Corpus
Istex
Racine
Corpus
Checkpoint
Istex
Racine
Istex
Exploration
Accueil
Racine
Racine

Serveur d'exploration Épistémè

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality

Identifieur interne : 001283 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001282; suivant : 001284

Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality

Auteurs : Alexander Styhre ; Ulla Erikssonzetterquist

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of intersectionality. In recent management writing, a vocabulary has been introduced which enacts concepts such as assemblages, multiplicity, rhizomes, and becoming. Such a vocabulary is helpful when revising the theoretical models used in gender research. Designmethodologyapproach Drawing on this fluid mode of thinking, which is fundamentally indebted to a process thinking that favours becoming and change over stability and fixed entities as the primary analytical categories, the concept of intersectionality is discussed. Findings It is suggested that intersectionality perspectives, a concept developed to enable the analysis of coexisting and cooperating registers of knowledge and power, may inform gender and diversity studies and organization theory in general. Rather than reducing all sorts of identities or subjectpositions to a single plane, intersectionality perspectives conceive of identity as being derived from different registers functioning as shifting planes, at times operating detachedly from one another in other cases directly overlapping and even clashing. Practical implications Intersectionality thinking is capable of influencing a variety of organizational and managerial practices. Originalityvalue The paper seeks to bridge process thinking, gender theory, and diversity management literature through introducing the concept of intersectionality as a helpful tool when thinking of organizational practice.

Url:
DOI: 10.1108/17542410810912690

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Styhre, Alexander" sort="Styhre, Alexander" uniqKey="Styhre A" first="Alexander" last="Styhre">Alexander Styhre</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Erikssonzetterquist, Ulla" sort="Erikssonzetterquist, Ulla" uniqKey="Erikssonzetterquist U" first="Ulla" last="Erikssonzetterquist">Ulla Erikssonzetterquist</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Gteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C</idno>
<date when="2008" year="2008">2008</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1108/17542410810912690</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001283</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001283</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Styhre, Alexander" sort="Styhre, Alexander" uniqKey="Styhre A" first="Alexander" last="Styhre">Alexander Styhre</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Erikssonzetterquist, Ulla" sort="Erikssonzetterquist, Ulla" uniqKey="Erikssonzetterquist U" first="Ulla" last="Erikssonzetterquist">Ulla Erikssonzetterquist</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Gteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series>
<title level="j">Gender in Management: An International Journal</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1754-2413</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2008-11-07">2008-11-07</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">23</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="567">567</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="582">582</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">1754-2413</idno>
</series>
<idno type="istex">731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1108/17542410810912690</idno>
<idno type="filenameID">0530230802</idno>
<idno type="original-pdf">0530230802.pdf</idno>
<idno type="href">17542410810912690.pdf</idno>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt>
<idno type="ISSN">1754-2413</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract">Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of intersectionality. In recent management writing, a vocabulary has been introduced which enacts concepts such as assemblages, multiplicity, rhizomes, and becoming. Such a vocabulary is helpful when revising the theoretical models used in gender research. Designmethodologyapproach Drawing on this fluid mode of thinking, which is fundamentally indebted to a process thinking that favours becoming and change over stability and fixed entities as the primary analytical categories, the concept of intersectionality is discussed. Findings It is suggested that intersectionality perspectives, a concept developed to enable the analysis of coexisting and cooperating registers of knowledge and power, may inform gender and diversity studies and organization theory in general. Rather than reducing all sorts of identities or subjectpositions to a single plane, intersectionality perspectives conceive of identity as being derived from different registers functioning as shifting planes, at times operating detachedly from one another in other cases directly overlapping and even clashing. Practical implications Intersectionality thinking is capable of influencing a variety of organizational and managerial practices. Originalityvalue The paper seeks to bridge process thinking, gender theory, and diversity management literature through introducing the concept of intersectionality as a helpful tool when thinking of organizational practice.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<istex>
<corpusName>emerald</corpusName>
<author>
<json:item>
<name>Alexander Styhre</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Ulla ErikssonZetterquist</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Gteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
</author>
<subject>
<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Epistemology</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Gender</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Equal opportunities</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Organizational theory</value>
</json:item>
</subject>
<language>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</language>
<originalGenre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</originalGenre>
<abstract>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of intersectionality. In recent management writing, a vocabulary has been introduced which enacts concepts such as assemblages, multiplicity, rhizomes, and becoming. Such a vocabulary is helpful when revising the theoretical models used in gender research. Designmethodologyapproach Drawing on this fluid mode of thinking, which is fundamentally indebted to a process thinking that favours becoming and change over stability and fixed entities as the primary analytical categories, the concept of intersectionality is discussed. Findings It is suggested that intersectionality perspectives, a concept developed to enable the analysis of coexisting and cooperating registers of knowledge and power, may inform gender and diversity studies and organization theory in general. Rather than reducing all sorts of identities or subjectpositions to a single plane, intersectionality perspectives conceive of identity as being derived from different registers functioning as shifting planes, at times operating detachedly from one another in other cases directly overlapping and even clashing. Practical implications Intersectionality thinking is capable of influencing a variety of organizational and managerial practices. Originalityvalue The paper seeks to bridge process thinking, gender theory, and diversity management literature through introducing the concept of intersectionality as a helpful tool when thinking of organizational practice.</abstract>
<qualityIndicators>
<score>7.448</score>
<pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion>
<pdfPageSize>519 x 680 pts</pdfPageSize>
<refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative>
<keywordCount>4</keywordCount>
<abstractCharCount>1500</abstractCharCount>
<pdfWordCount>7273</pdfWordCount>
<pdfCharCount>47327</pdfCharCount>
<pdfPageCount>16</pdfPageCount>
<abstractWordCount>204</abstractWordCount>
</qualityIndicators>
<title>Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
<genre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</genre>
<host>
<volume>23</volume>
<publisherId>
<json:string>gm</json:string>
</publisherId>
<pages>
<last>582</last>
<first>567</first>
</pages>
<issn>
<json:string>1754-2413</json:string>
</issn>
<issue>8</issue>
<subject>
<json:item>
<value>HR & organizational behaviour</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<value>Employment law</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<value>Diversity, equality, inclusion</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<value>Sociology</value>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<value>Gender studies</value>
</json:item>
</subject>
<genre>
<json:string>journal</json:string>
</genre>
<language>
<json:string>unknown</json:string>
</language>
<title>Gender in Management: An International Journal</title>
<doi>
<json:string>10.1108/gm</json:string>
</doi>
</host>
<publicationDate>2008</publicationDate>
<copyrightDate>2008</copyrightDate>
<doi>
<json:string>10.1108/17542410810912690</json:string>
</doi>
<id>731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C</id>
<score>0.08010441</score>
<fulltext>
<json:item>
<original>true</original>
<mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype>
<extension>pdf</extension>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C/fulltext/pdf</uri>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/zip</mimetype>
<extension>zip</extension>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C/fulltext/zip</uri>
</json:item>
<istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C/fulltext/tei">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>ISTEX</authority>
<publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher>
<availability>
<p>EMERALD</p>
</availability>
<date>2008</date>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct type="inbook">
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
<author>
<persName>
<forename type="first">Alexander</forename>
<surname>Styhre</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<persName>
<forename type="first">Ulla</forename>
<surname>ErikssonZetterquist</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Gteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr>
<title level="j">Gender in Management: An International Journal</title>
<idno type="pISSN">1754-2413</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1108/gm</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2008-11-07"></date>
<biblScope unit="volume">23</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="567">567</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="582">582</biblScope>
</imprint>
</monogr>
<idno type="istex">731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1108/17542410810912690</idno>
<idno type="filenameID">0530230802</idno>
<idno type="original-pdf">0530230802.pdf</idno>
<idno type="href">17542410810912690.pdf</idno>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<creation>
<date>2008</date>
</creation>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
<abstract>
