Open access publishing in highenergy physics
Identifieur interne : 000021 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000020; suivant : 000022Open access publishing in highenergy physics
Auteurs : Salvatore MeleSource :
- OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives [ 1065-075X ] ; 2009-02-13.
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the SCOAP3 model, aiming to achieve a transition of peerreviewed literature of an entire field, highenergy physics to open access. Designmethodologyapproach An historical survey of publishing patterns in highenergy physics puts open access in that discipline in context. A detailed, quantitative study of the publishing landscape in highenergy physics is discussed, providing the economic basis for the SCOAP3 model. Findings The yearly publication output of highenergy physics is concentrated on six journals by four publishers. This relatively compact publication landscape and the historical cohesion of the community make a transition of the entire field to open access feasible. Research limitationsimplications The results relate to a very specific field with a high potential for migration to open access. In open access there is no onesizefitsall solution, and other fields have to proceed to similar analyses to identify their most convenient model on the road to open access journals. Practical implications The SCOAP3 initiative seems to be a sustainable way for a transition to open access of scientific publishing of an entire discipline. It could serve as an example, and an experiment, in the search for viable business models for open access. Originalityvalue The paper provides an insight into the design of a business model for open access around the particular needs and publication landscape of a particular discipline.
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DOI: 10.1108/10650750910931896
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Mele, Salvatore" sort="Mele, Salvatore" uniqKey="Mele S" first="Salvatore" last="Mele">Salvatore Mele</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1108/10650750910931896</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000021</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Mele, Salvatore" sort="Mele, Salvatore" uniqKey="Mele S" first="Salvatore" last="Mele">Salvatore Mele</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</title><idno type="ISSN">1065-075X</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-02-13">2009-02-13</date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="20">20</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="34">34</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1065-075X</idno></series><idno type="istex">8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/10650750910931896</idno><idno type="filenameID">1640250104</idno><idno type="original-pdf">1640250104.pdf</idno><idno type="href">10650750910931896.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1065-075X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the SCOAP3 model, aiming to achieve a transition of peerreviewed literature of an entire field, highenergy physics to open access. Designmethodologyapproach An historical survey of publishing patterns in highenergy physics puts open access in that discipline in context. A detailed, quantitative study of the publishing landscape in highenergy physics is discussed, providing the economic basis for the SCOAP3 model. Findings The yearly publication output of highenergy physics is concentrated on six journals by four publishers. This relatively compact publication landscape and the historical cohesion of the community make a transition of the entire field to open access feasible. Research limitationsimplications The results relate to a very specific field with a high potential for migration to open access. In open access there is no onesizefitsall solution, and other fields have to proceed to similar analyses to identify their most convenient model on the road to open access journals. Practical implications The SCOAP3 initiative seems to be a sustainable way for a transition to open access of scientific publishing of an entire discipline. It could serve as an example, and an experiment, in the search for viable business models for open access. Originalityvalue The paper provides an insight into the design of a business model for open access around the particular needs and publication landscape of a particular discipline.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Salvatore Mele</name><affiliations><json:string>CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Electronic publishing</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Open systems</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Physics</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>review-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the SCOAP3 model, aiming to achieve a transition of peerreviewed literature of an entire field, highenergy physics to open access. Designmethodologyapproach An historical survey of publishing patterns in highenergy physics puts open access in that discipline in context. A detailed, quantitative study of the publishing landscape in highenergy physics is discussed, providing the economic basis for the SCOAP3 model. Findings The yearly publication output of highenergy physics is concentrated on six journals by four publishers. This relatively compact publication landscape and the historical cohesion of the community make a transition of the entire field to open access feasible. Research limitationsimplications The results relate to a very specific field with a high potential for migration to open access. In open access there is no onesizefitsall solution, and other fields have to proceed to similar analyses to identify their most convenient model on the road to open access journals. Practical implications The SCOAP3 initiative seems to be a sustainable way for a transition to open access of scientific publishing of an entire discipline. It could serve as an example, and an experiment, in the search for viable business models for open access. Originalityvalue The paper provides an insight into the design of a business model for open access around the particular needs and publication landscape of a particular discipline.