p>The subgroup with pathology or cerebrospinal fluid all showed evidence of Alzheimer's disease.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Posterior cortical atrophy</kwd>
<kwd>Corticobasal syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>Alzheimer's disease</kwd>
<kwd>Phenotype</kwd>
<kwd>Asymmetric atrophy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1">
<label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Results from voxel-based morphometry analysis. (A) Differences in gray and white matter volume between controls and PCA-motor, and between controls and PCA-pure. T-scores are shown for statistically significant lower gray matter volume in the patient groups compared with controls (FWE corrected at
<italic>p</italic>
< 0.05). Images shown in neurological convention (right on right). Cross hairs and coordinates (in MNI space) indicate t-score global maxima (this is in the right hemisphere for both comparisons). (B) Percent difference maps for differences in gray and white matter between PCA-motor and PCA-pure. Warmer colors show regions of lower volume in PCA-motor compared with PCA-pure, whereas cooler colors show regions for the opposite contrast. Images shown in neurological convention (right on right), coordinates are in MNI space. Abbreviations: FWE, family-wise error; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2">
<label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Results from cortical thickness analysis. (A) Differences in cortical thickness between controls and PCA-motor, and between controls and PCA-pure. The color scale represents FWE corrected
<italic>p</italic>
-values (
<italic>p</italic>
< 0.05), with warmer colors representing regions with lower cortical thickness in the patient groups compared with controls, and cooler colors showing the opposite contrast (which yielded no statistically significant results). (B) Difference in cortical thickness between PCA-pure and PCA-motor. The color scale represents percent differences in cortical thickness with warmer colors showing regions where PCA-motor has lower cortical thickness compared with PCA-pure, whereas cooler colors represent areas for the opposite contrast. Abbreviations: FWE, family-wise error; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3">
<label>Fig. 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Mean cortical thickness and subcortical volume for each patient group in each region of interest. Error bars indicate standard error.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr3"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Subject characteristics and clinical data</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Controls (N = 30)</th>
<th>PCA-motor (N = 13)</th>
<th>PCA-pure (N = 31)</th>
<th>
<italic>p</italic>
-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Gender (male, female)</td>
<td>13, 17</td>
<td>7, 6</td>
<td>12, 19</td>
<td>0.71
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Age in years, mean (SD)</td>
<td>63.9 (6.2)</td>
<td>63.8 (8.0)</td>
<td>63.4 (6.2)</td>
<td>0.94
<xref rid="tbl1fnb" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MMSE, mean (SD)</td>
<td>29.3 (0.8)</td>
<td>17.4 (6.3)</td>
<td>18.9 (6.4)</td>
<td>0.49
<xref rid="tbl1fnc" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Disease duration in years, mean (SD)</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>4.9 (2.1)</td>
<td>5.3 (2.8)</td>
<td>0.66
<xref rid="tbl1fnc" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scanner (3.0 T, 1.5 T)</td>
<td>18, 12</td>
<td>7, 6</td>
<td>18, 13</td>
<td>0.95
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APOE4, number (%) with
<italic>E4</italic>
allele/number with DNA sample</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>5/11 (45)</td>
<td>12/29 (41)</td>
<td>1.00
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5">Neurological signs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Limb rigidity, n (%)
<xref rid="tbl1fnd" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
<xref rid="tbl1fne" ref-type="table-fn">e</xref>
</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>13 (100)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Alien limb phenomena, n (%)
<xref rid="tbl1fnd" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>2 (15)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Tremor, n (%)
<xref rid="tbl1fnd" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>3 (23)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Myoclonus, n (%)
<xref rid="tbl1fnd" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>10 (77)</td>
<td>14 (45)</td>
<td>0.10
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Asymmetrical, n (%)</td>
<td></td>
<td>8 (80)</td>
<td>4 (29)</td>
<td>0.04
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Apraxia, n (%)
<xref rid="tbl1fnd" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>13 (100)</td>
<td>12 (39)</td>
<td><0.001
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Asymmetrical, n (%)</td>
<td></td>
<td>12 (92)</td>
<td>2 (17)</td>
<td><0.001
<xref rid="tbl1fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Limb apraxia subtest (3A) of apraxia battery for adults (ABA-2A)
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td>PCA-motor (N = 4)
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td>PCA-pure (N = 4)
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td>
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Right upper limb score
<xref rid="tbl1fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
, mean (SD)</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>34.4 (12.3)</td>
<td>42.75 (10)</td>
<td>0.32