<p>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of intersectionality. In recent management writing, a vocabulary has been introduced which enacts concepts such as assemblages, multiplicity, rhizomes, and becoming. Such a vocabulary is helpful when revising the theoretical models used in gender research. Designmethodologyapproach Drawing on this fluid mode of thinking, which is fundamentally indebted to a process thinking that favours becoming and change over stability and fixed entities as the primary analytical categories, the concept of intersectionality is discussed. Findings It is suggested that intersectionality perspectives, a concept developed to enable the analysis of coexisting and cooperating registers of knowledge and power, may inform gender and diversity studies and organization theory in general. Rather than reducing all sorts of identities or subjectpositions to a single plane, intersectionality perspectives conceive of identity as being derived from different registers functioning as shifting planes, at times operating detachedly from one another in other cases directly overlapping and even clashing. Practical implications Intersectionality thinking is capable of influencing a variety of organizational and managerial practices. Originalityvalue The paper seeks to bridge process thinking, gender theory, and diversity management literature through introducing the concept of intersectionality as a helpful tool when thinking of organizational practice.</p>
</abstract>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="keyword">
<list>
<head>Keywords</head>
<item>
<term>Epistemology</term>
</item>
<item>
<term>Gender</term>
</item>
<item>
<term>Equal opportunities</term>
</item>
<item>
<term>Organizational theory</term>
</item>
</list>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="Emerald Subject Group">
<list>
<label>cat-HOB</label>
<item>
<term>HR & organizational behaviour</term>
</item>
<label>cat-ELAW</label>
<item>
<term>Employment law</term>
</item>
<label>cat-DEI</label>
<item>
<term>Diversity, equality, inclusion</term>
</item>
</list>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="Emerald Subject Group">
<list>
<label>cat-SOCY</label>
<item>
<term>Sociology</term>
</item>
<label>cat-GSDS</label>
<item>
<term>Gender studies</term>
</item>
</list>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change when="2008-11-07">Published</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
</istex:fulltextTEI>
<json:item>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>text/plain</mimetype>
<extension>txt</extension>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C/fulltext/txt</uri>
</json:item>
</fulltext>
<metadata>
<istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus emerald not found" wicri:toSee="no header">
<istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration>
<istex:document><!-- Auto generated NISO JATS XML created by Atypon out of MCB DTD source files. Do Not Edit! -->
<article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research-article">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gm</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/gm</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Gender in Management: An International Journal</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1754-2413</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/17542410810912690</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">0530230802.pdf</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="filename">0530230802</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication">
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part content-type="code">research-article</compound-subject-part>
<compound-subject-part content-type="label">Research paper</compound-subject-part>
</compound-subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="subject">
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-HOB</compound-subject-part>
<compound-subject-part content-type="label">HR & organizational behaviour</compound-subject-part>
</compound-subject>
<subj-group>
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ELAW</compound-subject-part>
<compound-subject-part content-type="label">Employment law</compound-subject-part>
</compound-subject>
<subj-group>
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-DEI</compound-subject-part>
<compound-subject-part content-type="label">Diversity, equality, inclusion</compound-subject-part>
</compound-subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="subject">
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-SOCY</compound-subject-part>
<compound-subject-part content-type="label">Sociology</compound-subject-part>
</compound-subject>
<subj-group>
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-GSDS</compound-subject-part>
<compound-subject-part content-type="label">Gender studies</compound-subject-part>
</compound-subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies: examining the concept of intersectionality</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<string-name>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
<surname>Styhre</surname>
</string-name>
<aff>Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff>
</contrib>
<x></x>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<string-name>
<given-names>Ulla</given-names>
<surname>Eriksson‐Zetterquist</surname>
</string-name>
<aff>Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>567</fpage>
<lpage>582</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2008</copyright-year>
<license license-type="publisher">
<license-p></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="17542410810912690.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<sec>
<title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title>
<x> – </x>
<p>The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of intersectionality. In recent management writing, a vocabulary has been introduced which enacts concepts such as assemblages, multiplicity, rhizomes, and becoming. Such a vocabulary is helpful when revising the theoretical models used in gender research.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title>
<x> – </x>
<p>Drawing on this fluid mode of thinking, which is fundamentally indebted to a process thinking that favours becoming and change over stability and fixed entities as the primary analytical categories, the concept of intersectionality is discussed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title>
<x> – </x>
<p>It is suggested that intersectionality perspectives, a concept developed to enable the analysis of co‐existing and co‐operating registers of knowledge and power, may inform gender and diversity studies and organization theory in general. Rather than reducing all sorts of identities or subject‐positions to a single plane, intersectionality perspectives conceive of identity as being derived from different registers functioning as shifting planes, at times operating detachedly from one another; in other cases directly overlapping and even clashing.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title content-type="abstract-heading">Practical implications</title>
<x> – </x>
<p>Intersectionality thinking is capable of influencing a variety of organizational and managerial practices.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title>
<x> – </x>
<p>The paper seeks to bridge process thinking, gender theory, and diversity management literature through introducing the concept of intersectionality as a helpful tool when thinking of organizational practice.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Epistemology</kwd>
<x>, </x>
<kwd>Gender</kwd>
<x>, </x>
<kwd>Equal opportunities</kwd>
<x>, </x>
<kwd>Organizational theory</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name>
<meta-value>yes</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>academic-content</meta-name>
<meta-value>yes</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>rightslink</meta-name>
<meta-value>included</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec>
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Mainstream organization theory is generally poorly equipped for thinking in terms of fluid and fluxing categories (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">Cooper, 1986</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Chia, 1999</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">Linstead and Brewis, 2004</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">Linstead and Pullen, 2006</xref>
). Recent theoretical developments in post‐structuralist organization theory, feminist thinking, post‐colonial theory, and queer theory have contributed to a theoretical framework capable of apprehending subjectivities that are not anchored in one single specific regime of knowledge but which instead emerge on the basis of a series of such intersecting regimes of knowledge. Here, subjectivities and identities are multiple rather than singular, diverse rather than unified and self‐enclosed. In the debate on the subjectivity of contemporary society – addressed using a variety of terms such as “late modernity,” “second modernity,” “reflexive modernity,” and so forth – subject‐positions are not fixed and unified but fleeting and fluid identities emerging in continuously changing networks of humans, technologies, and artefacts. Furthermore, actor‐network theorists such as
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48 b49">Latour (1996, 2005)</xref>
and feminist thinkers such as
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">Haraway (1991)</xref>
have argued that the boundary between human and non‐human, man and machine, is becoming increasingly permeable and fluid. Such post‐humanist positions underline the importance of pursuing a mode of thinking that actively engages with the fluid and fluxing quality of subjectivity. In
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">Lash's (2003, p. 51)</xref>
terms, we are
<italic>combinards</italic>
– we “put together networks, construct alliances, make deals.”</p>
<p>This paper aims to discuss the concept of intersectionality as in fruitful perspectives which brings together a number of mutually dependent and interrelated domains in what
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">Foucault (1980)</xref>
calls a power/knowledge assemblage without reducing the different domains into one another. Intersectionality perspectives suggests that researchers must examine how predominant classification systems such as class, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity/race co‐exist and are simultaneously mutually constitutive and thus constantly influence how social life is structured and organized. Intersectionality is a concept that insists on thinking the multiple (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">Mol, 2002</xref>
), that is, that subject‐positions are never unified and singular but always that which emerges in relation to specific domains of knowledge and power. Intersectionality perspectives are thus theoretical frameworks for understanding how individuals in real‐life situations in organizations are not only examined from one single perspective or operate under one disciplinary register but continuously become located in domains where various fields of knowledge intersect (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26 b27">Crenshaw, 1990, 1994</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">De Lauretis, 1990</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">Haraway, 1991</xref>
). For instance, a female African‐American physician navigates in a domain where gendered, racial, and professional institutions co‐exist and constantly influence her actions; in certain situations, she may primarily be regarded as a female co‐worker, while in others, it is her ethnic background or professional skills that are foregrounded. Speaking in terms of intersectionality, subjectivity is a fluid and situational construct never fully anchored in one single specific regime of power/knowledge, instead continuously oscillating between various positions (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">De Lauretis, 1990</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b72 b73">Skeggs, 2004, 2006</xref>
).</p>
