Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overload Problem?
Identifieur interne : 000875 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 000874; suivant : 000876Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overload Problem?
Auteurs : Eric N. Beck [Canada] ; Kaylena A. Ehgoetz Martens [Canada] ; Quincy J. Almeida [Canada]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is arguably the most severe symptom associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and often occurs while performing dual tasks or approaching narrowed and cluttered spaces. While it is well known that visual cues alleviate FOG, it is not clear if this effect may be the result of cognitive or sensorimotor mechanisms. Nevertheless, the role of vision may be a critical link that might allow us to disentangle this question. Gaze behaviour has yet to be carefully investigated while freezers approach narrow spaces, thus the overall objective of this study was to explore the interaction between cognitive and sensory-perceptual influences on FOG. In experiment #1, if cognitive load is the underlying factor leading to FOG, then one might expect that a dual-task would elicit FOG episodes even in the presence of visual cues, since the load on attention would interfere with utilization of visual cues. Alternatively, if visual cues alleviate gait despite performance of a dual-task, then it may be more probable that sensory mechanisms are at play. In compliment to this, the aim of experiment#2 was to further challenge the sensory systems, by removing vision of the lower-limbs and thereby forcing participants to rely on other forms of sensory feedback rather than vision while walking toward the narrow space. Spatiotemporal aspects of gait, percentage of gaze fixation frequency and duration, as well as skin conductance levels were measured in freezers and non-freezers across both experiments. Results from experiment#1 indicated that although freezers and non-freezers both walked with worse gait while performing the dual-task, in freezers, gait was relieved by visual cues regardless of whether the cognitive demands of the dual-task were present. At baseline and while dual-tasking, freezers demonstrated a gaze behaviour that neglected the doorway and instead focused primarily on the pathway, a strategy that non-freezers adopted only when performing the dual-task. Interestingly, with the combination of visual cues and dual-task, freezers increased the frequency and duration of fixations toward the doorway, compared to non-freezers. These results suggest that although increasing demand on attention does significantly deteriorate gait in freezers, an increase in cognitive demand is not exclusively responsible for freezing (since visual cues were able to overcome any interference elicited by the dual-task). When vision of the lower limbs was removed in experiment#2, only the freezers’ gait was affected. However, when visual cues were present, freezers’ gait improved regardless of the dual-task. This gait behaviour was accompanied by greater amount of time spent looking at the visual cues irrespective of the dual-task. Since removing vision of the lower-limbs hindered gait even under low attentional demand, restricted sensory feedback may be an important factor to the mechanisms underlying FOG.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144986
PubMed: 26678262
PubMed Central: 4682987
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000335
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000335
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000568
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 003E49
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 003E49
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 003E49
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4682987Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overload Problem?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Beck, Eric N" sort="Beck, Eric N" uniqKey="Beck E" first="Eric N." last="Beck">Eric N. Beck</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ehgoetz Martens, Kaylena A" sort="Ehgoetz Martens, Kaylena A" uniqKey="Ehgoetz Martens K" first="Kaylena A." last="Ehgoetz Martens">Kaylena A. Ehgoetz Martens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Quincy J" sort="Almeida, Quincy J" uniqKey="Almeida Q" first="Quincy J." last="Almeida">Quincy J. Almeida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">26678262</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4682987</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4682987</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4682987</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0144986</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000335</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000335</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000568</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003E49</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">003E49</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">003E49</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000875</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overload Problem?