Ebola Virus Epidemiology, Transmission, and Evolution during Seven Months in Sierra Leone
Identifieur interne : 000170 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 000169; suivant : 000171Ebola Virus Epidemiology, Transmission, and Evolution during Seven Months in Sierra Leone
Auteurs : Daniel J. Park [États-Unis] ; Gytis Dudas [Royaume-Uni] ; Shirlee Wohl [États-Unis] ; Augustine Goba [Sierra Leone] ; Shannon L. M. Whitmer [États-Unis] ; Kristian G. Andersen [États-Unis] ; Rachel S. Sealfon [États-Unis] ; Jason T. Ladner [États-Unis] ; Jeffrey R. Kugelman [États-Unis] ; Christian B. Matranga [États-Unis] ; Sarah M. Winnicki [États-Unis] ; James Qu [États-Unis] ; Stephen K. Gire [États-Unis] ; Adrianne Gladden-Young [États-Unis] ; Simbirie Jalloh [Sierra Leone] ; Dolo Nosamiefan [États-Unis] ; Nathan L. Yozwiak [États-Unis] ; Lina M. Moses [États-Unis] ; Pan-Pan Jiang [États-Unis] ; Aaron E. Lin [États-Unis] ; Stephen F. Schaffner [États-Unis] ; Brian Bird [États-Unis] ; Jonathan Towner [États-Unis] ; Mambu Mamoh [Sierra Leone] ; Michael Gbakie [Sierra Leone] ; Lansana Kanneh [Sierra Leone] ; David Kargbo [Sierra Leone] ; James L. B. Massally [Sierra Leone] ; Fatima K. Kamara [Sierra Leone] ; Edwin Konuwa [Sierra Leone] ; Josephine Sellu [Sierra Leone] ; Abdul A. Jalloh [Sierra Leone] ; Ibrahim Mustapha [Sierra Leone] ; Momoh Foday [Sierra Leone] ; Mohamed Yillah [Sierra Leone] ; Bobbie R. Erickson [États-Unis] ; Tara Sealy [États-Unis] ; Dianna Blau [États-Unis] ; Christopher Paddock [États-Unis] ; Aaron Brault [États-Unis] ; Brian Amman [États-Unis] ; Jane Basile [États-Unis] ; Scott Bearden [États-Unis] ; Jessica Belser [États-Unis] ; Eric Bergeron [États-Unis] ; Shelley Campbell [États-Unis] ; Ayan Chakrabarti [États-Unis] ; Kimberly Dodd [États-Unis] ; Mike Flint [États-Unis] ; Aridth Gibbons [États-Unis] ; Christin Goodman [États-Unis] ; John Klena [États-Unis] ; Laura Mcmullan [États-Unis] ; Laura Morgan [États-Unis] ; Brandy Russell [États-Unis] ; Johanna Salzer [États-Unis] ; Angela Sanchez [États-Unis] ; David Wang [États-Unis] ; Irwin Jungreis [États-Unis] ; Christopher Tomkins-Tinch [États-Unis] ; Andrey Kislyuk [États-Unis] ; Michael F. Lin [États-Unis] ; Sinead Chapman [États-Unis] ; Bronwyn Macinnis [États-Unis] ; Ashley Matthews [États-Unis] ; James Bochicchio [États-Unis] ; Lisa E. Hensley [États-Unis] ; Jens H. Kuhn [États-Unis] ; Chad Nusbaum [États-Unis] ; John S. Schieffelin [États-Unis] ; Bruce W. Birren [États-Unis] ; Marc Forget [Belgique] ; Stuart T. Nichol [États-Unis] ; Gustavo F. Palacios [États-Unis] ; Daouda Ndiaye [Sénégal] ; Christian Happi [Nigeria] ; Sahr M. Gevao [Sierra Leone] ; Mohamed A. Vandi [Sierra Leone] ; Brima Kargbo [Sierra Leone] ; Edward C. Holmes [Australie] ; Trevor Bedford [États-Unis] ; Andreas Gnirke [États-Unis] ; Ute Ströher [États-Unis] ; Andrew Rambaut [Royaume-Uni, États-Unis] ; Robert F. Garry [États-Unis] ; Pardis C. Sabeti [États-Unis]Source :
- Cell [ 0092-8674 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The 2013–2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic is caused by the Makona variant of Ebola virus (EBOV). Early in the epidemic, genome sequencing provided insights into virus evolution and transmission and offered important information for outbreak response. Here, we analyze sequences from 232 patients sampled over 7 months in Sierra Leone, along with 86 previously released genomes from earlier in the epidemic. We confirm sustained human-to-human transmission within Sierra Leone and find no evidence for import or export of EBOV across national borders after its initial introduction. Using high-depth replicate sequencing, we observe both host-to-host transmission and recurrent emergence of intrahost genetic variants. We trace the increasing impact of purifying selection in suppressing the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations over time. Finally, we note changes in the mucin-like domain of EBOV glycoprotein that merit further investigation. These findings clarify the movement of EBOV within the region and describe viral evolution during prolonged human-to-human transmission.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.007
PubMed: 26091036
PubMed Central: 4503805