<p>This paper is structured thus: first, the concept of the multiple is discussed. Thereafter, theoretical frameworks affirmative of multiple subject‐positions are examined. Third, the concept of intersectionality is introduced in greater detail, and then studies of intersectionality within organizations are accounted for. Finally, some implications for organization theory and gender research are addressed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>The multiple and the hybrid</title>
<p>Concepts such as “the multiple,” “multiplicity,” and “hybrids” are used in feminist theory, post‐colonial theory, and queer theory. Although these terms to some extent overlap, they are also associated with varyingly distinct theoretical frameworks. In science and technology studies,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">Mol (2002)</xref>
and
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50 b51">Law (2002, 2004)</xref>
use the concept of multiplicity to denote a social or technological entity which is never a singularity yet never in the plural, but which is manifold yet still integrated and coherent. For instance,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">Mol (2002)</xref>
, when examining medical practice at a Dutch hospital, speaks of the body as being multiple – the
<italic>body multiple</italic>
: “The body multiple is not fragmented. Even if it is multiple, it also hangs together”
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">(Mol, 2005, p. 55)</xref>
. In the field of organization theory,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">Linstead and Pullen (2006)</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69">Pullen (2006)</xref>
, and
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">Linstead and Brewis (2004)</xref>
have examined subjectivity as a multiplicity.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">Linstead and Pullen (2006, p. 1291)</xref>
, drawing on Gilles Deleuze's concept of the
<italic>rhizome</italic>
, argue: “Gender identity, understood this way as rhizomatic or having the qualities of a rhizome, does not originate in multiplicity or acquire multiplicity – it is multiplicity, although the sense of being implied by the word “is” should not be understood as stability, but as constant change of becoming.” In gender and feminist theory, feminist philosophers such as
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">Grosz (2004)</xref>
and
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7 b8">Braidotti (2002, 2006)</xref>
have insisted on seeing the subject as that which in essence is multiple, fragmented, and only temporarily integrated and rendered stable.</p>
<p>In actor network theory, the concept of hybrids has been introduced to denote actants that are neither objects nor subjects but what
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b70">Serres (1982)</xref>
calls “quasi‐objects,” changing between being passive and mute and active and articulated (in the sense of being represented by their spokesmen) (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">Massumi, 2002, p. 71</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">Brown, 2002, p. 22</xref>
). A hybrid, then, is not multiple in essence but serves as a token which is passed around within a social community where new roles and positions are taken on. Both the multiple and the hybrid are in opposition to the predominant classification systems of organizations. While a classification system is a spatial and temporal “segmentation of the world” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">Bowker and Leight Star, 1999, p. 10</xref>
), a “set of boxes” organizing the social reality, both the multiple and the hybrid resist such classification; they move back and forth and are too fluid to fully fit into the classification system. Classification is always a precarious social practice, drawing on preconceived ideas about what is constitutive of a class it must always remain provisional and open to critique. The multiple and the hybrid are what undermine such classification systems and thus reveal their underlying assumptions.</p>
<sec>
<title>Thinking the multiple in feminism and post‐colonial theory</title>
<p>Race and ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and social class are categories that have been advocated as the principal social categories of organization theory, while much of classic organization theory has ignored or marginalized the influence of these categories, rendering them irrelevant and, in fact, an obstacle to a unified, formal, and systematic theory of organization. Today, such de‐contextualized and modernist beliefs have been sharply criticised and a number of theoretical orientations such as feminist theory, post‐colonial theory, queer theory, and post‐Marxist class theories have contributed to de‐stabilizing such functionalist or instrumental views of organization. These theoretical orientations share an affirmative view of the multiple, fluidity, and what is epistemologically complex.</p>
<p>Recent feminist thinking, at least in post‐structuralist and what has been called “third wave feminism” literature, is taking an affirmative view of the multiple. While first and second wave feminism privileged gender at the expense of other social categories (e.g. race, class, sexuality), the so‐called
<italic>third wave feminism –</italic>
or, better, feminism
<italic>s –</italic>
seeks to take an integrated perspective on gender including in many parameters.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">Hutchinson and Mann (2004, p. 84)</xref>
argue that third wave feminism has recognized the “insights, participation, and leadership of minority and Third World women.” The oppression of women will vary, claim
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">Hutchinson and Mann (2004)</xref>
, dependent upon a range of factors which include race, gender, class, culture, nationality, ethnicity, age, sexuality, (dis)ability, and reproductive status. Rather than theorizing what is singular – that is, what is organized and structured along a single gendered axis – third wave feminism grapples with what is multiple, always comprising gender, ethnicity, religious orientation, sexuality, and social class already. Third wave feminism, then, is integrating various regimes of knowledge/power that affects or determine women's social positions and opportunities for social action. Elsewhere,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56">Mann and Huffmann (2005, p. 78)</xref>
argue that third wave feminism has done an “immense service to feminism” by exposing the “integral relations” between discourses, knowledge and power, and thus undermining claims to value neutrality and thereby insisting on new thinking and new research approaches.</p>
<p>In post‐colonial theory, a similar attempt at thinking through multiple categories is of central importance. For instance,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b77">Young (2001, p. 66)</xref>
conceives of post‐colonial theory as a theoretical assemblage drawing its conceptual vocabulary from a wide range of disciplines and theoretical frameworks and political agendas. Young thus suggests that postcolonial theory is not even a theory in the strictest sense of the term; it does not pursue a single methodology or contribute to a single integrated theoretical framework, instead being based on “shared political psychological perceptions” and having specific social and cultural objectives. Post‐colonial theory is portrayed here as an open system refusing to make any modernist and Eurocentric – or “Eurolimited” as
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60">Mir
<italic>et al.</italic>
(2003)</xref>
put it – claims regarding unification and integration. Instead, the very idea of unity is undermined in theoretical practice and portrayed as an idea inextricably entangled with the European tradition of thinking. Post‐colonial theory deals with past and present forms of colonialist, postcolonialist, and neo‐colonialist thinking and practice but does not claim to present a final theory or vocabulary on this matter. “It [Postcolonial theory] constitutes a theoretical creole,” argues
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b77">Young (2001, p. 69)</xref>
. This view is also shared by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65">Prasad (2003, p. 7)</xref>
, who suggests that postcolonial theory is to be seen as a “set of productively syncretic theoretical and political positions” including a range of disciplines and “multiple approaches to inquiry.” While post‐colonial theory remains something which does not seek to present any conclusive models or “final vocabulary,” it is highly useful when examining a variety of organization practices drawing on what
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66">Prasad and Prasad (2002, p. 61)</xref>
call “dominant‐group/marginal‐group dynamics” that produce “otherness” in organizations. In summary, the post‐colonial vocabulary includes a number of concepts enabling a thinking about of what is epistemologically complex and fluid; hybridity, creolization, and subalternity are some examples of concepts that seek to grapple with what is always cast as outside of the Western episteme already (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74">Spivak, 1987</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Bhabha, 1994</xref>
).</p>
<p>Speaking in terms of a thinking that captures what is epistemologically complex and fluid, both post‐colonial theory and feminist thinking share an interest in the multiple. In
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">Grosz's (2004, p. 261)</xref>
formulation:
<disp-quote>
<p>The most radical and deeply directed projects of feminist, queer, antiracist, and postcolonial struggles involve a welcoming of the unsettling of previous categories, identities, and strategies, challenging the limits of present divisions and conjunctions, and reveling in the uncontainability and unpredictability of the future.</p>
</disp-quote>
Still, the concept of the multiple remains a highly abstract concept in the feminist and postcolonial discourse. In order to “operationalize” – to poach a positivist term – the multiple, the concept of intersectionality can be mobilized and put to use when analyzing the organization.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>The concept of intersectionality</title>
<p>The concept of intersectionality was first coined by law school professor
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26 b27">Crenshaw (1990, 1994)</xref>
to denote how black women are exposed to a number of different regimes of discipline and oppression, each operating within along its own conceptual categories
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">[1]</xref>
. For instance, gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality are some examples of categories defining the social subject.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">Collins (1998, p. 63)</xref>
argues that intersectionality does not engage in an analysis of “separate systems of oppression” (e.g. gender, race, class) but explores how these systems are
<italic>mutually constitutive</italic>
, that is, how they “‘articulate’ with one another.” However,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Crenshaw (1994)</xref>
resists a concept of intersectionality that claims to serve as a unified and all‐encompassing framework:
<disp-quote>
<p>[I]ntersectionality is not being offered here as some new, totalizing theory of identity […] My focus on the intersections of race and gender only highlights the need to account for multiple grounds of identity when considering how the social world is constructed (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Crenshaw, 1994, p. 3</xref>
).</p>
</disp-quote>
Intersectionality is thus conceived of as a meta‐concept; a framework for analysis emphasizing the “multiple grounds of identity.”
