Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations
Identifieur interne : 000060 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 000059; suivant : 000061Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations
Auteurs : Hélène Quach [France] ; Maxime Rotival [France] ; Julien Pothlichet [France] ; Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh [France] ; Michael Dannemann [Allemagne] ; Nora Zidane [France] ; Guillaume Laval [France] ; Etienne Patin [France] ; Christine Harmant [France] ; Marie Lopez [France] ; Matthieu Deschamps [France] ; Nadia Naffakh [France] ; Darragh Duffy [France] ; Anja Coen [Belgique] ; Geert Leroux-Roels [Belgique] ; Frederic Clément [Belgique] ; Anne Boland [France] ; Jean-François Deleuze [France] ; Janet Kelso [Allemagne] ; Matthew L. Albert [France, États-Unis] ; Lluis Quintana-Murci [France]Source :
- Cell [ 0092-8674 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Humans differ in the outcome that follows exposure to life-threatening pathogens, yet the extent of population differences in immune responses and their genetic and evolutionary determinants remain undefined. Here, we characterized, using RNA sequencing, the transcriptional response of primary monocytes from Africans and Europeans to bacterial and viral stimuli—ligands activating Toll-like receptor pathways (TLR1/2, TLR4, and TLR7/8) and influenza virus—and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We identify numerous
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.024
PubMed: 27768888
PubMed Central: 5075285
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<author><name sortKey="Naffakh, Nadia" sort="Naffakh, Nadia" uniqKey="Naffakh N" first="Nadia" last="Naffakh">Nadia Naffakh</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Duffy, Darragh" sort="Duffy, Darragh" uniqKey="Duffy D" first="Darragh" last="Duffy">Darragh Duffy</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Coen, Anja" sort="Coen, Anja" uniqKey="Coen A" first="Anja" last="Coen">Anja Coen</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Deleuze, Jean Francois" sort="Deleuze, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Deleuze J" first="Jean-François" last="Deleuze">Jean-François Deleuze</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kelso, Janet" sort="Kelso, Janet" uniqKey="Kelso J" first="Janet" last="Kelso">Janet Kelso</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Albert, Matthew L" sort="Albert, Matthew L" uniqKey="Albert M" first="Matthew L." last="Albert">Matthew L. Albert</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Quintana Murci, Lluis" sort="Quintana Murci, Lluis" uniqKey="Quintana Murci L" first="Lluis" last="Quintana-Murci">Lluis Quintana-Murci</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000060</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations</title>
<author><name sortKey="Quach, Helene" sort="Quach, Helene" uniqKey="Quach H" first="Hélène" last="Quach">Hélène Quach</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rotival, Maxime" sort="Rotival, Maxime" uniqKey="Rotival M" first="Maxime" last="Rotival">Maxime Rotival</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pothlichet, Julien" sort="Pothlichet, Julien" uniqKey="Pothlichet J" first="Julien" last="Pothlichet">Julien Pothlichet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loh, Yong Hwee Eddie" sort="Loh, Yong Hwee Eddie" uniqKey="Loh Y" first="Yong-Hwee Eddie" last="Loh">Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dannemann, Michael" sort="Dannemann, Michael" uniqKey="Dannemann M" first="Michael" last="Dannemann">Michael Dannemann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region>
<settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zidane, Nora" sort="Zidane, Nora" uniqKey="Zidane N" first="Nora" last="Zidane">Nora Zidane</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laval, Guillaume" sort="Laval, Guillaume" uniqKey="Laval G" first="Guillaume" last="Laval">Guillaume Laval</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patin, Etienne" sort="Patin, Etienne" uniqKey="Patin E" first="Etienne" last="Patin">Etienne Patin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harmant, Christine" sort="Harmant, Christine" uniqKey="Harmant C" first="Christine" last="Harmant">Christine Harmant</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez, Marie" sort="Lopez, Marie" uniqKey="Lopez M" first="Marie" last="Lopez">Marie Lopez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deschamps, Matthieu" sort="Deschamps, Matthieu" uniqKey="Deschamps M" first="Matthieu" last="Deschamps">Matthieu Deschamps</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naffakh, Nadia" sort="Naffakh, Nadia" uniqKey="Naffakh N" first="Nadia" last="Naffakh">Nadia Naffakh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duffy, Darragh" sort="Duffy, Darragh" uniqKey="Duffy D" first="Darragh" last="Duffy">Darragh Duffy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Dendritic