Anonymization of DICOM Electronic Medical Records for Radiation Therapy
Identifieur interne : 000208 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000207; suivant : 000209Anonymization of DICOM Electronic Medical Records for Radiation Therapy
Auteurs : Wayne Newhauser [États-Unis] ; Timothy Jones [États-Unis] ; Stuart Swerdloff [États-Unis] ; Warren Newhauser [États-Unis] ; Mark Cilia [États-Unis] ; Robert Carver [États-Unis] ; Andy Halloran [États-Unis] ; Rui Zhang [États-Unis]Source :
- Computers in biology and medicine [ 0010-4825 ] ; 2014.
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Abstract
Electronic medical records (EMR) and treatment plans are used in research on patient outcomes and radiation effects. In many situations researchers must remove protected health information (PHI) from EMRs. The literature contains several studies describing the anonymization of generic Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files and DICOM image sets but no publications were found that discuss the anonymization of DICOM radiation therapy plans, a key component of an EMR in a cancer clinic. In addition to this we were unable to find a commercial software tool that met the minimum requirements for anonymization and preservation of data integrity for radiation therapy research. The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype software code to meet the requirements for the anonymization of radiation therapy treatment plans and to develop a way to validate that code and demonstrate that it properly anonymized treatment plans and preserved data integrity. We extended an open-source code to process all relevant PHI and to allow for the automatic anonymization of multiple EMRs. The prototype code successfully anonymized multiple treatment plans in less than 1 minute per patient. We also tested commercial optical character recognition (OCR) algorithms for the detection of burned-in text on the images, but they were unable to reliably recognize text. In addition, we developed and tested an image filtering algorithm that allowed us to isolate and redact alpha-numeric text from a test radiograph. Validation tests verified that PHI was anonymized and data integrity, such as the relationship between DICOM unique identifiers (UID) was preserved.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.07.010
PubMed: 25147130
PubMed Central: 4170049
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University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Timothy" sort="Jones, Timothy" uniqKey="Jones T" first="Timothy" last="Jones">Timothy Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swerdloff, Stuart" sort="Swerdloff, Stuart" uniqKey="Swerdloff S" first="Stuart" last="Swerdloff">Stuart Swerdloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Ave, Sunnyvale, California 94086 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Ave, Sunnyvale</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Warren" sort="Newhauser, Warren" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Warren" last="Newhauser">Warren Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cilia, Mark" sort="Cilia, Mark" uniqKey="Cilia M" first="Mark" last="Cilia">Mark Cilia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carver, Robert" sort="Carver, Robert" uniqKey="Carver R" first="Robert" last="Carver">Robert Carver</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halloran, Andy" sort="Halloran, Andy" uniqKey="Halloran A" first="Andy" last="Halloran">Andy Halloran</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Rui" sort="Zhang, Rui" uniqKey="Zhang R" first="Rui" last="Zhang">Rui Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Computers in biology and medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">0010-4825</idno><idno type="eISSN">1879-0534</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Computer Security</term><term>Confidentiality</term><term>Electronic Health Records</term><term>Humans</term><term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted (methods)</term><term>Radiographic Image Enhancement</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Computer Security</term><term>Confidentiality</term><term>Electronic Health Records</term><term>Humans</term><term>Radiographic Image Enhancement</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Electronic medical records (EMR) and treatment plans are used in research on patient outcomes and radiation effects. In many situations researchers must remove protected health information (PHI) from EMRs. The literature contains several studies describing the anonymization of generic Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files and DICOM image sets but no publications were found that discuss the anonymization of DICOM radiation therapy plans, a key component of an EMR in a cancer clinic. In addition to this we were unable to find a commercial software tool that met the minimum requirements for anonymization and preservation of data integrity for radiation therapy research. The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype software code to meet the requirements for the anonymization of radiation therapy treatment plans and to develop a way to validate that code and demonstrate that it properly anonymized treatment plans and preserved data integrity. We extended an open-source code to process all relevant PHI and to allow for the automatic anonymization of multiple EMRs. The prototype code successfully anonymized multiple treatment plans in less than 1 minute per patient. We also tested commercial optical character recognition (OCR) algorithms for the detection of burned-in text on the images, but they were unable to reliably recognize text. In addition, we developed and tested an image filtering algorithm that allowed us to isolate and redact alpha-numeric text from a test radiograph. Validation tests verified that PHI was anonymized and data integrity, such as the relationship between DICOM unique identifiers (UID) was preserved.