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Crenshaw (1994)</xref>
claims that it is feminism's “failure to interrogate race” and its inability to recognize “the subordination of people of color” that demands a review of the relationship between “systems of oppression.” Intersectionality is thus what may be called a
<italic>transdisciplinary</italic>
term; a concept embodying a series of theoretical frameworks without reducing them to an integrated and fully coherent term.</p>
<p>Even if much feminist research has focused on the construction and reproduction of the single category of gender (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">Kanter, 1977</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b68">Pollert, 1981</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">Cavendish, 1982</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">Ferguson, 1984</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">Gherardi, 1994</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">Collinson and Hearn, 1996</xref>
), there are examples of studies describing the mutual construction of oppression systems. For instance, equal opportunities strategies aimed at helping women to attain top management positions are pointed out as strategies which do not necessarily lead to actual and persistent changes in an oppressive system.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Cockburn (1991, p. 73)</xref>
argues that a few women in management or even women “doing things in womanly ways” would not help to change organizations. Instead, female managers in most cases engage in helping organizations to continue exploiting women as workers and consumers, just as previously. A white female manager thus risks ending up in the role of the oppressor in the same way as a white male manager would, notes
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Cockburn (1991)</xref>
. In a similar vein,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Acker (1992)</xref>
emphasizes the intersections between domination due to class, race and gender. With reference to
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b81">Fernandez Kelly and Garcia (1988)</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Acker (1992)</xref>
argues that a typical Southern Californian high‐tech firm is managed by a “rational, aggressive, controlling white man” while at the bottom of the organization, women with diverse ethnic backgrounds often work on the production line. These women with diverse ethnic backgrounds have relatively little control over any aspect of their working lives (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Acker, 1992, p. 251</xref>
). Feminist researchers such as
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Cockburn (1991)</xref>
and
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Acker (1992)</xref>
examine gender construction processes in order to reveal the practice of oppression and domination within organizations. Other studies (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Hughes, 2004</xref>
) emphasize the concept of class as a variable which influences career opportunities. Here, intersectionality perspectives provides an integrated view of how gender, class and ethnicity interact and mutually co‐construct each other.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra (2003)</xref>
share
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Crenshaw's (1994)</xref>
critical view of “unidimensional” perspectives on oppression and call for intersectionality perspectives:
<disp-quote>
<p>A unidimensional understanding of inequality […] breaks down with an intersectional lens. For instance, radical feminist claims that men oppress women miss the potential complexity of the economic relations between some groups of men and White women. In many cities, White women earn more than Black, Mexican‐origin, and Puerto‐Rican men (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra, 2003, p. 489</xref>
).</p>
</disp-quote>
For
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra (2003, p. 489)</xref>
, categories such as race and gender are socially constructed and thus they are always provisional agreements open to renegotiation and review; they are thus “fluid, historical, and situationally contingent” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra, 2003, p. 489</xref>
). Therefore, theories of intersectionality must recognize that certain groups “control productive resources and major social institutions” and are thus able to “promulgate legitimizing ideologies that make social inequalities appear natural” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra, 2003, p. 490</xref>
).
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra's (2003)</xref>
view is a radical one, pointing to the continuity between the individual subject‐position and the structural level of institutions, serving to make specific subject positions legitimate through imposing ready‐made and scripted social roles that can be followed (a standpoint also represented by less “radical” institutionalist researchers,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75">Strauss
<italic>et al.</italic>
, 1964</xref>
).</p>
<p>Intersectionality perspectives offer two solutions to the problems of identity and different registers of discipline. First, it points to the socially‐constructed nature of categories such as race, ethnicity, and gender and shows that such defining categories are never self‐enclosed but endlessly negotiable and possible to contest. Second, individuals are constantly exposed to such a series of different regimes of discipline and oppression, classifying the individual differently and imposing a variety of means of control and regulation (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b72 b73">Skeggs, 2004, 2006</xref>
). For instance, being a female African‐American manager at a company implies that at least three regimes will be in operation: the race and ethnicity regime emphasizing certain historical and social conditions pertaining to the individual's biography; the gender regime underlining the fact that organizations and society are gendered, i.e. they adhere to gendered ideologies and reproduce certain social practices embedded in such ideologies; the management regime locating the individual in a position where he/she is expected to comply with organizational beliefs and managerial ideologies prioritizing qualities such as efficiency, financial performance, and rational decision‐making. The female African‐American manager has the capacity to navigate in‐between such regimes of discipline and oppression and to form an identity based on the ideologies and beliefs provided. In most cases in everyday working life, the skilled agent manages to function within such a domain, saturated with interests and taken‐for‐granted beliefs. But occasionally, there will be situations where the individual becomes aware of the assumptions and beliefs that are only articulated from time to time. For instance, when applying for a new position, the individual may be subject to an analysis whereby he or she represents a number of different social categories derived from race, ethnicity, gender, social class, religious beliefs, or sexuality.</p>
<p>Ruth Behar, noted Jewish Cuban‐American anthropologist from the University of Michigan, tells the story of how she applied for a position at her university, aimed at giving tenure to professors with a Latino background, a so‐called “minority position.” Despite having a number of “minority qualities” in terms of being a Jewish female of Latino origin, Behar was not appointed to the position; not due to lacking qualifications but due to lacking “authenticity.” Behar concludes that she was “not an authentic enough Latina” because of her parents being Russian immigrants to Cuba.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Behar (2003)</xref>
describes the intricacies of the process:
<disp-quote>
<p>An extensive genealogy was put together, not unlike the
<italic>limpieza de sangre</italic>
writs of the Inquisition that sought to determine the ‘purity of blood’ and it was decided that ‘my race’ wasn't pure Cuban because I had European blood in my veins. Anyway, quite apart from that, it wasn't Cubans the administration needed to fill the target of opportunity slot; they already had at least two Cubans on the faculty (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Behar, 2003, p. 332</xref>
).</p>
</disp-quote>
In the case of Ruth Behar, the event of filling the tenure position helped to reveal a number of beliefs, norms and ideologies regarding the classification of the individual. Such events can effectively be examined through intersectionality perspectives. As, for instance,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Browne and Misra (2003)</xref>
emphasize, categories are neither self‐enclosed nor definite but become renegotiated in the course of action. In the case of Ruth Behar, her “minority qualities” were not “pure enough” to fully qualify her for the assigned “minority position” – she was too “diluted” with European blood.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Studies of intersectionality within organizations</title>
<p>In organization studies, studies of intersectionality can be located within a general recognition of a more fluid epistemology of the multiple enacting a vocabulary that includes concepts such as the multiple, multiplicity, assemblage, and the rhizome (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">Chia, 2004</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">Parker, 2002</xref>
). Using this perspective, social reality is no longer a set of immutable solids and thus human subjectivity can no longer be examined in what Chia calls “stationary” terms. The concept of intersectionality includes a variety of studies and methodological approaches. One such approach is to conceive of work as
<italic>performative</italic>
– i.e. set on a stage and performed by actors (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">Parker, 2002</xref>
). The concepts of performance and performativity have been theorized by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13 b14 b15">Butler (1993, 1999, 2004)</xref>
in a number of seminal works and have played a major role in the articulation of queer theory (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Borgerson, 2005</xref>
)
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">[2]</xref>
. For Butler, whose post‐structuralist and philosophical writing is theoretically sophisticated and rather complicated to pin down in straightforward declaration and recommendations, gender is manifested and reproduced as a series of performances, the ability to act in accordance with a prescribed social roles or positions.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Benhabib (2002, p. 72)</xref>
speaks of such “ready‐made” social roles provided by organizations and social institutions as
<italic>corporate identities</italic>
. For
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">Parker (2002, p. 160)</xref>
, the role of manager is one such corporate identity which has increasingly “hardened into a series of predictable scripts” that are complicated to de‐familiarize and modify. Manager work is guided by institutions, traditions, beliefs, and ideologies, narrowing down opportunities for performances that deviate from predominant “scripts.”</p>
<p>Another study of how professionals perform roles determined by institutions is
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">McDowell's (1997)</xref>