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Beck, Eric N" sort="Beck, Eric N" uniqKey="Beck E" first="Eric N." last="Beck">Eric N. Beck</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ehgoetz Martens, Kaylena A" sort="Ehgoetz Martens, Kaylena A" uniqKey="Ehgoetz Martens K" first="Kaylena A." last="Ehgoetz Martens">Kaylena A. Ehgoetz Martens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Quincy J" sort="Almeida, Quincy J" uniqKey="Almeida Q" first="Quincy J." last="Almeida">Quincy J. Almeida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sun Life Movement Disorders Research & Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is arguably the most severe symptom associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and often occurs while performing dual tasks or approaching narrowed and cluttered spaces. While it is well known that visual cues alleviate FOG, it is not clear if this effect may be the result of cognitive or sensorimotor mechanisms. Nevertheless, the role of vision may be a critical link that might allow us to disentangle this question. Gaze behaviour has yet to be carefully investigated while freezers approach narrow spaces, thus the overall objective of this study was to explore the interaction between cognitive and sensory-perceptual influences on FOG. In experiment #1, if cognitive load is the underlying factor leading to FOG, then one might expect that a dual-task would elicit FOG episodes even in the presence of visual cues, since the load on attention would interfere with utilization of visual cues. Alternatively, if visual cues alleviate gait despite performance of a dual-task, then it may be more probable that sensory mechanisms are at play. In compliment to this, the aim of experiment#2 was to further challenge the sensory systems, by removing vision of the lower-limbs and thereby forcing participants to rely on other forms of sensory feedback rather than vision while walking toward the narrow space. Spatiotemporal aspects of gait, percentage of gaze fixation frequency and duration, as well as skin conductance levels were measured in freezers and non-freezers across both experiments. Results from experiment#1 indicated that although freezers and non-freezers both walked with worse gait while performing the dual-task, in freezers, gait was relieved by visual cues regardless of whether the cognitive demands of the dual-task were present. At baseline and while dual-tasking, freezers demonstrated a gaze behaviour that neglected the doorway and instead focused primarily on the pathway, a strategy that non-freezers adopted only when performing the dual-task. Interestingly, with the combination of visual cues and dual-task, freezers increased the frequency and duration of fixations toward the doorway, compared to non-freezers. These results suggest that although increasing demand on attention does significantly deteriorate gait in freezers, an increase in cognitive demand is not exclusively responsible for freezing (since visual cues were able to overcome any interference elicited by the dual-task). When vision of the lower limbs was removed in experiment#2, only the freezers’ gait was affected. However, when visual cues were present, freezers’ gait improved regardless of the dual-task. This gait behaviour was accompanied by greater amount of time spent looking at the visual cues irrespective of the dual-task. Since removing vision of the lower-limbs hindered gait even under low attentional demand, restricted sensory feedback may be an important factor to the mechanisms underlying FOG.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nieuwboer, A" uniqKey="Nieuwboer A">A Nieuwboer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dom, R" uniqKey="Dom R">R Dom</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weerdt W, D" uniqKey="Weerdt W D">D Weerdt W</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desloovere, K" uniqKey="Desloovere K">K Desloovere</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fieuws, S" uniqKey="Fieuws S">S Fieuws</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broens Kaucsik, E" uniqKey="Broens Kaucsik E">E Broens-kaucsik</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schaafsma, Jd" uniqKey="Schaafsma J">JD Schaafsma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balash, Y" uniqKey="Balash Y">Y Balash</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bartels, L" uniqKey="Bartels L">L Bartels</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gurevich, T" uniqKey="Gurevich T">T Gurevich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plotnik, M" uniqKey="Plotnik M">M Plotnik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balash, Y" uniqKey="Balash Y">Y Balash</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peretz, C" uniqKey="Peretz C">C Peretz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iansek, R" uniqKey="Iansek R">R Iansek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huxham, F" uniqKey="Huxham F">F Huxham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcginley, J" uniqKey="Mcginley J">J McGinley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lebold, C" uniqKey="Lebold C">C Lebold</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nieuwboer, A" uniqKey="Nieuwboer A">A Nieuwboer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yogev, G" uniqKey="Yogev G">G Yogev</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peretz, C" uniqKey="Peretz C">C Peretz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Springer, S" uniqKey="Springer S">S Springer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simon, Es" uniqKey="Simon E">ES Simon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plotnik, M" uniqKey="Plotnik M">M Plotnik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yogev Seligmann, G" uniqKey="Yogev Seligmann G">G Yogev-Seligmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rotem Galili, Y" uniqKey="Rotem Galili Y">Y Rotem-Galili</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dickstein, R" uniqKey="Dickstein R">R Dickstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shine, Jm" uniqKey="Shine J">JM Shine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matar, E" uniqKey="Matar