How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?
Identifieur interne : 001340 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001339; suivant : 001341How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?
Auteurs : Trevor A. BranchSource :
- Fish and Fisheries [ 1467-2960 ] ; 2009-03.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High‐grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at‐sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non‐ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non‐target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title><author><name sortKey="Branch, Trevor A" sort="Branch, Trevor A" uniqKey="Branch T" first="Trevor A" last="Branch">Trevor A. Branch</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001340</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title><author><name sortKey="Branch, Trevor A" sort="Branch, Trevor A" uniqKey="Branch T" first="Trevor A" last="Branch">Trevor A. Branch</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Fish and Fisheries</title><idno type="ISSN">1467-2960</idno><idno type="eISSN">1467-2979</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-03">2009-03</date><biblScope unit="volume">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="39">39</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="57">57</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1467-2960</idno></series><idno type="istex">31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">FAF294</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1467-2960</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Based fisheries management</term><term>Co‐operatives</term><term>dedicated access privileges</term><term>ecosystem</term><term>individual quotas</term><term>property rights</term><term>territorial use rights in fisheries</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High‐grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at‐sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non‐ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non‐target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Trevor A Branch</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Based fisheries management</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Co‐operatives</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>dedicated access privileges</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ecosystem</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>individual quotas</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>property rights</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>territorial use rights in fisheries</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>FAF294</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>reviewArticle</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High‐grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at‐sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non‐ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non‐target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 805.039 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>7</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1706</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>11494</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>72691</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>19</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>251</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>10</volume><publisherId><json:string>FAF</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>19</total><last>57</last><first>39</first></pages><issn><json:string>1467-2960</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1467-2979</json:string></eissn><title>Fish and Fisheries</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1467-2979</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2009</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2009</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x</json:string></doi><id>31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5</id><score>0.23323298</score><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>© 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p></availability><date>2009</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Trevor A</forename><surname>Branch</surname></persName><affiliation>School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Fish and Fisheries</title><idno type="pISSN">1467-2960</idno><idno type="eISSN">1467-2979</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1467-2979</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-03"></date><biblScope unit="volume">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="39">39</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="57">57</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">FAF294</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High‐grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at‐sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non‐ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non‐target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Based fisheries management</term></item><item><term>Co‐operatives</term></item><item><term>dedicated access privileges</term></item><item><term>ecosystem</term></item><item><term>individual quotas</term></item><item><term>property rights</term></item><item><term>territorial use rights in fisheries</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-03">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1467-2979</doi><issn type="print">1467-2960</issn><issn type="electronic">1467-2979</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="FAF"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="FISH FISHERIES">Fish and Fisheries</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="03001"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/faf.2009.10.issue-1</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="10">10</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="1">1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-03">March 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="reviewArticle" position="3" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="FAF294"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="19"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">REVIEWS</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2008-09-03"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-02-18"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.5 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-04-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-25"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-17"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="39">39</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="57">57</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Trevor A Branch, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Tel.: +1 206 221 5457
Fax: +1 206 685 7471
E‐mail: <email>tbranch@gmail.com</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:FAF.FAF294.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 8 Feb 2008 Accepted 20 Jun 2008</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="2"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title><title type="shortAuthors"><i>T A Branch</i></title><title type="short">Effects of ITQs on marine ecosystems</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Trevor A</givenNames><familyName>Branch</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="aff-1-1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">Based fisheries management</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">Co‐operatives</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">dedicated access privileges</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">ecosystem</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">individual quotas</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">property rights</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">territorial use rights in fisheries</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High‐grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at‐sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non‐ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non‐target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Effects of ITQs on marine ecosystems</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Trevor A</namePart><namePart type="family">Branch</namePart><affiliation>School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="reviewArticle"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-03</dateIssued><edition>Received 8 Feb 2008 Accepted 20 Jun 2008</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">2</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Published papers were reviewed to assess ecosystem impacts of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and other dedicated access systems. Under ITQs, quota shares increase with higher abundance levels, thus fishers may request lower total allowable catches (TACs) and pay for monitoring and research that improves fishery sustainability. Mortality on target species generally declines because catches are closer to TACs and because ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High‐grading and discarding often decline, but may increase if landings (and not catches) count against ITQs and when there is little at‐sea enforcement. Overall, ITQs positively impact target species, although collapses can occur if TACs are set too high or if catches are routinely allowed to exceed TACs. Fishing pressure may increase on non‐ITQ species because of spillover from ITQ fisheries, and in cases where fishers anticipate that future ITQ allocations will be based on catch history and therefore increase their current catches. Ecosystem and habitat impacts of ITQs were only sparsely covered in the literature and were difficult to assess: ITQs often lead to changes in total fishing effort (both positive and negative), spatial shifts in effort, and fishing gear modifications. Stock assessments may be complicated by changes in the relationship between catch per unit effort, and abundance, but ITQ participants will often assist in improving data collection and stock assessments. Overall, ITQs have largely positive effects on target species, but mixed or unknown effects on non‐target fisheries and the overall ecosystem. Favourable outcomes were linked to sustainable TACs and effective enforcement.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Based fisheries management</topic><topic>Co‐operatives</topic><topic>dedicated access privileges</topic><topic>ecosystem</topic><topic>individual quotas</topic><topic>property rights</topic><topic>territorial use rights in fisheries</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Fish and Fisheries</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1467-2960</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1467-2979</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1467-2979</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">FAF</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>10</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>39</start><end>57</end><total>19</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00294.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">FAF294</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><json:item><type>multicat</type><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5/enrichments/multicat</uri></json:item></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Belgique/explor/OpenAccessBelV2/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001340 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001340 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Belgique
|area= OpenAccessBelV2
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:31E94780CF4C182A81DAD19F94C5E1EC12911EC5
|texte= How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems?
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25. |  |