Cell Immunobiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dendritic Cell Immunobiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coen, Anja" sort="Coen, Anja" uniqKey="Coen A" first="Anja" last="Coen">Anja Coen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent 9000</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ghent 9000</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leroux Roels, Geert" sort="Leroux Roels, Geert" uniqKey="Leroux Roels G" first="Geert" last="Leroux-Roels">Geert Leroux-Roels</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent 9000</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ghent 9000</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clement, Frederic" sort="Clement, Frederic" uniqKey="Clement F" first="Frederic" last="Clément">Frederic Clément</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent 9000</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ghent 9000</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boland, Anne" sort="Boland, Anne" uniqKey="Boland A" first="Anne" last="Boland">Anne Boland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre National de Génotypage, CEA, Evry 91000, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre National de Génotypage, CEA, Evry 91000</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deleuze, Jean Francois" sort="Deleuze, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Deleuze J" first="Jean-François" last="Deleuze">Jean-François Deleuze</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre National de Génotypage, CEA, Evry 91000, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre National de Génotypage, CEA, Evry 91000</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelso, Janet" sort="Kelso, Janet" uniqKey="Kelso J" first="Janet" last="Kelso">Janet Kelso</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region>
<settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Albert, Matthew L" sort="Albert, Matthew L" uniqKey="Albert M" first="Matthew L." last="Albert">Matthew L. Albert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Dendritic Cell Immunobiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dendritic Cell Immunobiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quintana Murci, Lluis" sort="Quintana Murci, Lluis" uniqKey="Quintana Murci L" first="Lluis" last="Quintana-Murci">Lluis Quintana-Murci</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, URA3012, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Cell</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0092-8674</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1097-4172</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title>
<p>Humans differ in the outcome that follows exposure to life-threatening pathogens, yet the extent of population differences in immune responses and their genetic and evolutionary determinants remain undefined. Here, we characterized, using RNA sequencing, the transcriptional response of primary monocytes from Africans and Europeans to bacterial and viral stimuli—ligands activating Toll-like receptor pathways (TLR1/2, TLR4, and TLR7/8) and influenza virus—and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We identify numerous <italic>cis</italic>
-eQTLs that contribute to the marked differences in immune responses detected within and between populations and a strong <italic>trans</italic>
-eQTL hotspot at <italic>TLR1</italic>
that decreases expression of pro-inflammatory genes in Europeans only. We find that immune-responsive regulatory variants are enriched in population-specific signals of natural selection and show that admixture with Neandertals introduced regulatory variants into European genomes, affecting preferentially responses to viral challenges. Together, our study uncovers evolutionarily important determinants of differences in host immune responsiveness between human populations.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abi Rached, L" uniqKey="Abi Rached L">L. Abi-Rached</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jobin, M J" uniqKey="Jobin M">M.J. Jobin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, S" uniqKey="Kulkarni S">S. Kulkarni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcwhinnie, A" uniqKey="Mcwhinnie A">A. McWhinnie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dalva, K" uniqKey="Dalva K">K. Dalva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gragert, L" uniqKey="Gragert L">L. Gragert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Babrzadeh, F" uniqKey="Babrzadeh F">F. Babrzadeh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gharizadeh, B" uniqKey="Gharizadeh B">B. Gharizadeh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luo, M" uniqKey="Luo M">M. Luo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plummer, F A" uniqKey="Plummer F">F.A. Plummer</name>
</author>
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