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.748</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>519 x 680 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>3</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1504</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5654</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>36120</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>15</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>229</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>25</volume><publisherId><json:string>oclc</json:string></publisherId><pages><last>34</last><first>20</first></pages><issn><json:string>1065-075X</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><subject><json:item><value>Library & information science</value></json:item><json:item><value>Librarianship/library management</value></json:item><json:item><value>Records management & preservation</value></json:item><json:item><value>Library technology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Information repositories</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</title><doi><json:string>10.1108/oclc</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2009</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2009</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1108/10650750910931896</json:string></doi><id>8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8</id><score>0.5284219</score><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><availability><p>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</p></availability><date>2009</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Salvatore</forename><surname>Mele</surname></persName><affiliation>CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</title><idno type="pISSN">1065-075X</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/oclc</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-02-13"></date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="20">20</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="34">34</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/10650750910931896</idno><idno type="filenameID">1640250104</idno><idno type="original-pdf">1640250104.pdf</idno><idno type="href">10650750910931896.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the SCOAP3 model, aiming to achieve a transition of peerreviewed literature of an entire field, highenergy physics to open access. Designmethodologyapproach An historical survey of publishing patterns in highenergy physics puts open access in that discipline in context. A detailed, quantitative study of the publishing landscape in highenergy physics is discussed, providing the economic basis for the SCOAP3 model. Findings The yearly publication output of highenergy physics is concentrated on six journals by four publishers. This relatively compact publication landscape and the historical cohesion of the community make a transition of the entire field to open access feasible. Research limitationsimplications The results relate to a very specific field with a high potential for migration to open access. In open access there is no onesizefitsall solution, and other fields have to proceed to similar analyses to identify their most convenient model on the road to open access journals. Practical implications The SCOAP3 initiative seems to be a sustainable way for a transition to open access of scientific publishing of an entire discipline. It could serve as an example, and an experiment, in the search for viable business models for open access. Originalityvalue The paper provides an insight into the design of a business model for open access around the particular needs and publication landscape of a particular discipline.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Electronic publishing</term></item><item><term>Open systems</term></item><item><term>Physics</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Emerald Subject Group"><list><label>cat-LISC</label><item><term>Library & information science</term></item><label>cat-LLM</label><item><term>Librarianship/library management</term></item><label>cat-RMP</label><item><term>Records management & preservation</term></item><label>cat-LTC</label><item><term>Library technology</term></item><label>cat-IREP</label><item><term>Information repositories</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-02-13">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus emerald not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><!-- Auto generated NISO JATS XML created by Atypon out of MCB DTD source files. Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="review-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">oclc</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/oclc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1065-075X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/10650750910931896</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">1640250104.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">1640250104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">review-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">General review</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-RMP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Records management & preservation</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IREP</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information repositories</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Open access publishing in high‐energy physics</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Salvatore</given-names> <surname>Mele</surname></string-name><aff>CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Open access and scholarly communication: part 3</issue-title><issue-title content-type="short">Open access part 3</issue-title><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="10650750910931896.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model, aiming to achieve a transition of peer‐reviewed literature of an entire field, high‐energy physics to open access.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>An historical survey of publishing patterns in high‐energy physics puts open access in that discipline in context. A detailed, quantitative study of the publishing landscape in high‐energy physics is discussed, providing the economic basis for the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>The yearly publication output of high‐energy physics is concentrated on six journals by four publishers. This relatively compact publication landscape and the historical cohesion of the community make a transition of the entire field to open access feasible.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Research limitations/implications</title><x> – </x><p>The results relate to a very specific field with a high potential for migration to open access. In open access there is no “one‐size‐fits‐all” solution, and other fields have to proceed to similar analyses to identify their most convenient model on the road to open access journals.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Practical implications</title><x> – </x><p>The SCOAP<sup>3</sup> initiative seems to be a sustainable way for a transition to open access of scientific publishing of an entire discipline. It could serve as an example, and an experiment, in the search for viable business models for open access.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>The paper provides an insight into the design of a business model for open access around the particular needs and publication landscape of a particular discipline.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Electronic publishing</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Open systems</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Physics</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The goal of “open access” (OA) is to grant anyone, anywhere and anytime, free access to the results of scientific research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, n.d.