<xref rid="tbl1fnc" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Left upper limb score
<xref rid="tbl1fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
, mean (SD)</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>21.3 (13.3)</td>
<td>42.75 (7.3)</td>
<td>0.05
<xref rid="tbl1fnc" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Difference between left and right scores, mean (SD)</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>13 (5.9)</td>
<td>2 (2.3)</td>
<td>0.01
<xref rid="tbl1fnc" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<italic>p</italic>
-Value for paired samples
<italic>t</italic>
-test comparing left and right upper limb scores</td>
<td></td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Key: ANOVA, analysis of variance; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; NA, not applicable; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy; SD, standard deviation.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl1fna">
<label>a</label>
<p>Fisher exact test.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl1fnb">
<label>b</label>
<p>One-way ANOVA.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl1fnc">
<label>c</label>
<p>Two sample unpaired
<italic>t</italic>
-test comparing PCA-motor against PCA-pure.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl1fnd">
<label>d</label>
<p>Numbers indicate the number (percentage) of patients in each group documented as manifesting the sign on clinical examination. Where indicated, the number (percentage) of these subjects in whom the sign was asymmetrical that is, observed only or more prominently on 1 side than the other, is recorded on the line below. The remaining signs were asymmetrical in all cases.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl1fne">
<label>e</label>
<p>Limb rigidity was the feature used to define membership of the PCA-motor group and affected the left upper limb in all cases.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl1fnf">
<label>f</label>
<p>Maximum score 50, with lower scores indicating more severe apraxia.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>CSF results for the patients who underwent LP</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Patient 1</th>
<th>Patient 2</th>
<th>Patient 3</th>
<th>Patient 4</th>
<th>Patient 5</th>
<th>Patient 6</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Group</td>
<td>PCA-pure</td>
<td>PCA-pure</td>
<td>PCA-pure</td>
<td>PCA-pure</td>
<td>PCA-motor</td>
<td>PCA-motor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total tau (pg/mL)</td>
<td align="char">931</td>
<td>Insufficient</td>
<td align="char">488</td>
<td align="char">660</td>
<td align="char">630</td>
<td align="char">566</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<sub>1-42</sub>
(pg/mL)</td>
<td align="char">625</td>
<td align="char">105</td>
<td align="char">135</td>
<td align="char">343</td>
<td align="char">243</td>
<td align="char">205</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tau:Aβ ratio</td>
<td align="char">1.49</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td align="char">3.61</td>
<td align="char">1.92</td>
<td align="char">2.59</td>
<td align="char">2.75</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Key: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; LP, lumbar puncture; NA, not applicable; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl3" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Neuropsychology scores</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>PCA-pure mean (SD)</th>
<th>PCA-motor mean (SD)</th>
<th>Unpaired
<italic>t</italic>
test (
<italic>p</italic>
-value)</th>
<th>Normative mean (SD)</th>
<th>PCA-pure number (%) below the 5th percentile</th>
<th>PCA-motor number (%) below the 5th percentile</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Interval between MRI and psychology (months)</td>
<td align="char">3.21 (4.25)</td>
<td align="char">3.05 (6.04)</td>
<td align="char">0.93</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">General function</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> sRMT words (/25)
<xref rid="tbl3fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">19.2 (2.83)</td>
<td align="char">20.3 (2.60)</td>
<td align="char">0.30</td>
<td align="char">23.5 (2.10)</td>
<td align="char">17 (81.0)</td>
<td align="char">5 (55.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> sRMT faces (/25)
<xref rid="tbl3fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">18.6 (5.63)</td>
<td align="char">15.5 (4.71)</td>
<td align="char">0.30</td>
<td align="char">22.8 (1.90)</td>
<td align="char">4 (19.1)</td>
<td align="char">4 (44.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Concrete synonyms (/25)
<xref rid="tbl3fnb" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">19.4 (5.67)</td>
<td align="char">20.8 (4.63)</td>
<td align="char">0.54</td>
<td align="char">20.8 (3.00)</td>
<td align="char">3 (14.2)</td>
<td align="char">1 (11.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Naming from description (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fnc" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">13.3 (6.77)</td>
<td align="char">12.4 (4.69)</td>
<td align="char">0.72</td>
<td align="char">18.9 (1.50)</td>
<td align="char">11 (52.4)</td>
<td align="char">7 (77.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Gesture production</td>
<td align="char">11.6 (4.13)</td>
<td align="char">8.56 (4.16)</td>
<td align="char">0.08</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">Non-visual parietal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Calculation (adap. GDA/26)
<xref rid="tbl3fnd" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">9.24 (5.20)</td>