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Moses</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Pan Pan" sort="Jiang, Pan Pan" uniqKey="Jiang P" first="Pan-Pan" last="Jiang">Pan-Pan Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Aaron E" sort="Lin, Aaron E" uniqKey="Lin A" first="Aaron E." last="Lin">Aaron E. 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Schaffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bird, Brian" sort="Bird, Brian" uniqKey="Bird B" first="Brian" last="Bird">Brian Bird</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Towner, Jonathan" sort="Towner, Jonathan" uniqKey="Towner J" first="Jonathan" last="Towner">Jonathan Towner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mamoh, Mambu" sort="Mamoh, Mambu" uniqKey="Mamoh M" first="Mambu" last="Mamoh">Mambu Mamoh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gbakie, Michael" sort="Gbakie, Michael" uniqKey="Gbakie M" first="Michael" last="Gbakie">Michael Gbakie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanneh, Lansana" sort="Kanneh, Lansana" uniqKey="Kanneh L" first="Lansana" last="Kanneh">Lansana Kanneh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, David" sort="Kargbo, David" uniqKey="Kargbo D" first="David" last="Kargbo">David Kargbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massally, James L B" sort="Massally, James L B" uniqKey="Massally J" first="James L. B." last="Massally">James L. B. Massally</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamara, Fatima K" sort="Kamara, Fatima K" uniqKey="Kamara F" first="Fatima K." last="Kamara">Fatima K. Kamara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konuwa, Edwin" sort="Konuwa, Edwin" uniqKey="Konuwa E" first="Edwin" last="Konuwa">Edwin Konuwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sellu, Josephine" sort="Sellu, Josephine" uniqKey="Sellu J" first="Josephine" last="Sellu">Josephine Sellu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalloh, Abdul A" sort="Jalloh, Abdul A" uniqKey="Jalloh A" first="Abdul A." last="Jalloh">Abdul A. 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Erickson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealy, Tara" sort="Sealy, Tara" uniqKey="Sealy T" first="Tara" last="Sealy">Tara Sealy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blau, Dianna" sort="Blau, Dianna" uniqKey="Blau D" first="Dianna" last="Blau">Dianna Blau</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paddock, Christopher" sort="Paddock, Christopher" uniqKey="Paddock C" first="Christopher" last="Paddock">Christopher Paddock</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, 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sort="Amman, Brian" uniqKey="Amman B" first="Brian" last="Amman">Brian Amman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basile, Jane" sort="Basile, Jane" uniqKey="Basile J" first="Jane" last="Basile">Jane Basile</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bearden, Scott" sort="Bearden, Scott" uniqKey="Bearden S" first="Scott" last="Bearden">Scott Bearden</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belser, Jessica" sort="Belser, Jessica" uniqKey="Belser J" first="Jessica" last="Belser">Jessica Belser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers 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last="Chakrabarti">Ayan Chakrabarti</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodd, Kimberly" sort="Dodd, Kimberly" uniqKey="Dodd K" first="Kimberly" last="Dodd">Kimberly Dodd</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flint, Mike" sort="Flint, Mike" uniqKey="Flint M" first="Mike" last="Flint">Mike Flint</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gibbons, Aridth" sort="Gibbons, Aridth" uniqKey="Gibbons A" first="Aridth" last="Gibbons">Aridth Gibbons</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, Brandy" sort="Russell, Brandy" uniqKey="Russell B" first="Brandy" last="Russell">Brandy Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salzer, Johanna" sort="Salzer, Johanna" uniqKey="Salzer J" first="Johanna" last="Salzer">Johanna Salzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, Angela" sort="Sanchez, Angela" uniqKey="Sanchez A" first="Angela" last="Sanchez">Angela Sanchez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, David" sort="Wang, David" uniqKey="Wang D" first="David" last="Wang">David Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jungreis, Irwin" sort="Jungreis, Irwin" uniqKey="Jungreis I" first="Irwin" last="Jungreis">Irwin Jungreis</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomkins Tinch, Christopher" sort="Tomkins Tinch, Christopher" uniqKey="Tomkins Tinch C" first="Christopher" last="Tomkins-Tinch">Christopher Tomkins-Tinch</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kislyuk, Andrey" sort="Kislyuk, Andrey" uniqKey="Kislyuk A" first="Andrey" last="Kislyuk">Andrey Kislyuk</name><affiliation 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Lin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">DNAnexus, 1975 West El Camino Real, Suite 101, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>DNAnexus, 1975 West El Camino Real, Suite 101, Mountain View, CA 94040</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Sinead" sort="Chapman, Sinead" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Sinead" last="Chapman">Sinead Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macinnis, Bronwyn" sort="Macinnis, Bronwyn" uniqKey="Macinnis B" first="Bronwyn" last="Macinnis">Bronwyn Macinnis</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, Ashley" sort="Matthews, Ashley" uniqKey="Matthews A" first="Ashley" last="Matthews">Ashley Matthews</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bochicchio, James" sort="Bochicchio, James" uniqKey="Bochicchio J" first="James" last="Bochicchio">James Bochicchio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hensley, Lisa E" sort="Hensley, Lisa E" uniqKey="Hensley L" first="Lisa E." last="Hensley">Lisa E. Hensley</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jens H" sort="Kuhn, Jens H" uniqKey="Kuhn J" first="Jens H." last="Kuhn">Jens H. 