</xref>). The OA debate has gained considerable momentum in recent years across many disciplines, both in sciences and humanities. All actors of scholarly communication: libraries, funding agencies, scholars and publishers are deeply involved in this discussion, driven by two factors:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>The ever‐rising costs of journals have forced libraries to cancel a steadily increasing number of subscriptions, curtailing the access of researchers to scientific literature, up to the paradox that some institutions cannot afford any longer purchasing the journals in which their scientists publish. This traditional business model has therefore become financially unsustainable for libraries and publishers alike.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>The increasing awareness that results of publicly‐funded research should be made generally available; a need inspired by the multiplication and diversification of communication channels in the new technological environment, further amplified by the ongoing transformation of research activities towards “e‐science.”</p></list-item></list>This situation is particularly acute, among other fields, in high‐energy physics (HEP), a community living a particular conundrum in its scholarly communication practices. On the one hand, for decades it has taken a pioneering stance for the open diffusion of its results, well beyond the role of journals, through its long‐lasting “pre‐print culture” discussed in the following; on the other hand its researchers, like scholars across all other disciplines, need high‐quality peer‐reviewed journals to provide them with (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Voss, 2006</xref>):<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>quality control through the peer‐review process;</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>a platform for the evaluation and career evolution, in particular of young scientists; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>a measure of the quality and productivity of research groups and institutes.</p></list-item></list>The story of OA in HEP is several decades old. Half a century ago, long before the time of electronic journals, the delay between the submission of a scientific article to a journal and when it would reach the reader appeared unacceptable to HEP scientists, which therefore embraced pre‐prints as their main means of communication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Goldschmidt‐Clermont, 2002</xref>), leading to the flourishing of the “pre‐print culture.” One of the reasons behind this choice was the peculiarity of the HEP community, with two constantly interacting driving forces: experimental physicists on one side, working at particle accelerators of ever‐increasing energies, with – literally – one discovery per week in those early days, and theoretical physicists on the other side, continuously interpreting these new findings, constantly refining their theories and suggesting new experimental studies to gain more insight into the inner workings of the early universe. Several months of delay in their communications would have been a severe handicap to the advancement of the field. These needs were amplified by a thriving tradition of cross‐border collaboration and a geographically spread community.</p><p>It is interesting to note that the expenses of printing and mailing this massive amount of pre‐prints were borne by the authors' institutions: an <italic>ante litteram</italic> version of “author pays” OA models, which clearly privileged researchers working at wealthy institutions. These institutions were also more likely to receive pre‐prints, restraining broad communication to the privileged, and thereby unbalancing the scientific communication process worldwide.</p><p>With the onset of the internet, the HEP community spearheaded the culture of “repositories”: online collections of freely‐accessible pre‐prints, with the arXiv system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Cornell University Library, n.d.</xref>), invented by Paul Ginsparg then at the Los Alamos Laboratories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">Ginsparg, 1994</xref>). This system is today the archetypal repository, and saw the light even before the web was invented. While it is universally known that the web was born at CERN, for the need of organising information management in the largest HEP laboratory, it is remarkable that the first web server on US soil was that of the SPIRES system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">SLAC National Accelerator Library, n.d.</xref>)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">[1]</xref>. SPIRES is an e‐catalogue of HEP publications and pre‐prints run at the SLAC HEP laboratory at Stanford since 1974. In 1991 it embraced the web with the vision of enabling users to browse pre‐prints more efficiently<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">[1]</xref>.</p><p>Thanks to the speed at which they make results available, pre‐prints first and repositories later have become the lifeblood of HEP scientific information exchange. Repositories, however, usually contain the original version of articles submitted to journals, and not the final, peer‐reviewed, published version, which scholars need as their “interface with officialdom,” even though often HEP scientists submit also their final author‐formatted peer‐reviewed “post‐print” to arXiv.</p><p>A powerful synergy is arising between the strong OA attitude of the HEP community, which finds its roots in the pre‐print culture, and its continuing need for high‐quality journals, leading to a unique opportunity for a possible transition to OA publishing of the entire HEP peer‐reviewed literature. The community is now moving towards such groundbreaking transition through the establishment of the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP<sup>3</sup>). This consortium would engage publishers of high‐quality peer‐reviewed journals in order to cover the costs of the peer‐review process by re‐directing funds previously used for journal subscriptions, making the published version of the articles OA. This article provides a short description of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> initiative: section 2 puts the HEP publishing landscape in context and discusses the background to OA publishing in this discipline, together with the steps which led to the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> initiative; section 3 presents the main principles of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model; section 4 illustrates the results of an analysis of the HEP publishing landscape leading to the financial aspects of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model presented in section 5; section 6 concludes the article by presenting the current status of the initiative at the time of writing and its outlook.