</p></div></front></TEI><double pmid="25147130"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anonymization of DICOM Electronic Medical Records for Radiation Therapy</title><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Wayne" sort="Newhauser, Wayne" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Wayne" last="Newhauser">Wayne Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Timothy" sort="Jones, Timothy" uniqKey="Jones T" first="Timothy" last="Jones">Timothy Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swerdloff, Stuart" sort="Swerdloff, Stuart" uniqKey="Swerdloff S" first="Stuart" last="Swerdloff">Stuart Swerdloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Ave, Sunnyvale, California 94086 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Ave, Sunnyvale</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Warren" sort="Newhauser, Warren" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Warren" last="Newhauser">Warren Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cilia, Mark" sort="Cilia, Mark" uniqKey="Cilia M" first="Mark" last="Cilia">Mark Cilia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carver, Robert" sort="Carver, Robert" uniqKey="Carver R" first="Robert" last="Carver">Robert Carver</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halloran, Andy" sort="Halloran, Andy" uniqKey="Halloran A" first="Andy" last="Halloran">Andy Halloran</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Rui" sort="Zhang, Rui" uniqKey="Zhang R" first="Rui" last="Zhang">Rui Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25147130</idno><idno type="pmc">4170049</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170049</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4170049</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.07.010</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000142</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000142</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000056</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Anonymization of DICOM Electronic Medical Records for Radiation Therapy</title><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Wayne" sort="Newhauser, Wayne" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Wayne" last="Newhauser">Wayne Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Timothy" sort="Jones, Timothy" uniqKey="Jones T" first="Timothy" last="Jones">Timothy Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swerdloff, Stuart" sort="Swerdloff, Stuart" uniqKey="Swerdloff S" first="Stuart" last="Swerdloff">Stuart Swerdloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Ave, Sunnyvale, California 94086 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Ave, Sunnyvale</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Warren" sort="Newhauser, Warren" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Warren" last="Newhauser">Warren Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cilia, Mark" sort="Cilia, Mark" uniqKey="Cilia M" first="Mark" last="Cilia">Mark Cilia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc, 3233 N. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carver, Robert" sort="Carver, Robert" uniqKey="Carver R" first="Robert" last="Carver">Robert Carver</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halloran, Andy" sort="Halloran, Andy" uniqKey="Halloran A" first="Andy" last="Halloran">Andy Halloran</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Rui" sort="Zhang, Rui" uniqKey="Zhang R" first="Rui" last="Zhang">Rui Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Computers in biology and medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">0010-4825</idno><idno type="eISSN">1879-0534</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Electronic medical records (EMR) and treatment plans are used in research on patient outcomes and radiation effects. In many situations researchers must remove protected health information (PHI) from EMRs. The literature contains several studies describing the anonymization of generic Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files and DICOM image sets but no publications were found that discuss the anonymization of DICOM radiation therapy plans, a key component of an EMR in a cancer clinic. In addition to this we were unable to find a commercial software tool that met the minimum requirements for anonymization and preservation of data integrity for radiation therapy research. The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype software code to meet the requirements for the anonymization of radiation therapy treatment plans and to develop a way to validate that code and demonstrate that it properly anonymized treatment plans and preserved data integrity. We extended an open-source code to process all relevant PHI and to allow for the automatic anonymization of multiple EMRs. The prototype code successfully anonymized multiple treatment plans in less than 1 minute per patient. We also tested commercial optical character recognition (OCR) algorithms for the detection of burned-in text on the images, but they were unable to reliably recognize text. In addition, we developed and tested an image filtering algorithm that allowed us to isolate and redact alpha-numeric text from a test radiograph. Validation tests verified that PHI was anonymized and data integrity, such as the relationship between DICOM unique identifiers (UID) was preserved.</p></div></front></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anonymization of DICOM electronic medical records for radiation therapy.</title><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Wayne" sort="Newhauser, Wayne" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Wayne" last="Newhauser">Wayne Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA. Electronic address: newhauser@lsu.