Environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in Western Australia☆
Identifieur interne : 000225 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000224; suivant : 000226Environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in Western Australia☆
Auteurs : Narelle A. Dybing ; Patricia A. Fleming ; Peter J. AdamsSource :
- International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife [ 2213-2244 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.04.004
PubMed: 24533331
PubMed Central: 3862530
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in Western Australia<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e1254">☆</xref></sup></title><author><name sortKey="Dybing, Narelle A" sort="Dybing, Narelle A" uniqKey="Dybing N" first="Narelle A." last="Dybing">Narelle A. Dybing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fleming, Patricia A" sort="Fleming, Patricia A" uniqKey="Fleming P" first="Patricia A." last="Fleming">Patricia A. Fleming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Peter J" sort="Adams, Peter J" uniqKey="Adams P" first="Peter J." last="Adams">Peter J. Adams</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24533331</idno><idno type="pmc">3862530</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3862530</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3862530</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.04.004</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000382</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000382</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000275</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000225</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in Western Australia<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e1254">☆</xref></sup></title><author><name sortKey="Dybing, Narelle A" sort="Dybing, Narelle A" uniqKey="Dybing N" first="Narelle A." last="Dybing">Narelle A. Dybing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fleming, Patricia A" sort="Fleming, Patricia A" uniqKey="Fleming P" first="Patricia A." last="Fleming">Patricia A. Fleming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Peter J" sort="Adams, Peter J" uniqKey="Adams P" first="Peter J." last="Adams">Peter J. Adams</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</title><idno type="eISSN">2213-2244</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Graphical abstract</title><fig id="f0015" position="anchor"><graphic xlink:href="fx1"></graphic></fig></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Amin, O M" uniqKey="Amin O">O.M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2213-2244</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24533331</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3862530</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2213-2244(13)00015-1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.04.004</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in Western Australia<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e1254">☆</xref></sup></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dybing</surname><given-names>Narelle A.</given-names></name><email>n.dybing@murdoch.edu.au</email><email>ndybing@live.com</email><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fleming</surname><given-names>Patricia A.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af005">School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Western Australia 6150, Australia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 8 9360 2118. <email>n.dybing@murdoch.edu.au</email><email>ndybing@live.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>172</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="CC BY-NC-SA" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="graphical"><title>Graphical abstract</title><fig id="f0015" position="anchor"><graphic xlink:href="fx1"></graphic></fig></abstract><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="o0005"><label>•</label><p>We investigated the helminth fauna of red foxes from 14 locations in southwest WA.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0010"><label>•</label><p>Environmental variables influence parasite occurrence.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0015"><label>•</label><p>Host factors did not influence parasite presence.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0020"><label>•</label><p>An extension of geographic range of flukes <italic>Plagiorchis maculosus</italic> and <italic>Brachylaima cribbi.</italic></p></list-item><list-item id="o0025"><label>•</label><p><italic>Echinococcus granulosus</italic> and <italic>Taenia ovis</italic> were not detected.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><abstract><p>Red foxes (<italic>Vulpes vulpes</italic>) are the most common and widely distributed wild carnivore worldwide. These predators harbour a wide range of parasites, many of which may have important conservation, agricultural and zoonotic repercussions. This project investigated the occurrence of helminth parasites from the intestines of 147 red foxes across 14 sampling localities of southwest Western Australia. Helminth parasites were detected in 58% of fox intestines: <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> (27.7% of foxes), <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> (18.2%), <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> (14.9%), <italic>Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</italic> (5.4%), <italic>Toxascaris leonina</italic> (4.7%), <italic>Taenia serialis</italic> (1.4%), <italic>Taenia hydatigena</italic> (0.7%), unidentified <italic>Taenia</italic> spp. (4.1%), <italic>Brachylaima