</p></sec><sec><title>2. Background</title><p>A recent study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Mele <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>) analysed articles submitted in 2005 to the arXiv repository in its four sub‐sections devoted to HEP, hep‐ex, hep‐lat, hep‐ph and hep‐th, and subsequently published. Out of a total of about 5,000 articles, more than 80 per cent appeared in just six peer‐reviewed journals from four publishers: <italic>Physical Review</italic> and <italic>Physical Review Letters</italic> (published by the American Physical Society), <italic>Physics Letters</italic> and <italic>Nuclear Physics</italic> (Elsevier), the <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> (SISSA/IOP) and the <italic>European Physical Journal</italic> (Springer). Almost 90 per cent of the articles were published by just four publishers; two of which (the American Physical Society and SISSA/IOP) are learned societies.</p><p>These findings, summarised in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104001 F_1640250104002">Figures 1 and 2</xref>, spotlight two fundamental points relevant for a possible transition of HEP publishing to OA: the volume of articles is altogether small and concentrated in a few core titles published, for a large part, by learned societies.</p><p>All leading HEP journals have recently taken a pro‐active stance on OA. Journals by the American Physical Society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">APS Journals, 2006</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Elsevier (2008)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">Springer (n.d.)</xref> offer authors an option to pay a fee for making their articles OA. This model has met little success: authors have little motivation to pay this additional fee when they usually make the results of their research OA by submitting their pre‐print, or even their post‐print, which includes all corrections agreed during the peer‐review process, to arXiv.</p><p>The <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> has recently experimented with an institutional (and in one case national) membership fee (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">SISSA and IOP Publishing, 2008</xref>): for a modest contribution in addition to subscription prices, all articles originating from a given institution (or an entire country) are made OA. This appears to be more successful, since funding mechanisms in HEP seldom include earmarked funds to finance OA publishing. Moreover, the direct payment for the OA publication of an articles is perceived very negatively by the community since it is reminiscent of the unpopular “page charges” of some journals. This perception might have extended to other journals, such as the IOP <italic>New Journal of Physics</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft and Institute of Physics, n.d.</xref>) and, recently, PhysMathCentral <italic>Physics A</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">BioMed Central, n.d.</xref>), which are built on a “pay‐per‐article” OA model. While the latter is a new enterprise, and proposes institutional membership along the business model of its parent company, BioMedCentral, the former has so far attracted only a limited fraction of HEP content in its ten‐year life. Recently, two publishers, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">Hindawi (n.d.)</xref> and Bentham (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Bentham Open, n.d.</xref>), have announced “author‐pays” HEP OA journals, which have not yet published articles.</p><p>Some diffidence concerning “author‐pays” initiatives is also harboured in library circles: if more and more authors favour pay‐per‐article publications, through library funds, libraries will be faced with a net increase of expenses: in addition to increasing OA fees, as the volume of articles in OA journals increases, they have to continue paying subscriptions, as subscription journals which see a decrease of articles in favour of new, OA, publishing outlets seldom reduce their subscription prices accordingly.</p><p>The debate on OA publishing in HEP was initiated by CERN, the leading HEP laboratory, with over half a century of history. Its flagship program, the LHC accelerator, starting in 2008 after 15 years of preparation, will see four large experimental collaborations probe fundamental questions in our understanding of the universe. CERN epitomizes cross‐border collaboration in HEP: the LHC accelerator and detectors include components built in laboratories and universities around the world; the largest of the LHC experimental collaborations count as many as 2000 scientists, including about 400 students from a total of 160 universities and laboratories spread over 35 countries. Upon CERN's foundation in Europe from the ashes of scientific research after the Second World War, its convention enshrined an <italic>ante‐litteram</italic> OA manifesto mentioning that: “[…] the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">CERN, 1953</xref>). Half a century later, as part of its role to chart the future of HEP, in synergy with leading libraries, library consortia and HEP funding agencies worldwide, CERN promoted several events focussed on OA publishing in HEP:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>In September 2005, the Open Meeting on the Changing Publishing Model brought together for the first time representatives of authors, funding agencies and publishers with the aim of discussing HEP publishing issues such as costs and their fair distribution, competition, opportunities for developing countries, alternative business models and the quality of peer‐review (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">CERN Library, 2005</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>In December 2005, the Colloquium on Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics, with the participation of representative groups of authors, funding agencies and publishers, indicated possible ways towards OA publishing, based on three pillars: asserting the complementary roles of repositories and peer‐reviewed literature, decoupling preservation issues and the publication model, enshrining the importance of peer‐review for evaluation and academic credibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">CERN Indico, 2006</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>From December 2005 to June 2006, a tri‐partite Task Force on Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics, composed of authors, funding agencies and publishers, was charged by the main stakeholders to “… study and develop sustainable business models for OA publishing for existing and new journals and publishers in particle physics … ”. In its report (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Voss, 2006</xref>), the task force suggested to establish a sponsoring consortium, SCOAP<sup>3</sup>, as a central body which would remunerate publishers for the peer‐review service, effectively replacing the “reader‐pays” model of traditional subscriptions with an “author‐side” funding.