study of female financial analysts working in the City of London. When describing themselves and their work identity, these female financial analysts used the notion of masquerade to describe how they performed a carefully scripted role in order to satisfy their customers' expectations. The female financial analysts conducted bodily comportment when forming what McDowell called “a mask” in order to be able to maintain an emotional distance from their formal roles. Similarly, in an ethnography of Swedish listed companies' Annual General Meetings (AGMs),
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63">Mörck and Tullberg (2004)</xref>
examined the use of specific props, scripts and gestures signifying a manager's formal role and position. The board members' staging of masculine and feminine and managerial identities at the AGM is part of the image‐work or impression management of the actors. Such acts serve to establish the actors and the firm as legitimate and credible agents and institutions. For instance, the CEO, essentially embodying corporate power, needs to carefully monitor his or her performances and use clothing and gestures that are compatible with the situation where the CEO acts. The CEO's
<italic>mise‐en‐scène</italic>
thus draws on a variety of gendered and taken‐for‐granted ideas (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Alvesson and Billing, 1997</xref>
). Moreover, the female board members tended to dress in light or strong colours while women who were secretaries or assistants dressed in dark suits to distinguish the two groups and avoid any confusion. At the AGM, different groups generally carefully attended to explicit or implicit roles and expectations. Speaking in terms of intersectionality, the performativity perspective underlines the fact that subject‐positions are scripted and that the performance of these various roles is guided, or even determined, by regimes of knowledge and power. Performing the role of manager is drawing on the legitimate behaviours and actions that are instituted within organizations. Intersectionality perspectives help in examining how different sets of behaviours and actions are mutually constitutive and how individuals may change between series of legitimate positions such as these.</p>
<p>Diversity management is another field of research where the concept of intersectionality could make a fruitful contribution (for an overview,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">Konrad
<italic>et al.</italic>
, 2006</xref>
). Diversity management is a form of managerial practice that actively interrogates the registers of discipline and oppression dealing with race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, sexuality, and other relevant parameters (e.g. age or disbility,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64">Perry and Parlamis, 2006</xref>
). While most diversity management literature is positively‐inclined towards the idea of a more equal distribution of life chances, there are some critical analyses of the underlying assumptions existing in the diversity discourse. Both
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">Mir
<italic>et al.</italic>
(2006)</xref>
and
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b78">Žižek (2006)</xref>
dismisses diversity management as “the cultural logic of global/multinational capitalism,” suggesting that diversity is little more than an ideological construct eliminating all true diversity. In addition,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Dick and Cassell (2002, p. 971)</xref>
say that the whole field of diversity management needs to be subject to more critical analysis whereby “some of the core concepts and values of diversity initiatives are scrutinized and problematized.”
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Dick and Cassell (2002)</xref>
argue that the discourse on diversity is uncritical and too readily assumes that all sorts of resistance to diversity are illegitimate. Contrary to this view,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Dick and Cassell (2002)</xref>
argue that there might, in fact, be good reasons for not single‐handedly buying into diversity programs without proper reflection and discussions concerning the costs and benefits of diversity in the workplace. They thus claim that proponents of diversity management are prone to engaging in what they call “distant cheerleading,” that is, praising diversity in moralist terms at a safe distance from the complexity and turmoil of everyday working life and without having to deal with the practical concerns encountered by diversity management programs. Rather than acclaiming such de‐contextualized diversity management, we thus need a more critical and detailed analysis of how “diversity” is portrayed and marketed by its spokespersons and champions.</p>
<p>Speaking in terms of intersectionality, diversity must not be seen as something that is removed from other regimes of discipline and oppression or from everyday working life within organizations. Instead of being something that is introduced from the outside into everyday working life, diversity management is, argue
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">Janssens and Zanoni (2005)</xref>
, on the basis of their study of diversity management practice within four Belgian organizations, that which is
<italic>actively produced</italic>
within organizations. “Socio‐demographic differences” in the workforce are thus not relevant “a priori” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">Janssens and Zanoni, 2005, p. 314</xref>
) in terms of signifying “employees' fixed essence” but are instead that which is “produced” when conducting the work. That is to say, diversity is embedded in the “power‐laden relations of production between management and employees” and is therefore a product of the operations of the focal organization. For instance, hospital nurses were expected to comfort patients with shared ethnic backgrounds, while at an engineering company, the notion of diversity made little practical sense because the engineers were operating in accordance with a universalist and rationalist scientific worldview. At the engineering firm, diversity was largely rendered irrelevant and was displaced by professional skills and standards.</p>
<p>Other studies confirm
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">Janssens and Zanoni's (2005)</xref>
“performative view” of diversity management. In a study of a hotel in the UK,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Adib and Guerrier (2003)</xref>
show that “diversity” is not only a resource that is in the hands of management but also something that is actively used by the co‐workers to make sense of day‐to‐day work. When employing a diverse workforce that included both men and women, a range of ethnic minorities, and people of varying ages, the co‐workers continually switched between associating with one another on the basis of gendered, ethnic, or class identities. For example, while debating with a male manager, two subordinate female co‐workers are relating to one another on the basis of gender‐positions, while in another situation, the two women are emphasizing their ethnic differences. As
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Adib and Guerrier (2003)</xref>
show, identity is contingent and transient, and identity‐construction and subject‐positions are actively pursued in the day‐to‐day working life on the basis of various classification systems.</p>
<p>Both
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">Janssens and Zanoni's (2005)</xref>
and
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Adib and Guerrier's (2003)</xref>
studies suggests that diversity is neither a term detached from its context and actual use, nor is it what is once and for all clearly defined. Instead, there is a “political economy of diversity” that organization members seek to exploit and explore in their day‐to‐day work; diversity is contingent, localized, situated, and subject to negotiation. As a consequence, the concept of intersectionality is better suited or capturing the multiple and fluid nature of social relation and context‐bound identity‐creation in organizations.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intersectionality and methodology</title>
<p>In a discussion concerning how to study intersectionality,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">McCall (2005, p. 1772)</xref>
suggests three approaches to studying the complexity which emerges when the subject of analysis “expands to include multiple dimensions of social life and categories of analysis.” The first approach has its origin in poststructuralist and postmodernist feminist theory. This deconstructive approach renders fixed categories problematic and thus
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">McCall (2005)</xref>
speaks here of
<italic>anticategorical complexity</italic>
. When deconstructing the symbolic violence and material inequalities rooted in social relationships defined by race, class, sexuality, and gender, individuals and social groups are believed to be freed from hegemonic orders. Genealogy, deconstructive analysis, and ethnographic methodologies are some of the field‐study methods applicable using this approach.</p>
<p>The second approach,
<italic>intracategorical complexity</italic>
, sets out “to focus on particular social groups at neglected points of intersection” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">McCall, 2005, p. 1774</xref>
). Using this approach, the boundary‐making process establishing categories as stable and durable “social facts” is studied. Narrative methods and case studies are applicable methods using this approach, argues
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">McCall (2005)</xref>
. The third approach is studying
<italic>intercategorical complexity</italic>
, starting with the “the existing analytical categories” in order to document relationships of inequality among social groups and the “changing configurations of inequality along multiple and conflicting dimensions” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">McCall, 2005, p. 1773</xref>
). This approach assumes that such existing categories are of necessity transient and provisional, but that they are still capable of producing inequality and must therefore be examined.</p>
<p>Another approach to studying intersectionality is examined by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">Holvino (2008)</xref>
. Her focus is on gender, class, and race as “
<italic>simultaneous</italic>
processes of
<italic>identity, institutional,</italic>
and
<italic>social practice</italic>
” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">Holvino, 2008, p. 22</xref>
, Emphasis in the original). Analysis of these processes reveals:
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<label>• </label>
<p>how particular identities define individuals in organizations;</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>• </label>
<p>how relations and the stratification of race, gender, and class are built into the institutional everyday practices of organizations; and</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>• </label>
<p>how broader social processes which may appear to be external and unrelated produce and reproduce inequalities within organizations.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
Narrative studies, case studies, and ethnographies are research methods advocated by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">Holvino (2008)</xref>
.</p>
