Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings
Identifieur interne : 001156 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001155; suivant : 001157Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings
Auteurs : Y. B. Bai ; X. W. XuSource :
- Computers in Industry [ 0166-3615 ] ; 2001.
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Abstract
This paper presents a new engineering drawing recognition algorithm named Object Boundary Encoding (OBE). There are four steps in the algorithm: Object search, Boundary tracing encoding, Line approximation/arrowhead detection, and Arc construction. Drawing objects are searched by means of screen lines from the top-left corner of an image, in both left-to-right and top-to-bottom directions. During the tracing process, a set of pixels outlining part of the object’s boundary is analysed and a group of vector graphical elements is generated. Arrowheads can also be recognised. The Vector Perpendicular Bisector Tracing algorithm constructs arcs or circles based on the vectorised data. Definitions of Tracings and Tracing Series have been given in the eight-neighbourhood scenario. The algorithm significantly simplifies the vectorisation process — less than 50% of the object’s boundary is traced and more than 85% of the tracing time is saved. Java language is used to program, making the system platform independent and Internet accessible. The results from the sample tests demonstrate the capability of the system.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4
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Xu</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: x.xu@auckland.ac.nz</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7</idno><date when="2001" year="2001">2001</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001156</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</title><author><name sortKey="Bai, Y B" sort="Bai, Y B" uniqKey="Bai Y" first="Y. B." last="Bai">Y. B. 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Xu</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: x.xu@auckland.ac.nz</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Computers in Industry</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">COMIND</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-3615</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">46</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="65">65</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="74">74</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0166-3615</idno></series><idno type="istex">5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0166-3615(01)00115-4</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0166-3615</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>CAD</term><term>Engineering drawing</term><term>Image</term><term>Processing</term><term>Raster</term><term>Vector</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This paper presents a new engineering drawing recognition algorithm named Object Boundary Encoding (OBE). 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Xu</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</json:string><json:string>E-mail: x.xu@auckland.ac.nz</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Engineering drawing</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>CAD</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Raster</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Vector</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Image</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Processing</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>This paper presents a new engineering drawing recognition algorithm named Object Boundary Encoding (OBE). There are four steps in the algorithm: Object search, Boundary tracing encoding, Line approximation/arrowhead detection, and Arc construction. Drawing objects are searched by means of screen lines from the top-left corner of an image, in both left-to-right and top-to-bottom directions. During the tracing process, a set of pixels outlining part of the object’s boundary is analysed and a group of vector graphical elements is generated. Arrowheads can also be recognised. The Vector Perpendicular Bisector Tracing algorithm constructs arcs or circles based on the vectorised data. Definitions of Tracings and Tracing Series have been given in the eight-neighbourhood scenario. The algorithm significantly simplifies the vectorisation process — less than 50% of the object’s boundary is traced and more than 85% of the tracing time is saved. Java language is used to program, making the system platform independent and Internet accessible. The results from the sample tests demonstrate the capability of the system.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>5.944</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>543 x 744 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>6</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1121</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>3964</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>24103</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>10</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>165</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</title><pii><json:string>S0166-3615(01)00115-4</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>46</volume><pii><json:string>S0166-3615(00)X0056-5</json:string></pii><pages><last>74</last><first>65</first></pages><issn><json:string>0166-3615</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>Journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Computers in Industry</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4</json:string></doi><id>5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: The OBE algorithm.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Object search.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Eight-neighbourhood scenario.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: White and Black Isopleth Tracings.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: A Black Isopleth DDTS.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Contour tracing of an object.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Line approximation.</note><note type="content">Fig. 8: Arc construction.</note><note type="content">Fig. 9: Arrowhead detection.</note><note type="content">Fig. 10: Sample test one (orthogonal view).</note><note type="content">Fig. 11: Sample test two (isometric view).</note><note type="content">Fig. 12: Sample test three (isometric view with hand written notes).</note><note type="content">Table 1: ISO linework specifications for A2, A3 and A4 drawings</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Y.B.</forename><surname>Bai</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">X.W.</forename><surname>Xu</surname></persName><email>x.xu@auckland.ac.nz</email><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Tel.: +64-9-373-7599; fax: +64-9-373-7479</p></note><affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Computers in Industry</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">COMIND</title><idno type="pISSN">0166-3615</idno><idno type="PII">S0166-3615(00)X0056-5</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">46</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="65">65</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="74">74</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0166-3615(01)00115-4</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper presents a new engineering drawing recognition algorithm named Object Boundary Encoding (OBE). 