</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>In November 2006, following the task‐force report and the acceptance of its model by representatives from major European stakeholders (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">CERN Indico, 2007</xref>), a working party was established to develop a specific proposal for the creation of SCOAP<sup>3</sup>, which is described in this article. More information is available in the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> Working Party report (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>) and its Executive Summary (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007b</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec><title>3. The SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model</title><p>SCOAP<sup>3</sup> will act as a single interface between the main stakeholders of the HEP scientific information market: on one side the author and reader communities and on the other side the publishers of high‐quality HEP journals. The aim of SCOAP<sup>3</sup> is to establish OA to HEP peer‐reviewed articles along the lines of the Budapest Initiative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">Chan and Costa, 2002</xref>), namely:<disp-quote><p>… free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.</p></disp-quote>Today, HEP literature is already, <italic>de facto,</italic> OA, as it is almost entirely available on arXiv, free of charge. Libraries are effectively supporting the peer‐review system by purchasing journal subscriptions and, additionally, provide their users with access to the literature, access which they mostly already enjoy through pre‐prints. Tomorrow, in the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> scheme, libraries and funding bodies will openly cover the costs of the peer‐review service needed by their users and scholars, respectively, providing universal access instantaneously.</p><p>SCOAP<sup>3</sup> aims to federate libraries, library consortia and funding agencies worldwide to cover the costs of peer review and provide access to HEP content: the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model will only be successful if all countries contributing to the vast majority of the HEP literature become members of the consortium. Indeed, a pillar of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model is to ensure OA to all HEP articles appearing in high‐quality journals, irrespective of the affiliation of their authors. Manuscripts from authors without academic affiliation or authors from less‐privileged countries, which cannot be reasonably expected to contribute to the consortium at this time, will be treated like all other articles. The ethical reason of conserving the access to peer review for any author is obvious. At the same time, this choice has solid financial reasons: restricting OA privileges only to authors affiliated to institutions in some countries, as in all present OA schemes, would simply replace the present toll‐access barriers with different barriers, connected to the geographical origin of the articles. Moreover, if only a geographical subset of the HEP scientific literature were available OA, consortium members would still be required to purchase the remaining fraction, with no evident financial benefits from the OA transition.</p><p>SCOAP<sup>3</sup> will be financed with funds currently used for subscriptions to HEP journals by libraries, library consortia, HEP laboratories and funding agencies. Each country will contribute to SCOAP<sup>3</sup> in a “fair” way, according to its share of the worldwide HEP scientific production, as discussed in Section 5.</p><p>The innovation of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model with respect to other OA options currently offered by most publishers is that it will centralise all OA expenses, which will not have to be borne by authors and research groups. These other “author‐pays” options, of scarce success in HEP, are perceived as an even higher barrier than subscription charges, in particular for theoretical physicists from small institutions, whose articles account for the vast majority of HEP scientific publications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Mele <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p><p>SCOAP<sup>3</sup> will contribute to stabilise the rising cost of access to information in the HEP domain by virtue of increasing author awareness to costs and prices, and by fostering new competition in the market, openly linking, for the first time in scholarly communication, quality and price.</p><p>A large fraction of the publications on core HEP subjects is published in a limited number of journals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Mele <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Krause <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>), as detailed in sections 2 and 4. Among those journals, some carry almost entirely HEP content. SCOAP<sup>3</sup> aims to assist publishers in converting these entire “core” journals to OA. It is expected that the vast majority of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> budget will be spent for “core” journals with a negotiated price for the peer‐review of all articles processed by a journal. Many HEP articles appear in “broadband” journals, which carry just a small fraction of HEP content. It is expected that these articles will be sponsored by SCOAP<sup>3</sup> on a “pay‐per‐article” basis. Conference proceedings and monographs are not within the scope of SCOAP<sup>3</sup>.</p><p>In the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model, the publishers will have the prime responsibility of ensuring quality of the highest standards through independent editorial boards and their peer‐review service. They will ensure the dissemination of OA articles by posting them onto their web sites and, in addition, feeding them to a SCOAP<sup>3</sup> repository, from which they will be fed into any other repository requesting them. The appeal of this model is the synergy between achieving OA through repositories and achieving OA through OA journals: SCOAP<sup>3</sup> will make the contents of the latter available through the former.</p><p>Publishers will benefit from a more sustainable business model than the traditional subscription scheme, becoming increasingly fragile. They will continue to meet the demand for print subscription, re‐print of single articles, color plates in these printed versions, collections of articles in electronic or paper form, citation databases and other “premium” services, which are outside the scope of SCOAP<sup>3</sup>.</p></sec><sec><title>4. The HEP publishing landscape</title><p>The original definition of HEP concerns the theoretical and experimental study of particles produced at accelerators of ever‐increasing energy. With time, both the field and its definition have evolved to include subjects overlapping with cognate disciplines: nuclear physics, astrophysics, astroparticle physics and cosmology. Different authors, different journals and different funding agencies focus on different parts of the HEP spectrum and therefore have a different definition of the field.