Constraints for control of the human hand
Identifieur interne : 001472 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001471; suivant : 001473Constraints for control of the human hand
Auteurs : Hiske Van Duinen [Suède] ; Simon C. Gandevia [Australie]Source :
- The Journal of Physiology [ 0022-3751 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
More than 30 muscles drive the hand to perform a multitude of essential dextrous tasks. Here we consider new views on the evolution of hand structure and on peripheral and central constraints for independent control of the digits of the hand. The human hand is widely assumed to have evolved from hands like those of African apes, yet recent studies have shown that our hands and those of the earliest hominids are very similar and unlike those of living apes. Understanding the limits of hand function may come from investigation of our last common ancestor with the great apes, rather than the great apes themselves. In the periphery, movement across the full range of joint space can be limited by mechanical linkages among the extrinsic muscles. Further, peripheral limits occur when the hand adopts some positions in which the contraction of muscles fails to move the joints on which they usually act; there is muscle ‘disengagement’ and functional paralysis for some actions. Surprisingly, the central nervous system drives the hand seamlessly through this landscape of mechanical limits. Central constraints on control of the individual digits include the spillover of neural drive to neighbouring muscles and their ‘compartments’, and the inability to make maximal muscle forces when multiple digits contract strongly which produces a force deficit. The pattern of these latter constraints correlates with amounts of daily use of each digit and favours enslaved extension to lift fingers from an object but selective flexion of fingers to contact it.
Url:
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.217810
PubMed: 21986205
PubMed Central: 3249034
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Abstract</title>
<p>More than 30 muscles drive the hand to perform a multitude of essential dextrous tasks. Here we consider new views on the evolution of hand structure and on peripheral and central constraints for independent control of the digits of the hand. The human hand is widely assumed to have evolved from hands like those of African apes, yet recent studies have shown that our hands and those of the earliest hominids are very similar and unlike those of living apes. Understanding the limits of hand function may come from investigation of our last common ancestor with the great apes, rather than the great apes themselves. In the periphery, movement across the full range of joint space can be limited by mechanical linkages among the extrinsic muscles. Further, peripheral limits occur when the hand adopts some positions in which the contraction of muscles fails to move the joints on which they usually act; there is muscle ‘disengagement’ and functional paralysis for some actions. Surprisingly, the central nervous system drives the hand seamlessly through this landscape of mechanical limits. Central constraints on control of the individual digits include the spillover of neural drive to neighbouring muscles and their ‘compartments’, and the inability to make maximal muscle forces when multiple digits contract strongly which produces a force deficit. The pattern of these latter constraints correlates with amounts of daily use of each digit and favours enslaved extension to lift fingers from an object but selective flexion of fingers to contact it.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Physiol</journal-id>
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1113/jphysiol.2011.217810</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Symposium Section Reviews: Human Hand Function: The Limitations of Brain and Brawn</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Constraints for control of the human hand</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Duinen</surname>
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<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Corresponding author</bold>
S. Gandevia: Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. Email: <email>s.gandevia@unsw.edu.au</email>
</corresp>
<fn><p>This report was presented at <italic>The Journal of Physiology</italic>
Symposium on <italic>Human hand function: the limitations of brain and brawn</italic>
, which took place at Physiology 2011 (Main Meeting of The Physiological Society), Oxford, UK on 13 July 2011. It was commissioned by the Editorial Board and reflects the views of the authors.</p>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2011</year>
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<volume>589</volume>
<issue>Pt 23</issue>
<fpage>5583</fpage>
<lpage>5593</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>04</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2011</year>
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<date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2011</year>
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<permissions><copyright-statement>Journal compilation © 2011 The Physiological Society</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec><title>Abstract</title>
<p>More than 30 muscles drive the hand to perform a multitude of essential dextrous tasks. Here we consider new views on the evolution of hand structure and on peripheral and central constraints for independent control of the digits of the hand. The human hand is widely assumed to have evolved from hands like those of African apes, yet recent studies have shown that our hands and those of the earliest hominids are very similar and unlike those of living apes. Understanding the limits of hand function may come from investigation of our last common ancestor with the great apes, rather than the great apes themselves. In the periphery, movement across the full range of joint space can be limited by mechanical linkages among the extrinsic muscles. Further, peripheral limits occur when the hand adopts some positions in which the contraction of muscles fails to move the joints on which they usually act; there is muscle ‘disengagement’ and functional paralysis for some actions. Surprisingly, the central nervous system drives the hand seamlessly through this landscape of mechanical limits. Central constraints on control of the individual digits include the spillover of neural drive to neighbouring muscles and their ‘compartments’, and the inability to make maximal muscle forces when multiple digits contract strongly which produces a force deficit. The pattern of these latter constraints correlates with amounts of daily use of each digit and favours enslaved extension to lift fingers from an object but selective flexion of fingers to contact it.</p>
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