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Schieffelin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Birren, Bruce W" sort="Birren, Bruce W" uniqKey="Birren B" first="Bruce W." last="Birren">Bruce W. 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Nichol</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Gustavo F" sort="Palacios, Gustavo F" uniqKey="Palacios G" first="Gustavo F." last="Palacios">Gustavo F. 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Gevao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">University of Sierra Leone, A.J. Momoh St, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sierra Leone, A.J. Momoh St, Tower Hill, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandi, Mohamed A" sort="Vandi, Mohamed A" uniqKey="Vandi M" first="Mohamed A." last="Vandi">Mohamed A. Vandi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, Brima" sort="Kargbo, Brima" uniqKey="Kargbo B" first="Brima" last="Kargbo">Brima Kargbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Camperdown NSW 2050</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Camperdown NSW 2050</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedford, Trevor" sort="Bedford, Trevor" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="Trevor" last="Bedford">Trevor Bedford</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 110 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 110 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnirke, Andreas" sort="Gnirke, Andreas" uniqKey="Gnirke A" first="Andreas" last="Gnirke">Andreas Gnirke</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroher, Ute" sort="Stroher, Ute" uniqKey="Stroher U" first="Ute" last="Ströher">Ute Ströher</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2220 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2220 Bethesda, MD 20892</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, Robert F" sort="Garry, Robert F" uniqKey="Garry R" first="Robert F." last="Garry">Robert F. Garry</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabeti, Pardis C" sort="Sabeti, Pardis C" uniqKey="Sabeti P" first="Pardis C." last="Sabeti">Pardis C. Sabeti</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26091036</idno><idno type="pmc">4503805</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4503805</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4503805</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.007</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000351</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000351</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000141</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000322</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000322</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000322</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0092-8674:2015:Park D:ebola:virus:epidemiology</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000170</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000170</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ebola Virus Epidemiology, Transmission, and Evolution during Seven Months in Sierra Leone</title><author><name sortKey="Park, Daniel J" sort="Park, Daniel J" uniqKey="Park D" first="Daniel J." last="Park">Daniel J. Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dudas, Gytis" sort="Dudas, Gytis" uniqKey="Dudas G" first="Gytis" last="Dudas">Gytis Dudas</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Shirlee" sort="Wohl, Shirlee" uniqKey="Wohl S" first="Shirlee" last="Wohl">Shirlee Wohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goba, Augustine" sort="Goba, Augustine" uniqKey="Goba A" first="Augustine" last="Goba">Augustine Goba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitmer, Shannon L M" sort="Whitmer, Shannon L M" uniqKey="Whitmer S" first="Shannon L. M." last="Whitmer">Shannon L. M. Whitmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Kristian G" sort="Andersen, Kristian G" uniqKey="Andersen K" first="Kristian G." last="Andersen">Kristian G. Andersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 3344 N Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 3344 N Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealfon, Rachel S" sort="Sealfon, Rachel S" uniqKey="Sealfon R" first="Rachel S." last="Sealfon">Rachel