<td align="char">9.33 (5.24)</td>
<td align="char">0.96</td>
<td align="char">20.7 (3.10)</td>
<td align="char">19 (90.5)</td>
<td align="char">8 (88.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Spelling (Baxter/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fne" ref-type="table-fn">e</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">8.05 (6.71)</td>
<td align="char">7.44 (7.23)</td>
<td align="char">0.83</td>
<td align="char">19.5 (6.49)</td>
<td align="char">10 (47.6)</td>
<td align="char">5 (55.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">Visual function</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Figure-ground (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">15.3 (3.73)</td>
<td align="char">15.0 (4.00)</td>
<td align="char">0.83</td>
<td align="char">19.9 (0.30)</td>
<td align="char">17 (81.0)</td>
<td align="char">8 (88.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Fragmented letters (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">3.72 (4.59)</td>
<td align="char">1.11 (1.62)</td>
<td align="char">0.11</td>
<td align="char">18.8 (1.40)</td>
<td align="char">17 (81.0)</td>
<td align="char">9 (100)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Object decision (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">10.6 (5.31)</td>
<td align="char">9.56 (4.28)</td>
<td align="char">0.61</td>
<td align="char">17.7 (1.90)</td>
<td align="char">14 (66.7)</td>
<td align="char">9 (100)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Usual views (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fng" ref-type="table-fn">g</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">13.7 (7.09)</td>
<td align="char">7.75 (5.74)</td>
<td align="char">0.16</td>
<td align="char">19.7 (0.50)</td>
<td align="char">6 (28.6)</td>
<td align="char">4 (44.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Unusual views (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fng" ref-type="table-fn">g</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">4.90 (4.82)</td>
<td align="char">2.25 (1.89)</td>
<td align="char">0.32</td>
<td align="char">17.1 (3.00)</td>
<td align="char">9 (42.9)</td>
<td align="char">4 (44.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Number location (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">3.06 (3.37)</td>
<td align="char">1.44 (2.01)</td>
<td align="char">0.20</td>
<td align="char">9.40 (1.10)</td>
<td align="char">15 (71.4)</td>
<td align="char">9 (100)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Dot counting (/20)
<xref rid="tbl3fnf" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
</td>
<td align="char">3.95 (3.73)</td>
<td align="char">3.00 (3.57)</td>
<td align="char">0.53</td>
<td align="char">9.90 (0.20)</td>
<td align="char">17 (81.0)</td>
<td align="char">8 (88.9)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Mean and standard deviation of raw scores for the PCA patient group and relevant normative data.</p>
<p>Key: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy; sRMT, Short Recognition Memory Test.</p>
<p>Normative data samples are as follows:</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fna">
<label>a</label>
<p>
<xref rid="bib72" ref-type="bibr">Warrington (1996</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fnb">
<label>b</label>
<p>
<xref rid="bib75" ref-type="bibr">Warrington et al. (1998</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fnc">
<label>c</label>
<p>Randlesome (unpublished data N = 100).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fnd">
<label>d</label>
<p>Crutch (unpublished data).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fne">
<label>e</label>
<p>
<xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">Baxter and Warrington (1994</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fnf">
<label>f</label>
<p>
<xref rid="bib74" ref-type="bibr">Warrington and James (1991</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tbl3fng">
<label>g</label>
<p>
<xref rid="bib73" ref-type="bibr">Warrington and James (1988</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Londres</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>University College de Londres</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="Royaume-Uni">
<region name="Angleterre">
<name sortKey="Ryan, Natalie S" sort="Ryan, Natalie S" uniqKey="Ryan N" first="Natalie S." last="Ryan">Natalie S. Ryan</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Crutch, Sebastian J" sort="Crutch, Sebastian J" uniqKey="Crutch S" first="Sebastian J." last="Crutch">Sebastian J. Crutch</name>
<name sortKey="Fox, Nick C" sort="Fox, Nick C" uniqKey="Fox N" first="Nick C." last="Fox">Nick C. Fox</name>
<name sortKey="Keihaninejad, Shiva" sort="Keihaninejad, Shiva" uniqKey="Keihaninejad S" first="Shiva" last="Keihaninejad">Shiva Keihaninejad</name>
<name sortKey="Lehmann, Manja" sort="Lehmann, Manja" uniqKey="Lehmann M" first="Manja" last="Lehmann">Manja Lehmann</name>
<name sortKey="Leung, Kelvin K" sort="Leung, Kelvin K" uniqKey="Leung K" first="Kelvin K." last="Leung">Kelvin K. Leung</name>
<name sortKey="Nicholas, Jennifer M" sort="Nicholas, Jennifer M" uniqKey="Nicholas J" first="Jennifer M." last="Nicholas">Jennifer M. Nicholas</name>
<name sortKey="Nicholas, Jennifer M" sort="Nicholas, Jennifer M" uniqKey="Nicholas J" first="Jennifer M." last="Nicholas">Jennifer M. Nicholas</name>
<name sortKey="Shakespeare, Timothy J" sort="Shakespeare, Timothy J" uniqKey="Shakespeare T" first="Timothy J." last="Shakespeare">Timothy J. Shakespeare</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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