<p>Taken together, intersectionality is a useful framework for analysing how diversity is played out in organizations; that is, how different social and cultural skills and competencies embedded in various regimes of knowledge and power can be mobilized and used in different operations and under different conditions. Because of its emphasis on what is multiple, fluid, and aggregated in many dimensions, an intersectionalist view of diversity would enable unpacking and de‐familiarization of the diversity concept. In terms of using an intersectionality approach to empirical studies, a few recommendations can be articulated:
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<label>• </label>
<p>Identities and subject‐positions within organizations are multiple and presuppose the ability of the actor to, at least under certain conditions, underline and stage some of the prescribed roles (e.g. as woman, muslim, trade union representative, middle manager, or as man, father, machine operator). Seen in this view, research, from intersectionality perspectives, should examine the dominant ideologies and institutions shaping day‐to‐day work and everyday practice within organizations. It is important to notice that the concept of identity is here both applicable to individuals and communities or collectives of individuals.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>• </label>
<p>Since identities and subject‐positions are multiple, the concept of performance and performativity is helpful when examining how work within organizations is contingent and context‐bound. This research approach may be based on ethnographic methods and dramaturgical sociology underlining the performance of actors (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">McDowell, 1997</xref>
). Another useful methodological approach is a narrative methodology whereby actors account for their identities or subject‐positions and “emplot” their experiences, i.e. render an event intelligible by imposing a storyline on an event (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">Czarniawska, 1997</xref>
) For instance,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Adib and Guerrier's (2003)</xref>
study of hotel workers is representative of this research orientation.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>• </label>
<p>Additional methodological approaches include quantitative methods such as surveys looking into the identities of co‐workers and document studies whereby issues of gender, ethnicity, class or sexuality are discussed within organizations. Since intersectionality is not proposed as a unified or comprehensive theoretical framework, a variety of research frameworks and methodological approaches may be included in this body of research. That is, intersectionality perspectives – of necessity always in plural and always multiple – do not demand a fixed methodological approach but research may be pursued by a variety of methodological approaches.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
Seen in this light, intersectionality is a welcoming theoretical framework that provides opportunities for broadening scope as regards how to conceive of identities and subject‐positions. The objective of intersectionality perspectives is to think in terms of the multiple; that is to say that identities and subject‐positions are never self‐enclosed and unified but composed of many parts whereof many are continent and context‐bound.</p>
<p>It is, however, worth emphasizing that there are also some potential dangers associated with taking intersectionality perspectives; if “we are all minorities,” no matter how well entrenched the social positions that specific groups hold, political policy and social action may be misdirected towards defending the rights and privileges of already socially favoured groups
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">[3]</xref>
. There is also a risk associated with overstating what Sigmund Freud called, when speaking of nationalism, the “narcissism of minor differences;” that is when an analysis informed by intersectionality perspectives gives too much credence to rather marginal differences between groups. However, taken together, the benefits of thinking the multiple through an intersectionality lens are significant and may be used to advance an organization theory that accommodates fluid and fluxing categories of thinking.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Some final remarks</title>
<p>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">Parker (2002)</xref>
claims that corporate identities are being “hardened” into predictable and inflexible performances that are out of step with the demands of contemporary society. Such a view of social practice suggests that one must pay attention to the setting in which such roles are performed (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">Czarniawska, 1997, p. 12</xref>
). For organization researchers recognizing a more fluid epistemology, neither the subject‐position nor the context can be regarded as more than semi‐stable or conditionally agreed upon. Underlying the seemingly solid social reality, struggles prevail over meaning and access to resources. But such controversies are not to be examined solely in terms of brute confrontation, in most cases being subtle negotiations about how the social world should be examined (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Laclau and Mouffe, 1985</xref>
). Such negotiations are never undertaken
<italic>en bloc</italic>
or by engaging larger communities, instead being a de‐centred and distributed process whereby individuals interchangeably call into question, accept, or take refuge in existing social categories. Intersectionality perspectives emphasizes that individuals are moving between such different categories and positions: it recognizes the multiple nature of social life.</p>
<p>The dominant Western tradition of thinking – its ontology and epistemology, steeped by the thinking of,
<italic>inter alia,</italic>
Plato, Descartes and Kant – is at times accused of pursuing a reductionist mode of thinking. A variety of theoretical positions such as post‐structuralism, feminism, postcolonial theory, complexity theory, etc. present an alternative to such reductionist epistemologies.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Crenshaw's (1994)</xref>
concept of inter‐sectionality shares with such theoretical orientations their emphasis on being capable of simultaneously thinking in many different dimensions; social reality is not one‐dimensional but always multiple, operating on many planes, and bundling many different, or even competing, subject‐positions in the course of action. Organization theory would benefit from drawing on such a tradition of thinking, capable of grappling with what is heterogeneous and multiple rather than homogeneous and singular; multidimensional rather than one‐dimensional.</p>
<p>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b76">Todorov (1984, p. 33)</xref>
says,
<italic>apropos</italic>
the Russian literature theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, that “[f]or Bakhtin, ‘at the bottom of man’ we find not the Id but the other.” For Bakhtin, Todorov argues, there is no essence of man but only a set of relations, exchanges, collaborations, and associations between human beings (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b71">Shotter and Billig, 1998</xref>
). Elsewhere, the anthropologist
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">Clifford (1988, p. 10)</xref>
argues that “identity, considered ethnographically, must always be mixed, relational, and inventive” (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">Gergen, 2001</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">Hatch and Schultz, 2000</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">Hosking
<italic>et al.</italic>
, 1995</xref>
;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">Kondo, 1990</xref>
). The concept of intersectionality points to such a fluid and provisional constitution of identity and one's subject‐position. The self, speaking from a Foucaultian perspective, is always emerging at the crossroads between different bodies of knowledge and power (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Knights and Kerfoot, 2004</xref>
). Identities and subject‐positions may be amplified or distorted when new regimes of knowledge emerge and old ones become obsolete or abandoned (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">Foucault, 1970</xref>
). In the short‐term perspective, the individual co‐worker in the organization is regularly being scrutinized from a number of perspectives and new practices are being instituted as they gain recognition in everyday life. For instance, the issue of diversity management, essentially a North American invention (
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55">Lynch, 1997</xref>
), is constituted by a number of ideologies, beliefs, practices, operations, communities, conferences, and other resources that promote a “more diverse” working life. Being able to examine the functioning of such social practices demands a theoretical framework capable of recognizing the multidimensionality of social life and the intersection of registers of power and knowledge. The main idea advanced in this paper is, thus, that the (meta)concept of intersectionality may serve such a role. It is a theoretical framework which, similar to Bakhtin's thinking, assumes that, at the bottom of wo/man, you will find not the Id but the other. Human identity is constituted by a set of intersections and the mutually‐constituted regimes of knowledge and power that shape everyday life within organizations.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<title>Notes</title>
<fn id="fn1">
<p>Even if Crenshaw is commonly named as the first to coin the concept of intersectionality,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">McCall (2005)</xref>
points out that the conceptual framework and similar terms had previously been introduced in several other key texts, for instance
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b80">Hooks (1984)</xref>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn2">
<p>It should be noted that performativity is not, in Butler's view, a “method” for studying how gender, ethnicity or class are played out and performed, but an analytical approach to problematizing such “performances” in terms of their conditions and consequences. Social constructionist accounts, on the other hand, examine the actual performance
<italic>per se</italic>
(
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">Calás and Smircich, 2006, p. 312</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn3">
<p>The authors are indebted to Pasi Ahonen for stressing this point.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="b1">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Acker</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Gendering organizational theory</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Mills</surname>
,
<given-names>A.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Tancred</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>Gendering Organizational Analysis</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>248</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>60</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b2">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Adib</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Guerrier</surname>
,
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2003</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The interlocking of gender with nationality, race, ethnicity, and class: the narratives of women in hotel work</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>10</volume>
No.