</p><p>To be successful, SCOAP<sup>3</sup> should, at once, aim to convert to OA the subset of scientific literature of common interest to all players, while striving for as wide a scope as possible. A minimal set of common interest to the entire HEP community is constituted by a “core” set of topics, loosely related to the hep‐ex, hep‐lat, hep‐ph, and hep‐th areas of the arXiv repository. A wider definition of “HEP articles,” covers in addition to “core” articles, those in other fields of relevance to HEP, such as selected topics in nuclear physics, astrophysics, gravitation and cosmology.</p><p>It is important to note that the vast majority of HEP articles are written by theoretical physicists and have on average 2.6 authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Mele <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). On the other hand, in the last decade, publications on experimental results were often authored by up to 500 scientists, while collaborations now publishing their analyses count up to 800 researchers and articles by the LHC collaborations will have up to 2,000 authors.</p><p>In 2005, about 8,500 HEP articles were published in peer‐reviewed journals, as included in the SPIRES database (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">SLAC National Accelerator Library, n.d.</xref>). Of these, 5,200 articles are classified as “core” articles. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104005">Table I</xref> presents the most popular HEP journals and their corresponding publishers, together with the total number of articles published in 2005, N<sub>tot</sub>. The number of HEP articles, N<sub>HEP</sub>, is also listed together with the number of “core” articles, N<sub>core</sub>. Only journals with N<sub>HEP</sub>>65 are shown. The last two columns show the fractions f<sub>HEP</sub> and f<sub>core</sub> of HEP and core articles, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>).</p><p>As discussed in section 2, the vast majority of content of arXiv tagged as HEP, appeared in just six peer‐reviewed journals from four publishers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Mele <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). Five out of these six journals carry a majority of HEP content, as listed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104005">Table I</xref>, these are:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>Physical Review</italic> <italic>D</italic> (published by the American Physical Society);</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p><italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> (SISSA/IOP);</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p><italic>Physics Letters B</italic> (Elsevier);</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p><italic>Nuclear Physics B</italic> (Elsevier); and</p></list-item><list-item><label>5. </label><p><italic>European Physical Journal C</italic> (Springer).</p></list-item></list>SCOAP<sup>3</sup> aims to assist publishers in converting these “core” journals entirely to OA.</p><p>As from the last column of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104005">Table I</xref>, these five “core” journals include up to 30 per cent of articles beyond the core HEP topics, particularly in nuclear physics and astroparticle physics. These articles will also be included in the OA conversion of the journals. This is in the interest of the HEP readership and promotes the long‐term goal of an extension of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model to these related disciplines.</p><p>The sixth journal, <italic>Physical Review Letters</italic> (American Physical Society), is a “broadband” journal, which carries only a small fraction (11 per cent) of HEP content. SCOAP<sup>3</sup> aims to sponsor the conversion to OA of this fraction on an article‐by‐article basis. A similar approach holds for another popular “broadband” journal in instrumentation: <italic>Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A</italic> (Elsevier), which carries about 25 per cent of HEP content.</p><p>These seven journals covered, in 2005, around 4,200 core HEP articles and about 5,300 articles in the wider HEP definition, including all related subjects. The conversion to OA of these five “core” journals and the HEP part of these two “broadband” journals would cover over 80 per cent of the core HEP subjects and over 60 per cent of the entire HEP literature, including all related subjects. The remaining 3,300 HEP articles, not published in the journals mentioned above, are scattered over some 140 other journals.</p><p>It is important to note that the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model should not be limited to this set of journals, which the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> report spotlights for sake of clarity, but is open to all existing and future high‐quality journals which carry HEP content, within budgetary limits.</p><p>An interesting fact, which vindicates the necessity of a worldwide consensus for the implementation of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model, is the geographical origin of HEP articles and the geographical distribution of their publication outlets. Two of the journals mentioned above, <italic>Physical Review D</italic> and <italic>Physical Review Letters</italic>, are published in the USA and four, <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic>, <italic>Nuclear Physics B</italic>, <italic>Physics Letters B, European Physical Journal C</italic>, are published in Europe. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104003">Figure 3</xref> shows that US journals see an equal amount of literature coming from the USA, Europe and the rest of the world. European journals see slightly more literature coming from Europe, but still more than half of their publications originate outside Europe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Krause <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). Therefore, for a conversion to OA of HEP literature, which would benefit all authors worldwide, a conversion of all journals, independently of their country of publication, is necessary.</p></sec><sec><title>5. Financial aspects of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model</title><p>The price of an electronic journal is driven by the costs to run the peer‐review system, by editorial costs for copy‐editing and typesetting, by the cost for electronic publishing and access control, and by subscription administration. Some publishers today quote a cost, from reception to final publication, in the range of 1,000‐2,000 Euros per published article (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Blume, 2007</xref>). This includes the cost of processing articles which are eventually rejected, the fraction of which varies substantially from journal to journal.</p><p>The annual budget for a transition of HEP publishing to OA can be estimated from this figure and the fact that the journals, which cover a large fraction of the HEP literature, publish about 5,000 articles per year: the annual budget for a transition of HEP publishing to OA would amount to a maximum of 10 million Euros per year<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">[2]</xref>.