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Timothy" sort="Jones, Timothy" uniqKey="Jones T" first="Timothy" last="Jones">Timothy Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swerdloff, Stuart" sort="Swerdloff, Stuart" uniqKey="Swerdloff S" first="Stuart" last="Swerdloff">Stuart Swerdloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Warren" sort="Newhauser, Warren" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Warren" last="Newhauser">Warren Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cilia, Mark" sort="Cilia, Mark" uniqKey="Cilia M" first="Mark" last="Cilia">Mark Cilia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA; Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA; Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carver, Robert" sort="Carver, Robert" uniqKey="Carver R" first="Robert" last="Carver">Robert Carver</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halloran, Andy" sort="Halloran, Andy" uniqKey="Halloran A" first="Andy" last="Halloran">Andy Halloran</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Rui" sort="Zhang, Rui" uniqKey="Zhang R" first="Rui" last="Zhang">Rui Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25147130</idno><idno type="pmid">25147130</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.07.010</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000013</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000013</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000013</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Anonymization of DICOM electronic medical records for radiation therapy.</title><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Wayne" sort="Newhauser, Wayne" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Wayne" last="Newhauser">Wayne Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA. Electronic address: newhauser@lsu.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Timothy" sort="Jones, Timothy" uniqKey="Jones T" first="Timothy" last="Jones">Timothy Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swerdloff, Stuart" sort="Swerdloff, Stuart" uniqKey="Swerdloff S" first="Stuart" last="Swerdloff">Stuart Swerdloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ELEKTA Impac Software, 100 South Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newhauser, Warren" sort="Newhauser, Warren" uniqKey="Newhauser W" first="Warren" last="Newhauser">Warren Newhauser</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cilia, Mark" sort="Cilia, Mark" uniqKey="Cilia M" first="Mark" last="Cilia">Mark Cilia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA; Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Mill Creek Systems Inc., 3233 N. Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA; Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 1205 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carver, Robert" sort="Carver, Robert" uniqKey="Carver R" first="Robert" last="Carver">Robert Carver</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halloran, Andy" sort="Halloran, Andy" uniqKey="Halloran A" first="Andy" last="Halloran">Andy Halloran</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Rui" sort="Zhang, Rui" uniqKey="Zhang R" first="Rui" last="Zhang">Rui Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Physics Program, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 4950 Essen Lane, Baton Rouge, LA 70809</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Computers in biology and medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-0534</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Computer Security</term><term>Confidentiality</term><term>Electronic Health Records</term><term>Humans</term><term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted (methods)</term><term>Radiographic Image Enhancement</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Computer Security</term><term>Confidentiality</term><term>Electronic Health Records</term><term>Humans</term><term>Radiographic Image Enhancement</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Electronic medical records (EMR) and treatment plans are used in research on patient outcomes and radiation effects. In many situations researchers must remove protected health information (PHI) from EMRs. The literature contains several studies describing the anonymization of generic Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files and DICOM image sets but no publications were found that discuss the anonymization of DICOM radiation therapy plans, a key component of an EMR in a cancer clinic. In addition to this we were unable to find a commercial software tool that met the minimum requirements for anonymization and preservation of data integrity for radiation therapy research. The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype software code to meet the requirements for the anonymization of radiation therapy treatment plans and to develop a way to validate that code and demonstrate that it properly anonymized treatment plans and preserved data integrity. We extended an open-source code to process all relevant PHI and to allow for the automatic anonymization of multiple EMRs. The prototype code successfully anonymized multiple treatment plans in less than 1min/patient. We also tested commercial optical character recognition (OCR) algorithms for the detection of burned-in text on the images, but they were unable to reliably recognize text. In addition, we developed and tested an image filtering algorithm that allowed us to isolate and redact alpha-numeric text from a test radiograph. Validation tests verified that PHI was anonymized and data integrity, such as the relationship between DICOM unique identifiers (UID) was preserved.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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