E">E Matar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ward, Pb" uniqKey="Ward P">PB Ward</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolitho, Sj" uniqKey="Bolitho S">SJ Bolitho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, M" uniqKey="Pearson M">M Pearson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naismith, Sl" uniqKey="Naismith S">SL Naismith</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shine, Jm" uniqKey="Shine J">JM Shine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matar, E" uniqKey="Matar E">E Matar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ward, Pb" uniqKey="Ward P">PB Ward</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolitho, Sj" uniqKey="Bolitho S">SJ Bolitho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gilat, M" uniqKey="Gilat M">M Gilat</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, M" uniqKey="Pearson M">M Pearson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shine, Jm" uniqKey="Shine J">JM Shine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matar, E" uniqKey="Matar E">E Matar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ward, Pb" uniqKey="Ward P">PB Ward</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frank, Mj" uniqKey="Frank M">MJ Frank</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moustafa, A" uniqKey="Moustafa A">A Moustafa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, M" uniqKey="Pearson M">M Pearson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lebold, C" uniqKey="Lebold C">C Lebold</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cowie, D" uniqKey="Cowie D">D Cowie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Limousin, P" uniqKey="Limousin P">P Limousin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, A" uniqKey="Peters A">A Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hariz, M" uniqKey="Hariz M">M Hariz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Bl" uniqKey="Day B">BL Day</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ehgoetz Martens, K" uniqKey="Ehgoetz Martens K">K Ehgoetz Martens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pieruccini Faria, F" uniqKey="Pieruccini Faria F">F Pieruccini-Faria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matar, E" uniqKey="Matar E">E Matar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shine, Jm" uniqKey="Shine J">JM Shine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naismith, Sl" uniqKey="Naismith S">SL Naismith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sjg" uniqKey="Lewis S">SJG Lewis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knobl, P" uniqKey="Knobl P">P Knobl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kielstra, L" uniqKey="Kielstra L">L Kielstra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Q" uniqKey="Almeida Q">Q Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pieruccini Faria, F" uniqKey="Pieruccini Faria F">F Pieruccini-Faria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, J" uniqKey="Jones J">J Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pieruccini Faria, F" uniqKey="Pieruccini Faria F">F Pieruccini-Faria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martens, Ke" uniqKey="Martens K">KE Martens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Silveira, C" uniqKey="Silveira C">C Silveira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, J" uniqKey="Jones J">J Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sj" uniqKey="Lee S">SJ Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yoo, Jy" uniqKey="Yoo J">JY Yoo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ryu, Js" uniqKey="Ryu J">JS Ryu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Park, Hk" uniqKey="Park H">HK Park</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Park, Hk" uniqKey="Park H">HK Park</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chung, Sj" uniqKey="Chung S">SJ Chung</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chee, R" uniqKey="Chee R">R Chee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murphy, A" uniqKey="Murphy A">A Murphy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Danoudis, M" uniqKey="Danoudis M">M Danoudis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Georgiou Karistianis, N" uniqKey="Georgiou Karistianis N">N Georgiou-Karistianis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iansek, R" uniqKey="Iansek R">R Iansek</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morris, Me" uniqKey="Morris M">ME Morris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iansek, R" uniqKey="Iansek R">R Iansek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matyas, Ta" uniqKey="Matyas T">TA Matyas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Summers, Jj" uniqKey="Summers J">JJ Summers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suteerawattananon, M" uniqKey="Suteerawattananon M">M Suteerawattananon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morris, Gs" uniqKey="Morris G">GS Morris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Etnyre, Br" uniqKey="Etnyre B">BR Etnyre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jankovic, J" uniqKey="Jankovic J">J Jankovic</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Protas, Ej" uniqKey="Protas E">EJ Protas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adamovich, Sv" uniqKey="Adamovich S">SV Adamovich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berkinblit, Mb" uniqKey="Berkinblit M">MB Berkinblit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hening, W" uniqKey="Hening W">W Hening</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sage, J" uniqKey="Sage J">J Sage</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poizner, H" uniqKey="Poizner