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The results from the sample tests demonstrate the capability of the system.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Engineering drawing</term></item><item><term>CAD</term></item><item><term>Raster</term></item><item><term>Vector</term></item><item><term>Image</term></item><item><term>Processing</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001-05-06">Registration</change><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr7"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr8" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr8"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr9" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr9"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr10" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr10"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr11" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr11"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr12" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr12"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="fx7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="fx7"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>COMIND</jid><aid>1553</aid><ce:pii>S0166-3615(01)00115-4</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author biographyid="BIO1"><ce:given-name>Y.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bai</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author biographyid="BIO2"><ce:given-name>X.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Xu</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>x.xu@auckland.ac.nz</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +64-9-373-7599; fax: +64-9-373-7479</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="7" month="2" year="2000"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="6" month="5" year="2001"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>This paper presents a new engineering drawing recognition algorithm named Object Boundary Encoding (OBE). There are four steps in the algorithm: Object search, Boundary tracing encoding, Line approximation/arrowhead detection, and Arc construction. Drawing objects are searched by means of screen lines from the top-left corner of an image, in both left-to-right and top-to-bottom directions. During the tracing process, a set of pixels outlining part of the object’s boundary is analysed and a group of vector graphical elements is generated. Arrowheads can also be recognised. The Vector Perpendicular Bisector Tracing algorithm constructs arcs or circles based on the vectorised data. Definitions of <ce:italic>Tracings</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Tracing Series</ce:italic> have been given in the eight-neighbourhood scenario. The algorithm significantly simplifies the vectorisation process — less than 50% of the object’s boundary is traced and more than 85% of the tracing time is saved. Java language is used to program, making the system platform independent and Internet accessible. The results from the sample tests demonstrate the capability of the system.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword" xml:lang="en"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Engineering drawing</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>CAD</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Raster</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Vector</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Image</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Processing</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Object Boundary Encoding — a new vectorisation algorithm for engineering drawings</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bai</namePart><affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">X.W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Xu</namePart><affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: x.xu@auckland.ac.nz</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Tel.: +64-9-373-7599; fax: +64-9-373-7479</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2001-05-06</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">This paper presents a new engineering drawing recognition algorithm named Object Boundary Encoding (OBE). There are four steps in the algorithm: Object search, Boundary tracing encoding, Line approximation/arrowhead detection, and Arc construction. Drawing objects are searched by means of screen lines from the top-left corner of an image, in both left-to-right and top-to-bottom directions. During the tracing process, a set of pixels outlining part of the object’s boundary is analysed and a group of vector graphical elements is generated. Arrowheads can also be recognised. The Vector Perpendicular Bisector Tracing algorithm constructs arcs or circles based on the vectorised data. Definitions of Tracings and Tracing Series have been given in the eight-neighbourhood scenario. The algorithm significantly simplifies the vectorisation process — less than 50% of the object’s boundary is traced and more than 85% of the tracing time is saved. Java language is used to program, making the system platform independent and Internet accessible. The results from the sample tests demonstrate the capability of the system.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: The OBE algorithm.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Object search.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Eight-neighbourhood scenario.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: White and Black Isopleth Tracings.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: A Black Isopleth DDTS.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Contour tracing of an object.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Line approximation.</note><note type="content">Fig. 8: Arc construction.</note><note type="content">Fig. 9: Arrowhead detection.</note><note type="content">Fig. 10: Sample test one (orthogonal view).</note><note type="content">Fig. 11: Sample test two (isometric view).</note><note type="content">Fig. 12: Sample test three (isometric view with hand written notes).</note><note type="content">Table 1: ISO linework specifications for A2, A3 and A4 drawings</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Engineering drawing</topic><topic>CAD</topic><topic>Raster</topic><topic>Vector</topic><topic>Image</topic><topic>Processing</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Computers in Industry</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>COMIND</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200108</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0166-3615</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0166-3615(00)X0056-5</identifier><part><date>200108</date><detail type="volume"><number>46</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>106</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>65</start><end>74</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0166-3615(01)00115-4</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0166-3615(01)00115-4</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 2001Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/5F1AC51995293D23140F95C74B4CB4FC6724DEA7/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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