</p><p>A “fair‐share” scenario for the financing of SCOAP<sup>3</sup> is to distribute these costs among all countries active in HEP, on a pro rata basis, taking into account the size of the HEP author base of each country. The rationale behind this scenario is that SCOAP<sup>3</sup> will be effectively covering the costs of the peer‐review service and therefore the countries using this service more are naturally expected to contribute more. To cover publications from scientists from developing countries, which cannot be reasonably expected to contribute to the consortium at this time, an allowance of not more than 10 per cent of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> budget is foreseen.</p><p>The size of the HEP author base in each country is estimated from a recent study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Krause <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>) which considered all articles published in the years 2005 and 2006 in the five HEP “core” journals, <italic>Physical Review</italic> <italic>D</italic>, <italic>Physics Letters</italic> <italic>B</italic>, <italic>Nuclear Physics</italic> <italic>B</italic>, <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> and the <italic>European Physical Journal C</italic>, as well as those HEP articles published in the two “broadband” journals, <italic>Physical Review Letters</italic> and <italic>Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research</italic> <italic>A</italic>. A total sample of about 11,300 articles was considered and, for each of them, all authors were uniquely assigned to a given country, therefore assigning a fraction of each article to each country. Being an international laboratory, CERN was treated as an additional country. About 5 per cent of the authors were found to have multiple affiliations, often in different countries, reflecting the intense cross‐border collaborative tradition of HEP. In these cases, the ambiguity in the assignment of authors to countries was solved, biasing a larger expenditure towards countries with a larger gross domestic product, as described in reference (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Krause <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). The results from this study are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104006">Table II</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104004">Figure 4</xref>.</p><p>Three transitional aspects in the implementation of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model are particularly relevant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>):<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>Journal licence packages.</italic> In the case of “core” HEP journals which will be entirely converted to OA, and which are part of a large journal licence package, a contractual condition to the publishers will be to extract these titles from the package and to correspondingly reduce the subscription cost for the remaining part of the package.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p><italic>Partially‐converted journals.</italic> For “broadband” journals, where only the conversion of selected HEP articles is paid by SCOAP<sup>3</sup>, a contractual condition for publishers will be to reduce the subscription costs according to the fraction of content supported by SCOAP<sup>3</sup>. For journals of this kind that are part of a licence package, the reduction should be reflected in a corresponding reduction of the package subscription cost.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p><italic>Multi‐year subscriptions contracts.</italic> In the case of existing long‐term subscription contracts between publishers and libraries or library consortia, a contractual condition for publishers will be to reimburse the subscription costs pertaining to OA journals or to the journal fractions converted to OA.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec><title>6. Building the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> consortium</title><p>The fundamental pillar of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model is the federation of libraries, library consortia, HEP laboratories and HEP funding agencies worldwide to cover centrally the costs of peer‐review in HEP publishing, while making HEP publications OA. This conversion to OA of HEP literature, with all the ethical, scientific and financial benefits it implies, can only be achieved in a global co‐ordinated process. A crucial step towards OA publishing in HEP is therefore the establishment of worldwide consensus around the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> initiative. This consensus will be reflected in financial pledges from each country for its share of the yearly SCOAP<sup>3</sup> costs. These contributions are calculated from the percentages of HEP authorship of each country, presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1640250104006">Table II</xref>, taking into account a global budget envelope of 10 million Euros, and an additional contribution from each country of 10 per cent to cover authors in countries which cannot be expected to contribute to the consortium at this stage.</p><p>At the time of writing, in early December 2007, partners from many European nations have pledged, over a few weeks, over one quarter of the budget envelope of SCOAP<sup>3</sup>: a total of 2.5 million Euros, covering the contribution of Germany, Italy, France, CERN, Sweden and Greece will be made available for the initiative. Intense discussions are underway within the remaining European countries, many of which are expected to join the consortium in the immediate future. Entities in Asia and in the USA are also considering the model, and signs of interest are appearing from leading libraries and library consortia in the USA. The situation is in continual evolution and can be monitored on the consortium web site (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">SCOAP<sup>3</sup>, 2008</xref>).</p><p>Once sufficient funds will have been pledged towards the establishment and the operation of SCOAP<sup>3</sup>, from partners around the world, a tendering process involving publishers of high‐quality HEP journals will take place. Provided that the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> funding partners are ready to engage into long‐term commitments, most publishers are expected to be ready to enter into negotiations along the lines presented in this article.</p><p>The outcome of the tendering process will allow the complete SCOAP<sup>3</sup> budget envelope to be precisely known, and will trigger the formal establishment of the consortium and the definition of its governance. Finally, contracts with publishers will be established in order to make Open Access publishing in High Energy Physics a reality during 2008, when the first experimental and theoretical publications of the LHC program, a watershed in the history of HEP research, will appear.