S. Sealfon</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladner, Jason T" sort="Ladner, Jason T" uniqKey="Ladner J" first="Jason T." last="Ladner">Jason T. Ladner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8">US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" sort="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" uniqKey="Kugelman J" first="Jeffrey R." last="Kugelman">Jeffrey R. Kugelman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8">US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matranga, Christian B" sort="Matranga, Christian B" uniqKey="Matranga C" first="Christian B." last="Matranga">Christian B. Matranga</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winnicki, Sarah M" sort="Winnicki, Sarah M" uniqKey="Winnicki S" first="Sarah M." last="Winnicki">Sarah M. Winnicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, James" sort="Qu, James" uniqKey="Qu J" first="James" last="Qu">James Qu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gire, Stephen K" sort="Gire, Stephen K" uniqKey="Gire S" first="Stephen K." last="Gire">Stephen K. Gire</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gladden Young, Adrianne" sort="Gladden Young, Adrianne" uniqKey="Gladden Young A" first="Adrianne" last="Gladden-Young">Adrianne Gladden-Young</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalloh, Simbirie" sort="Jalloh, Simbirie" uniqKey="Jalloh S" first="Simbirie" last="Jalloh">Simbirie Jalloh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nosamiefan, Dolo" sort="Nosamiefan, Dolo" uniqKey="Nosamiefan D" first="Dolo" last="Nosamiefan">Dolo Nosamiefan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yozwiak, Nathan L" sort="Yozwiak, Nathan L" uniqKey="Yozwiak N" first="Nathan L." last="Yozwiak">Nathan L. Yozwiak</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moses, Lina M" sort="Moses, Lina M" uniqKey="Moses L" first="Lina M." last="Moses">Lina M. Moses</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Pan Pan" sort="Jiang, Pan Pan" uniqKey="Jiang P" first="Pan-Pan" last="Jiang">Pan-Pan Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Aaron E" sort="Lin, Aaron E" uniqKey="Lin A" first="Aaron E." last="Lin">Aaron E. Lin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffner, Stephen F" sort="Schaffner, Stephen F" uniqKey="Schaffner S" first="Stephen F." last="Schaffner">Stephen F. Schaffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bird, Brian" sort="Bird, Brian" uniqKey="Bird B" first="Brian" last="Bird">Brian Bird</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Towner, Jonathan" sort="Towner, Jonathan" uniqKey="Towner J" first="Jonathan" last="Towner">Jonathan Towner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mamoh, Mambu" sort="Mamoh, Mambu" uniqKey="Mamoh M" first="Mambu" last="Mamoh">Mambu Mamoh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gbakie, Michael" sort="Gbakie, Michael" uniqKey="Gbakie M" first="Michael" last="Gbakie">Michael Gbakie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanneh, Lansana" sort="Kanneh, Lansana" uniqKey="Kanneh L" first="Lansana" last="Kanneh">Lansana Kanneh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, David" sort="Kargbo, David" uniqKey="Kargbo D" first="David" last="Kargbo">David Kargbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massally, James L B" sort="Massally, James L B" uniqKey="Massally J" first="James L. B." last="Massally">James L. B. Massally</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamara, Fatima K" sort="Kamara, Fatima K" uniqKey="Kamara F" first="Fatima K." last="Kamara">Fatima K. Kamara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konuwa, Edwin" sort="Konuwa, Edwin" uniqKey="Konuwa E" first="Edwin" last="Konuwa">Edwin Konuwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sellu, Josephine" sort="Sellu, Josephine" uniqKey="Sellu J" first="Josephine" last="Sellu">Josephine Sellu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalloh, Abdul A" sort="Jalloh, Abdul A" uniqKey="Jalloh A" first="Abdul A." last="Jalloh">Abdul A. 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Erickson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealy, Tara" sort="Sealy, Tara" uniqKey="Sealy T" first="Tara" last="Sealy">Tara Sealy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blau, Dianna" sort="Blau, Dianna" uniqKey="Blau D" first="Dianna" last="Blau">Dianna Blau</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and 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sort="Amman, Brian" uniqKey="Amman B" first="Brian" last="Amman">Brian Amman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basile, Jane" sort="Basile, Jane" uniqKey="Basile J" first="Jane" last="Basile">Jane Basile</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bearden, Scott" sort="Bearden, Scott" uniqKey="Bearden S" first="Scott" last="Bearden">Scott Bearden</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belser, Jessica" sort="Belser, Jessica" uniqKey="Belser