<issue>4</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>413</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>32</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b3">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Alvesson</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Billing</surname>
,
<given-names>Y.D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1997</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Understanding Gender and Organizations</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b4">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Behar</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1993/2003</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Translated Women</italic>
</source>
,
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
,
<publisher-name>Beacon Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Boston, MA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b5">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Benhabib</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Princeton University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Princeton, NJ</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b6">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Bhabha</surname>
,
<given-names>H.K.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Location of Culture</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b11">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Borgerson</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2005</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Judith Butler: on organizing subjectivities</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Jones</surname>
,
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Munro</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>Contemporary Organization Theory</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Blackwell</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Oxford/Malden, MA</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>63</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>79</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b12">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Bowker</surname>
,
<given-names>G.C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Leight Star</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>The MIT Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b8">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Braidotti</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Metamorphosis: Toward a Materialist Theory of Becoming</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Polity Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b7">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Braidotti</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Polity Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b9">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Brown</surname>
,
<given-names>S.D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Michel Serres: science, translation and the logic of the parasite</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Theory, Culture and Society</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>19</volume>
No.
<issue>3</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>1</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>27</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b10">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Browne</surname>
,
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Misra</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2003</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The intersection of gender and race in the labor market</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Annual Review of Sociology</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>29</volume>
, pp.
<fpage>487</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>513</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b13">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Butler</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1993</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Bodies that Matter</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b14">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Butler</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity</italic>
</source>
,
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b15">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Butler</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Undoing Gender</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b16">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Calás</surname>
,
<given-names>M.B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Smircich</surname>
,
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>From the ‘woman's point of view’ ten years later: towards feminist organization studies</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Clegg</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Hardy</surname>
,
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Lawrence</surname>
,
<given-names>T.B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Nord</surname>
,
<given-names>W.R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies</italic>
</source>
,
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, CA</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>284</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>346</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b18">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Cavendish</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1982</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Women on the Line</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b19">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Chia</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>A ‘rhizomatic’ model of organizational change and transformation: perspective from a metaphysics of change</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>British Journal of Management</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>10</volume>
, pp.
<fpage>209</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>27</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b20">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Chia</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The shaping of dominant modes of thought: rediscovering the foundations of management knowledge</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Jeffcut</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Ed.),
<source>
<italic>The Foundations of Management Knowledge</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b21">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Clifford</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1988</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth‐century Ethnography, Literature, and Art</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Harvard University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Boston, MA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b22">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Cockburn</surname>
,
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
),
<source>
<italic>In the Way of Women</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Macmillan Education</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b23">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Collins</surname>
,
<given-names>P.H.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1998</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>It's all in the family. Intersections of gender, race and nation</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Hypatia</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>13</volume>
No.
<issue>3</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>62</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>82</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b24">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Collinson</surname>
,
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Hearn</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds) (
<year>1996</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Men as Managers, Managers as Men</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b25">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Cooper</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1986</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Organization/disorganization</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Social Science Information</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>25</volume>
No.
<issue>2</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>299</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>335</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b26">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Crenshaw</surname>
,
<given-names>K.W.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1989</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics</italic>
</article-title>
”, University of Chicago Legal Forum, pp. 139‐67 (reprinted in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Kairys</surname>
,
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Ed.) (1990),
<source>
<italic>The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique</italic>
</source>
,
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
,
<publisher-name>Pantheon</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>195</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>217</lpage>
).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b27">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Crenshaw</surname>
,
<given-names>K.W.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Albertson Fineman</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Mykitiuk</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>The Public Nature of Private Violence</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>93</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>118</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b28">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Czarniawska</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1997</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Narrating the Organization: Dramas of Institutional Identity</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>The University of Chicago Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Chicago, IL</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b52">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>De Lauretis</surname>
,
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1990</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Eccentric subjects: feminist theory and historical consciousness</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Feminist Studies</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>16</volume>
No.
<issue>1</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>115</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>50</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b29">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Dick</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Cassell</surname>
,
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Barriers to managing diversity in the UK constabulary: the role of discourse</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Journal of Management Studies</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>39</volume>
No.
<issue>7</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>953</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>76</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b30">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Ferguson</surname>
,
<given-names>K.E.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1984</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Temple University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Philadelphia, PA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b81">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Fernandez Kelly</surname>
,
<given-names>M.P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Garcia</surname>
,
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1988</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Invisible amidst the glitter: hispanic women in the Southern California electronics industry</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Statham</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
,
<given-names>E.m.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Mauksh</surname>
,
<given-names>H.O.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>The Worth of Women's Work</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>State University of New York Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Albany, NY</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>265</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>90</lpage>
(esp. 283).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b31">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Foucault</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1970</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Order of Things</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b32">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Foucault</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1980</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Power/Knowledge</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Harvester Wheatsheaf</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b33">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Gergen</surname>
,
<given-names>K.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2001</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Social Construction in Context</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b34">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Gherardi</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The gender we think, the gender we do in our everyday organizational lives</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Human Relations</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>47</volume>
No.
<issue>6</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>591</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>610</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b35">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Grosz</surname>
,
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution and the Untimely</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Duke University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Durham, NC</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b36">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Haraway</surname>
,
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Simians, Cyborgs and Women. The Reinvention of Nature</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Free Association Books</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b37">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Hatch</surname>
,
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Schultz</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2000</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Scaling the tower of Babel: relational differences between identity, image, and culture in organizations</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Schultz</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Hatch</surname>
,
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Larsen</surname>
,
<given-names>M.H.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>The Expressive Organization: Linking Identity, Reputation, and the Corporate Brand</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b38">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Holvino</surname>
,
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2008</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Intersections: the simultaneity of race, gender, and class in organization studies</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization (forthcoming)</italic>
</source>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b80">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Hooks</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1984</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Feminist Theory from Margin to Center</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>South End Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Boston, MA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b39">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Hosking</surname>
,
<given-names>D.‐M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Dachler</surname>
,
<given-names>D‐M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Gergen</surname>
,
<given-names>K.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds) (
<year>1995</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Management And Organization: Relational Alternatives to Individualism</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Avebury</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Aldershot</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b40">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Hughes</surname>
,
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Class and other identifications in managerial careers: the case of the lemon dress</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>11</volume>
No.
<issue>5</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>526</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>43</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b41">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Hutchinson</surname>
,
<given-names>J.R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mann</surname>
,
<given-names>H.S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Feminist praxis: administering for a multicultural, multigendered public</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Administrative Theory & Praxis</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>26</volume>
No.