cribbi</italic> (0.7%)<italic>, Plagiorchis maculosus</italic> (0.7%) and an Acanthocephalan; family Centrorhynchidae (2.1%). Importantly, two cestodes of agricultural significance, <italic>Echinococcus granulosus</italic> and <italic>Taenia ovis</italic>, were not detected in red foxes in this study, despite the presence of suitable intermediate hosts in the diets of these animals. Parasite richness varied from 1–3 species per host, with average parasite number varying from 1–39 worms (across all helminth species). Regression analyses indicated that the presence of four helminth parasites was related to various environmental factors. The presence of <italic>S. erinaceieuropaei</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001), <italic>T. leonina</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) and <italic>U. stenocephala</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) was positively associated with average relative humidity which may affect the longevity of infective stages in the environment. The presence of <italic>S. erinaceieuropaei</italic> and <italic>U. stenocephala</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001) was positively associated with 5-y-average minimum temperature which could reflect poor survival of infective stages through cold winter conditions. The presence of <italic>T. canis</italic> and <italic>U. stenocephala</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001) was positively associated with the percentage cover of native vegetation at each sampling location, which is likely to reflect transmission from native prey species acting as paratenic hosts. These data identify environmental factors affecting transmission and potential distribution of each parasite taxon, and provide important information increasing our understanding of the potential effects of environmental change on parasite ecology.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Red fox</kwd><kwd>Helminth parasites</kwd><kwd>Zoonotic</kwd><kwd>Environmental correlates</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f0005"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Prevalence of helminths in red foxes (<italic>n</italic>=147) from sampling locations throughout southwest Western Australia. Numbers in parentheses indicate sample size at each location.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0010"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Prevalence of <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> and <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> from red foxes at each sampling location.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t0005" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Environmental and climatic measures for each sampling location and number of samples collected.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Location</th><th rowspan="2">% Native vegetation cover<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></th><th rowspan="2">Avg. humidity for previous 6 mo (%)<xref rid="tblfn2" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref></th><th colspan="3">Temperature<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2">5-y-avg. Annual rainfall (mm)</th><th rowspan="2">Avg. rainfall for previous 6 m (mm)</th></tr><tr><th>5-y-avg. Mean (°C)</th><th>5-y-avg. Min. (°C)</th><th>5-y-avg. Max. (°C)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Armadale (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</td><td align="char">30.91</td><td align="char">62.67</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">11.1</td><td align="char">24.3</td><td align="char">765.88</td><td align="char">17.13</td></tr><tr><td>Boyup brook (<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="char">37.21</td><td align="char">70.83</td><td align="char">23.08</td><td align="char">8.72</td><td align="char">22.9</td><td align="char">587.52</td><td align="char">10.88</td></tr><tr><td>Corrigin (<italic>n</italic> = 18)</td><td align="char">5.91</td><td align="char">56.17</td><td align="char">24.3</td><td align="char">9.96</td><td align="char">24.3</td><td align="char">355.5</td><td align="char">12.67</td></tr><tr><td>Darkan (<italic>n</italic> = 30)</td><td align="char">25.52</td><td align="char">56.17</td><td align="char">23.08</td><td align="char">9.74</td><td align="char">23.08</td><td align="char">534.86</td><td align="char">19.47</td></tr><tr><td>Dumbleyung (<italic>n</italic> = 16)</td><td align="char">7.83</td><td align="char">56.17</td><td align="char">23.08</td><td align="char">9.74</td><td align="char">23.08</td><td align="char">337.84</td><td align="char">9.21</td></tr><tr><td>Frankland (<italic>n</italic> = 1)</td><td align="char">32.05</td><td align="char">66.5</td><td align="char">20.5</td><td align="char">9.5</td><td align="char">20.5</td><td align="char">597.2</td><td align="char">10.17</td></tr><tr><td>Gingin (<italic>n</italic> = 13)</td><td align="char">46.36</td><td align="char">47.67</td><td align="char">25.58</td><td align="char">10.62</td><td align="char">25.28</td><td align="char">577.76</td><td align="char">19.17</td></tr><tr><td>Katanning (<italic>n</italic> = 14)</td><td align="char">10.86</td><td align="char">58.33</td><td align="char">22.58</td><td align="char">9.14</td><td align="char">22.18</td><td align="char">454.44</td><td align="char">17.77</td></tr><tr><td>Kemerton (<italic>n</italic> = 1)</td><td align="char">33.77</td><td align="char">56.5</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">10.78</td><td align="char">22.84</td><td align="char">768.54</td><td align="char">15.05</td></tr><tr><td>Mt. Barker (<italic>n</italic> = 12)</td><td align="char">30.04</td><td align="char">69.67</td><td