J" first="Jessica" last="Belser">Jessica Belser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers 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and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flint, Mike" sort="Flint, Mike" uniqKey="Flint M" first="Mike" last="Flint">Mike Flint</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gibbons, Aridth" sort="Gibbons, Aridth" uniqKey="Gibbons A" first="Aridth" last="Gibbons">Aridth Gibbons</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Christin" sort="Goodman, Christin" uniqKey="Goodman C" first="Christin" last="Goodman">Christin Goodman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klena, John" sort="Klena, John" uniqKey="Klena J" first="John" last="Klena">John Klena</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmullan, Laura" sort="Mcmullan, Laura" uniqKey="Mcmullan L" first="Laura" last="Mcmullan">Laura Mcmullan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morgan, Laura" sort="Morgan, Laura" uniqKey="Morgan L" first="Laura" last="Morgan">Laura Morgan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, Brandy" sort="Russell, Brandy" uniqKey="Russell B" first="Brandy" last="Russell">Brandy Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salzer, Johanna" sort="Salzer, Johanna" uniqKey="Salzer J" first="Johanna" last="Salzer">Johanna Salzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, Angela" sort="Sanchez, Angela" uniqKey="Sanchez A" first="Angela" last="Sanchez">Angela Sanchez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, David" sort="Wang, David" uniqKey="Wang D" first="David" last="Wang">David Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jungreis, Irwin" sort="Jungreis, Irwin" uniqKey="Jungreis I" first="Irwin" last="Jungreis">Irwin Jungreis</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomkins Tinch, Christopher" sort="Tomkins Tinch, Christopher" uniqKey="Tomkins Tinch C" first="Christopher" last="Tomkins-Tinch">Christopher Tomkins-Tinch</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kislyuk, Andrey" sort="Kislyuk, Andrey" uniqKey="Kislyuk A" first="Andrey" last="Kislyuk">Andrey Kislyuk</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">DNAnexus, 1975 West El Camino Real, Suite 101, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>DNAnexus, 1975 West El Camino Real, Suite 101, Mountain View, CA 94040</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Michael F" sort="Lin, Michael F" uniqKey="Lin M" first="Michael F." last="Lin">Michael F. Lin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">DNAnexus, 1975 West El Camino Real, Suite 101, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>DNAnexus, 1975 West El Camino Real, Suite 101, Mountain View, CA 94040</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Sinead" sort="Chapman, Sinead" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Sinead" last="Chapman">Sinead Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macinnis, Bronwyn" sort="Macinnis, Bronwyn" uniqKey="Macinnis B" first="Bronwyn" last="Macinnis">Bronwyn Macinnis</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, Ashley" sort="Matthews, Ashley" uniqKey="Matthews A" first="Ashley" last="Matthews">Ashley Matthews</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bochicchio, James" sort="Bochicchio, James" uniqKey="Bochicchio J" first="James" last="Bochicchio">James Bochicchio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hensley, Lisa E" sort="Hensley, Lisa E" uniqKey="Hensley L" first="Lisa E." last="Hensley">Lisa E. Hensley</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jens H" sort="Kuhn, Jens H" uniqKey="Kuhn J" first="Jens H." last="Kuhn">Jens H. Kuhn</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nusbaum, Chad" sort="Nusbaum, Chad" uniqKey="Nusbaum C" first="Chad" last="Nusbaum">Chad Nusbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schieffelin, John S" sort="Schieffelin, John S" uniqKey="Schieffelin J" first="John S." last="Schieffelin">John S. Schieffelin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Birren, Bruce W" sort="Birren, Bruce W" uniqKey="Birren B" first="Bruce W." last="Birren">Bruce W. Birren</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forget, Marc" sort="Forget, Marc" uniqKey="Forget M" first="Marc" last="Forget">Marc Forget</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Médecins Sans Frontières, Rue de l’Arbre Bénit 46, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Médecins Sans Frontières, Rue de l’Arbre Bénit 46, 1050 Bruxelles</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Stuart T" sort="Nichol, Stuart T" uniqKey="Nichol S" first="Stuart T." last="Nichol">Stuart T. Nichol</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Gustavo F" sort="Palacios, Gustavo F" uniqKey="Palacios G" first="Gustavo F." last="Palacios">Gustavo