H">H Poizner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frank, Js" uniqKey="Frank J">JS Frank</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roy, E" uniqKey="Roy E">E Roy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jenkins, Me" uniqKey="Jenkins M">ME Jenkins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spaulding, S" uniqKey="Spaulding S">S Spaulding</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patla, E" uniqKey="Patla E">E Patla</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keijsers, Nlw" uniqKey="Keijsers N">NLW Keijsers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Admiraal, Ma" uniqKey="Admiraal M">MA Admiraal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cools, Ar" uniqKey="Cools A">AR Cools</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bloem, Br" uniqKey="Bloem B">BR Bloem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bucci, Mp" uniqKey="Bucci M">MP Bucci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seassau, M" uniqKey="Seassau M">M Seassau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larger, S" uniqKey="Larger S">S Larger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bui Quoc, E" uniqKey="Bui Quoc E">E Bui-Quoc</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gerard, Cl" uniqKey="Gerard C">CL Gerard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lader, Mh" uniqKey="Lader M">MH Lader</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lazzaro, I" uniqKey="Lazzaro I">I Lazzaro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gordon, E" uniqKey="Gordon E">E Gordon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, Cl" uniqKey="Lim C">CL Lim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plahn, M" uniqKey="Plahn M">M Plahn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Whitmont, S" uniqKey="Whitmont S">S Whitmont</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boucsein, W" uniqKey="Boucsein W">W Boucsein</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lebold, C" uniqKey="Lebold C">C Lebold</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vit Rio, R" uniqKey="Vit Rio R">R Vitório</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lirani Silva, E" uniqKey="Lirani Silva E">E Lirani-Silva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pieruccini Faria, F" uniqKey="Pieruccini Faria F">F Pieruccini-Faria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moraes, R" uniqKey="Moraes R">R Moraes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gobbi, Ltb" uniqKey="Gobbi L">LTB Gobbi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patla, Ae" uniqKey="Patla A">AE Patla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davies, Tc" uniqKey="Davies T">TC Davies</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niechwiej, E" uniqKey="Niechwiej E">E Niechwiej</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patla, Ae" uniqKey="Patla A">AE Patla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vickers, Jn" uniqKey="Vickers J">JN Vickers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pieruccini Faria, F" uniqKey="Pieruccini Faria F">F Pieruccini-Faria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vit Rio, R" uniqKey="Vit Rio R">R Vitório</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Silveira, Cr" uniqKey="Silveira C">CR Silveira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caetano, Mjd" uniqKey="Caetano M">MJD Caetano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stella, F" uniqKey="Stella F">F Stella</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ehgoetz Martens, K" uniqKey="Ehgoetz Martens K">K Ehgoetz Martens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellard, Cg" uniqKey="Ellard C">CG Ellard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ehgoetz Martens, K" uniqKey="Ehgoetz Martens K">K Ehgoetz Martens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellard, Cg" uniqKey="Ellard C">CG Ellard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plotnik, M" uniqKey="Plotnik M">M Plotnik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spildooren, J" uniqKey="Spildooren J">J Spildooren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vercruysse, S" uniqKey="Vercruysse S">S Vercruysse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desloovere, K" uniqKey="Desloovere K">K Desloovere</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vandenberghe, W" uniqKey="Vandenberghe W">W Vandenberghe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kerckhofs, E" uniqKey="Kerckhofs E">E Kerckhofs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nieuwboer, A" uniqKey="Nieuwboer A">A Nieuwboer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hackney, Me" uniqKey="Hackney M">ME Hackney</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Earhart, Gm" uniqKey="Earhart G">GM Earhart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, K" uniqKey="Baker K">K Baker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rochester, L" uniqKey="Rochester L">L Rochester</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nieuwboer, A" uniqKey="Nieuwboer A">A Nieuwboer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, K" uniqKey="Baker K">K Baker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rochester, L" uniqKey="Rochester L">L Rochester</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nieuwboer, A" uniqKey="Nieuwboer A">A Nieuwboer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rochester, L" uniqKey="Rochester L">L Rochester</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nieuwboer, A" uniqKey="Nieuwboer A">A Nieuwboer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baker, K" uniqKey="Baker K">K