align="char">20.64</td><td align="char">9.72</td><td align="char">20.64</td><td align="char">634.66</td><td align="char">27.35</td></tr><tr><td>Nyabing (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="char">9.74</td><td align="char">58.33</td><td align="char">22.18</td><td align="char">9.14</td><td align="char">22.18</td><td align="char">360.58</td><td align="char">12.13</td></tr><tr><td>Quairading (<italic>n</italic> = 13)</td><td align="char">4.79</td><td align="char">56</td><td align="char">25.82</td><td align="char">10.02</td><td align="char">25.9</td><td align="char">340.06</td><td align="char">15.87</td></tr><tr><td>Williams (<italic>n</italic> = 5)</td><td align="char">18.54</td><td align="char">53.17</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">9.68</td><td align="char">22.84</td><td align="char">452.46</td><td align="char">14.9</td></tr><tr><td>Woodanilling (<italic>n</italic> = 6)</td><td align="char">10.49</td><td align="char">58.33</td><td align="char">22.58</td><td align="char">9.14</td><td align="char">22.18</td><td align="char">417.52</td><td align="char">14.52</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn1"><label>a</label><p>Percentage native vegetation cover was calculated within a 30 km radius of each sampling location (data sourced from <xref rid="b0265" ref-type="bibr">Shepherd et al., 2001</xref>).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn2"><label>b</label><p>Climatic measures were sourced from Bureau of Meteorology (Department of Sustainability, 2010).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0010" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Age, weight and sex breakdown of samples collected (<italic>n</italic> = 147).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th>Range</th><th>No. of foxes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">Age cohort</td><td><2 years</td><td align="char">105</td></tr><tr><td>2–4 years</td><td align="char">26</td></tr><tr><td>4–6 years</td><td align="char">4</td></tr><tr><td>6–8 years</td><td align="char">3</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown</td><td align="char">9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">
</td></tr><tr><td>Weight</td><td><5 kg</td><td align="char">47</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5–8 kg</td><td align="char">96</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>>8 kg</td><td align="char">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">
</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Sex</italic></td><td>Male</td><td align="char">80</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Female</td><td align="char">67</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0015" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Prevalence and parasite intensity of helminth species in red foxes. Species within each Family are sorted in decreasing order of prevalence.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Phylum</th><th rowspan="2">Parasite</th><th rowspan="2">Prevalence (%)</th><th colspan="5">Helminth parasite intensity<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th>Average</th><th>SD</th><th>Min</th><th>Max</th><th>Median</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">Nematoda</td><td><italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic></td><td align="char">18.2</td><td align="char">17.00</td><td align="char">17.33</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">78</td><td align="char">12</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Toxocara canis</italic></td><td align="char">14.9</td><td align="char">7.00</td><td align="char">7.84</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">34</td><td align="char">4</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Toxascaris leonina</italic></td><td align="char">4.7</td><td align="char">1.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown roundworm</td><td align="char">1.4</td><td align="char">1.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown hookworm</td><td align="char">0.7</td><td align="char">1.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Cestoda</td><td><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></td><td align="char">27.7</td><td align="char">8.00</td><td align="char">12.14</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">51</td><td align="char">2</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Spirometra erinaceieuropei</italic></td><td align="char">5.4</td><td align="char">3.00</td><td align="char">1.98</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">6</td><td align="char">3</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Taenia serialis</italic></td><td align="char">1.4</td><td align="char">39.00</td><td align="char">49.50</td><td align="char">4</td><td align="char">74</td><td align="char">39</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Taenia hydatigena</italic></td><td align="char">0.7</td><td align="char">1.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Taenia</italic> spp.</td><td align="char">4.1</td><td align="char">1.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Trematoda</td><td><italic>Brachylaima cribbi</italic></td><td align="char">0.7</td><td align="char">6.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">6</td><td align="char">6</td><td align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Plagiorchis maculosus</italic></td><td align="char">0.7</td><td align="char">8.