F. Palacios</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8">US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndiaye, Daouda" sort="Ndiaye, Daouda" uniqKey="Ndiaye D" first="Daouda" last="Ndiaye">Daouda Ndiaye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Happi, Christian" sort="Happi, Christian" uniqKey="Happi C" first="Christian" last="Happi">Christian Happi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Redeemers University Nigeria, KM 46 Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Redeemers University Nigeria, KM 46 Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption City, Ogun State</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ogun State</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gevao, Sahr M" sort="Gevao, Sahr M" uniqKey="Gevao S" first="Sahr M." last="Gevao">Sahr M. Gevao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">University of Sierra Leone, A.J. Momoh St, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sierra Leone, A.J. Momoh St, Tower Hill, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandi, Mohamed A" sort="Vandi, Mohamed A" uniqKey="Vandi M" first="Mohamed A." last="Vandi">Mohamed A. Vandi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, Brima" sort="Kargbo, Brima" uniqKey="Kargbo B" first="Brima" last="Kargbo">Brima Kargbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Youyi Building, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Camperdown NSW 2050</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Camperdown NSW 2050</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedford, Trevor" sort="Bedford, Trevor" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="Trevor" last="Bedford">Trevor Bedford</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 110 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 110 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnirke, Andreas" sort="Gnirke, Andreas" uniqKey="Gnirke A" first="Andreas" last="Gnirke">Andreas Gnirke</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroher, Ute" sort="Stroher, Ute" uniqKey="Stroher U" first="Ute" last="Ströher">Ute Ströher</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5">National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop-G14, Atlanta, GA 30333</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2220 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2220 Bethesda, MD 20892</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, Robert F" sort="Garry, Robert F" uniqKey="Garry R" first="Robert F." last="Garry">Robert F. Garry</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabeti, Pardis C" sort="Sabeti, Pardis C" uniqKey="Sabeti P" first="Pardis C." last="Sabeti">Pardis C. Sabeti</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cell</title><idno type="ISSN">0092-8674</idno><idno type="eISSN">1097-4172</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p>The 2013–2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic is caused by the Makona variant of Ebola virus (EBOV). Early in the epidemic, genome sequencing provided insights into virus evolution and transmission and offered important information for outbreak response. Here, we analyze sequences from 232 patients sampled over 7 months in Sierra Leone, along with 86 previously released genomes from earlier in the epidemic. We confirm sustained human-to-human transmission within Sierra Leone and find no evidence for import or export of EBOV across national borders after its initial introduction. Using high-depth replicate sequencing, we observe both host-to-host transmission and recurrent emergence of intrahost genetic variants. We trace the increasing impact of purifying selection in suppressing the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations over time. Finally, we note changes in the mucin-like domain of EBOV glycoprotein that merit further investigation. These findings clarify the movement of EBOV within the region and describe viral evolution during prolonged human-to-human transmission.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alizon, S" uniqKey="Alizon S">S. Alizon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lion, S" uniqKey="Lion S">S. Lion</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murall, C L" uniqKey="Murall C">C.L. Murall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbate, J L" uniqKey="Abbate J">J.L. Abbate</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baize, S" uniqKey="Baize S">S. Baize</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pannetier, D" uniqKey="Pannetier D">D. Pannetier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oestereich, L" uniqKey="Oestereich L">L. Oestereich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rieger, T" uniqKey="Rieger T">T. Rieger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koivogui, L" uniqKey="Koivogui L">L. 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