Baker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hetherington, V" uniqKey="Hetherington V">V Hetherington</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Willems A, M" uniqKey="Willems A M">M Willems A-</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chavret, F" uniqKey="Chavret F">F Chavret</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, Wr" uniqKey="Young W">WR Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wing, Am" uniqKey="Wing A">AM Wing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hollands, Ma" uniqKey="Hollands M">MA Hollands</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fox, E" uniqKey="Fox E">E Fox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Russo, R" uniqKey="Russo R">R Russo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bowles, R" uniqKey="Bowles R">R Bowles</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dutton, K" uniqKey="Dutton K">K Dutton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fox, E" uniqKey="Fox E">E Fox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Russo, R" uniqKey="Russo R">R Russo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dutton, K" uniqKey="Dutton K">K Dutton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maidan, I" uniqKey="Maidan I">I Maidan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernad Elazari, H" uniqKey="Bernad Elazari H">H Bernad-Elazari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gazit, E" uniqKey="Gazit E">E Gazit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giladi, N" uniqKey="Giladi N">N Giladi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hausdorff, Jm" uniqKey="Hausdorff J">JM Hausdorff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirelman, A" uniqKey="Mirelman A">A Mirelman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Azulay, J" uniqKey="Azulay J">J Azulay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mesure, S" uniqKey="Mesure S">S Mesure</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amblard, B" uniqKey="Amblard B">B Amblard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blin, O" uniqKey="Blin O">O Blin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sangla, I" uniqKey="Sangla I">I Sangla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pouget, J" uniqKey="Pouget J">J Pouget</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vit Rio, R" uniqKey="Vit Rio R">R Vitório</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lirani Silva, E" uniqKey="Lirani Silva E">E Lirani-Silva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barbieri, Fa" uniqKey="Barbieri F">FA Barbieri</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raile, V" uniqKey="Raile V">V Raile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stella, F" uniqKey="Stella F">F Stella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gobbi, Ltb" uniqKey="Gobbi L">LTB Gobbi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sjg" uniqKey="Lewis S">SJG Lewis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barker, R" uniqKey="Barker R">R Barker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glickstein, M" uniqKey="Glickstein M">M Glickstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, J" uniqKey="Stein J">J Stein</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jueptner, M" uniqKey="Jueptner M">M Jueptner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weiller, C" uniqKey="Weiller C">C Weiller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, P" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar P">P van Donkelaar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, Jf" uniqKey="Stein J">JF Stein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Passingham, Re" uniqKey="Passingham R">RE Passingham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miall, Rc" uniqKey="Miall R">RC Miall</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, P" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar P">P van Donkelaar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, Jf" uniqKey="Stein J">JF Stein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Passingham, Re" uniqKey="Passingham R">RE Passingham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miall, Rc" uniqKey="Miall R">RC Miall</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, T" uniqKey="Tan T">T Tan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, Qj" uniqKey="Almeida Q">QJ Almeida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rahimi, F" uniqKey="Rahimi F">F Rahimi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cerasa, A" uniqKey="Cerasa A">A Cerasa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hagberg, Ge" uniqKey="Hagberg G">GE Hagberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peppe, A" uniqKey="Peppe A">A Peppe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bianciardi, M" uniqKey="Bianciardi M">M Bianciardi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gioia, Mc" uniqKey="Gioia M">MC Gioia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costa, A" uniqKey="Costa A">A Costa</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/HapticV1/Data/Main/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000875 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 000875 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Ticri/CIDE |area= HapticV1 |flux= Main |étape= Merge |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4682987 |texte= Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overload Problem? }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26678262" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Merge/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a HapticV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. | ![]() |