</p><p>It is important to remark how this process is driven by the author community: at the beginning of 2007, the large scientific collaborations giving the final touch to the particle detectors of unprecedented complexity to be used for discoveries at the LHC, counting a total of over 5,000 scientists, each voted, unanimously, a statement in support of OA publishing:<disp-quote><p>We strongly encourage the usage of electronic publishing methods for our publications and support the principle of Open Access Publishing, which includes granting free access of our publications to all. Furthermore, we encourage all collaboration members to publish in easily accessible journals, following the Open Access Paradigm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Bianco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>).</p></disp-quote></p><p>The conversion of the HEP scientific publishing to the OA paradigm, along the lines of the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model, will be an important milestone in the history of scientific publishing. The SCOAP<sup>3</sup> model could be rapidly generalized to other disciplines and, in particular, to related fields such as nuclear physics or astroparticle physics and to all disciplines which are practiced by a compact and closely‐knit community, with a limited number of publishing outlets, and a strong presence of learned‐societies in the publishing process.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640250104001"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Distribution of the 5,016 HEP articles submitted in 2005 to the arXiv repository and subsequently published in peer‐reviewed journals</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640250104001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640250104002"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Distribution by publisher of the 5,016 HEP articles submitted in 2005 to the arXiv repository and subsequently published in peer‐reviewed journals</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640250104002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640250104003"><label><bold>Figure 3<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Origin of publications in US‐ and Europe‐based journals</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640250104003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640250104004"><label><bold>Figure 4<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Contribution to the HEP scientific publishing of several countries</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640250104004.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640250104005"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>The most popular HEP journals and their publishers, together with the total number of articles published in 2005</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640250104005.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1640250104006"><label><bold>Table II<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Contribution to the HEP scientific publishing of several countries</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1640250104006.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body><back><fn-group><title>Notes</title><fn id="fn1"><p>The history of SPIRES is recounted in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Addis (2002)</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="fn2"><p>Another indication which corroborates this estimate is that the costs to run a “core” journal such as <italic>Physical Review D</italic>, amount to 2.7 million Euros per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Blume, 2007</xref>) and it covers about one‐third of the HEP publication landscape (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Mele <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Addis</surname>, <given-names>L.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>), “Brief and biased history of preprint and database activities at the SLAC Library, 1962‐1994”, avilable at: <ext-link 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He previously worked for 15 years at the CERN LEP accelerator, the largest scientific instrument at the time, where he led teams that measured fundamental physics constants, hunted for the elusive Higgs boson and searched for hints of possible extra dimensions in our universe. Salvatore Mele can be contacted at: salvatore.mele@cern.ch</p></app></app-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Open access publishing in highenergy physics</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Salvatore</namePart><namePart type="family">Mele</namePart><affiliation>CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-02-13</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the SCOAP3 model, aiming to achieve a transition of peerreviewed literature of an entire field, highenergy physics to open access. Designmethodologyapproach An historical survey of publishing patterns in highenergy physics puts open access in that discipline in context. A detailed, quantitative study of the publishing landscape in highenergy physics is discussed, providing the economic basis for the SCOAP3 model. Findings The yearly publication output of highenergy physics is concentrated on six journals by four publishers. This relatively compact publication landscape and the historical cohesion of the community make a transition of the entire field to open access feasible. Research limitationsimplications The results relate to a very specific field with a high potential for migration to open access. In open access there is no onesizefitsall solution, and other fields have to proceed to similar analyses to identify their most convenient model on the road to open access journals. Practical implications The SCOAP3 initiative seems to be a sustainable way for a transition to open access of scientific publishing of an entire discipline. It could serve as an example, and an experiment, in the search for viable business models for open access. Originalityvalue The paper provides an insight into the design of a business model for open access around the particular needs and publication landscape of a particular discipline.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Electronic publishing</topic><topic>Open systems</topic><topic>Physics</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-RMP">Records management & preservation</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IREP">Information repositories</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1065-075X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">oclc</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/oclc</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="title"><title>Open access and scholarly communication part 3</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>25</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>20</start><end>34</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8DDEE3B20BA67E093567A55D442475B35A8D13E8</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/10650750910931896</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">1640250104</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">1640250104.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">10650750910931896.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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