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">8</td><td align="char">8</td><td align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown fluke</td><td align="char">0.7</td><td align="char">1.00</td><td align="char">–</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td>Acanthocephala</td><td>Centrorhynchidae<xref rid="tblfn3" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td><td align="char">2.1</td><td align="char">2.00</td><td align="char">1.73</td><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">4</td><td align="char">1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn3"><label>a</label><p>Identified to family only.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0020" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Summary of five separate backwards stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses carried out to determine factors that were associated with the presence/absence of the five most prevalent parasite species. This table shows beta coefficient values ± standard errors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Parasite species</th><th><italic>D. caninum</italic></th><th><italic>S. erinaceieuropei</italic></th><th><italic>T. canis</italic></th><th><italic>T. leonina</italic></th><th><italic>U. stenocephala</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6">Environmental factors</td></tr><tr><td> % Native vegetation cover (30km radius)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>0.455 ± 0.079<xref rid="tblfn5" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td>–</td><td>0.493 ± 0.073<xref rid="tblfn5" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td></tr><tr><td> Avg. monthly rainfall- previous 6 mo (mm)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> 5-y-avg. annual rainfall (mm)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> Avg. humidity- previous 6 mo (%)</td><td>–</td><td>0.574 ± 0.115<xref rid="tblfn5" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td>–</td><td>0.285 ± 0.085<xref rid="tblfn4" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td>0.343 ± 0.10<xref rid="tblfn4" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td></tr><tr><td> 5-y-avg. mean temp. (°C)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> 5-y-avg. min temp. (°C)</td><td>–</td><td>0.494 ± 0.115<xref rid="tblfn5" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>0.364 ± 0.103<xref rid="tblfn5" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td></tr><tr><td> 5-y-avg. max temp. (°C)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">Host factors</td></tr><tr><td> Sex</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> Head/body length (cm)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> Pes length (cm)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> Body mass (minus GI tract mass, kg)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> Age (years)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Factors that were eliminated as part of the backwards stepwise regression are indicated with –; significant factors are indicated with asterisks.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn4"><label>⁎⁎</label><p><italic>p</italic> < 0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn5"><label>⁎⁎⁎</label><p><italic>p</italic> < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0025" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Pearson’s correlation matrix with a Bonferroni correction between parasites in red foxes (<italic>n</italic> = 147) based on presence/absence data. Only parasites present in at least 3 foxes were included in the analysis.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></th><th><italic>Taenia</italic> spp.</th><th><italic>Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</italic></th><th><italic>Toxocara canis</italic></th><th><italic>Toxascaris leonina</italic></th><th><italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></td><td align="char">1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Taenia</italic> spp.</td><td align="char">−0.052</td><td align="char">1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</italic></td><td align="char">−0.149</td><td align="char">0.102</td><td align="char">1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Toxocara canis</italic></td><td align="char">−0.091</td><td align="char">−0.087</td><td align="char">0.067</td><td align="char">1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Toxascaris leonina</italic></td><td align="char">−0.139</td><td align="char">−0.046</td><td align="char">0.228<xref rid="tblfn6" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="char">−0.004</td><td align="char">1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic></td><td align="char">−0.217<xref rid="tblfn6" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="char">−0.098</td><td align="char">0.351<xref rid="tblfn7" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="char">0.244<xref rid="tblfn6" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="char">0.224<xref rid="tblfn6" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="char">1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Statistically significant correlations are indicated with asterisks.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn6"><label>⁎⁎</label><p><italic>p</italic> < 0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn7"><label>⁎⁎⁎</label><p><italic>p</italic> < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Adams, Peter J" sort="Adams, Peter J" uniqKey="Adams P" first="Peter J." last="Adams">Peter J. Adams</name><name sortKey="Dybing, Narelle A" sort="Dybing, Narelle A" uniqKey="Dybing N" first="Narelle A." last="Dybing">Narelle A. Dybing</name><name sortKey="Fleming, Patricia A" sort="Fleming, Patricia A" uniqKey="Fleming P" first="Patricia A." last="Fleming">Patricia A. Fleming</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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