<issue>1</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>79</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>95</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b42">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Janssens</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Zanoni</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2005</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Many diversities for many services. Theorizing diversity (management) in service companies</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Human Relations</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>58</volume>
No.
<issue>3</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>311</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>40</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b43">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Kanter</surname>
,
<given-names>R.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1977</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Men and Women of the Corporation</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Basic Books</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b44">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Knights</surname>
,
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Kerfoot</surname>
,
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Between representations and subjectivity. Gender binaries and the politics of organizational transformation</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>11</volume>
No.
<issue>4</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>430</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>54</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b45">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Kondo</surname>
,
<given-names>D.K.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1990</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>The University of Chicago</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Chicago, IL</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b46">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Konrad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Pringle</surname>
,
<given-names>J.K.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds) (
<year>2006</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Handbook of Workplace Diversity</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, CA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b79">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Laclau</surname>
,
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mouffe</surname>
,
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1985</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Hegemony & Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Verso</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b47">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Lash</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2003</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Reflexivity as non‐linearity</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Theory, Culture and Society</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>20</volume>
No.
<issue>2</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>49</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>57</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b48">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Latour</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1996</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Aramis, or the Love of Technology</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Harvard University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b49">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Latour</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2005</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Reassembling the Social</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b50">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Law</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Aircraft Stories: Decentering the Object in Technoscience</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Duke University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Durham, NC</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b51">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Law</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
),
<source>
<italic>After Method: Mess in Social Science Research</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b54">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Linstead</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Brewis</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Beyond boundaries: towards fluidity in theorizing and practice</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>11</volume>
No.
<issue>4</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>430</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>54</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b53">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Linstead</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Pullen</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Gender as multiplicity: desire, displacement, difference and dispersion</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Human Relations</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>59</volume>
No.
<issue>9</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>1287</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>310</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b55">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Lynch</surname>
,
<given-names>F.R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1997</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Diversity Machine: The Drive to Change the “White Male Workplace”</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Free Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b58">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>McCall</surname>
,
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2005</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The complexity of intersectionality</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>30</volume>
No.
<issue>3</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>1771</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>800</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b59">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>McDowell</surname>
,
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1997</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Capital Culture: Gender at Work in the City</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Blackwell</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b56">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mann</surname>
,
<given-names>S.A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Huffman</surname>
,
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2005</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The decentering of second wave feminism and the rise of the third wave</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Science & Society</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>69</volume>
No.
<issue>1</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>56</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>91</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b57">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Massumi</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Parables of the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Duke University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Durham, NC</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b60">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mir</surname>
,
<given-names>R.A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mir</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Upadhyaya</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2003</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Toward a postcolonial reading of organizational control</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Ed.),
<source>
<italic>Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Palgrave</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Houndsmills</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>47</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>74</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b61">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mir</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mir</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Wong</surname>
,
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Diversity. The cultural logic of global capital?</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Konrad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Pringle</surname>
,
<given-names>J.K.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>Handbook of Workplace Diversity</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, CA</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b62">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mol</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Duke University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Durham, NC</publisher-loc>
, p.
<fpage>2002</fpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b63">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Mörck</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Tullberg</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Catwalk för direktörer. Bolagsstämman – en performativ performance av maskuliniteter</italic>
</article-title>
”, CFK‐report,
<publisher-name>Gothenburg Research Institute, Gothenburg School of Economics and Commercial Law</publisher-name>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b67">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Parker</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Queering management and organization</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>9</volume>
No.
<issue>2</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>146</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>66</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b64">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Perry</surname>
,
<given-names>E.L.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Parlamis</surname>
,
<given-names>J.D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Age and ageism in organizations: a review and consideration of national culture</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Konrad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Pringle</surname>
,
<given-names>J.K.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>Handbook of Workplace Diversity</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, CA</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>345</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>70</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b68">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Pollert</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1981</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Girls, Wives, Factory Lives</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Macmillan</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b65">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2003</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The gaze of the other. Postcolonial theory and organizational analysis</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Ed.),
<source>
<italic>Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Palgrave</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Houndsmills</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>3</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>46</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b66">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2002</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Otherness at large: identity and difference in new globalized landscapes</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Aalito</surname>
,
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Ed.),
<source>
<italic>Gender, Identity and the Culture of Organizations</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
, pp.
<fpage>57</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>71</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b69">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Pullen</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Gendering the research self: social practice and corporeal multiplicity in the writing of organizational research</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Gender, Work and Organization</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>13</volume>
No.
<issue>3</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>277</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>98</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b70">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Serres</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1982</year>
),
<source>
<italic>The Parasite</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>The Johns Hopkins University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Baltimore, MD</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b71">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Shotter</surname>
,
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Billig</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1998</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>A Bakhtinian psychology: from out of the heads of the individuals and into the dialogues between them</italic>
</article-title>
”, in
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Bell</surname>
,
<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<string-name>
<surname>Gardiner</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>
<italic>Bakhtin and the Human Sciences</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b72">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Skeggs</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2004</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Class, Self, Culture</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b73">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Skeggs</surname>
,
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>The making of class and gender through visualizing moral subject formation</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Sociology</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>39</volume>
No.
<issue>5</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>965</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>82</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b74">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Spivak</surname>
,
<given-names>G.C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1987</year>
),
<source>
<italic>In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Methuen</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b75">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Strauss</surname>
,
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Schatzman</surname>
,
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Bucher</surname>
,
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Ehrlich</surname>
,
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Sabshin</surname>
,
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1964</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions</italic>
</source>
,
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
,
<publisher-name>Transaction Books</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>New Brunswick, NJ</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b76">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Todorov</surname>
,
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1984</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Manchester University Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Manchester</publisher-loc>
, (translated by W. Godzich).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b77">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Young</surname>
,
<given-names>R.Y.C.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2001</year>
),
<source>
<italic>Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction</italic>
</source>
,
<publisher-name>Blackwell</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="b78">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Žižek</surname>
,
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2006</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Multiculturalism, or, the cultural logic of multinational capitalism</italic>
</article-title>
”, in Žižek, S., Butler, R. and Stephens, S. (Eds),
<italic>The Universal Exception: Selected Writings</italic>
, Vol. 2, Continuum, London, pp. 151‐82.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
<ref-list>
<title>Further Reading</title>
<ref id="frd1">
<mixed-citation>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Cavanaugh</surname>
,
<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<string-name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
,
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</string-name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
), “
<article-title>
<italic>Drug testing as symbolic managerial action: in response to ‘A case against workplace drug testing’</italic>
</article-title>
”,
<source>
<italic>Organization Science</italic>
</source>
, Vol.
<volume>5</volume>
No.
<issue>2</issue>
, pp.
<fpage>267</fpage>
<x>‐</x>
<lpage>71</lpage>
.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
<app-group>
<app id="APP1">
<title>Corresponding author</title>
<p>Alexander Styhre can be contacted at: alexander.styhre@chalmers.ase</p>
</app>
</app-group>
</back>
</article>
</istex:document>
</istex:metadataXml>
<mods version="3.6">
<titleInfo lang="en">
<title>Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA">
<title>Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Alexander</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Styhre</namePart>
<affiliation>Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Ulla</namePart>
<namePart type="family">ErikssonZetterquist</namePart>
<affiliation>Gteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre>
<originInfo>
<publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-11-07</dateIssued>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate>
</originInfo>
<language>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
</language>
<physicalDescription>
<internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType>
</physicalDescription>
<abstract>Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of intersectionality. In recent management writing, a vocabulary has been introduced which enacts concepts such as assemblages, multiplicity, rhizomes, and becoming. Such a vocabulary is helpful when revising the theoretical models used in gender research. Designmethodologyapproach Drawing on this fluid mode of thinking, which is fundamentally indebted to a process thinking that favours becoming and change over stability and fixed entities as the primary analytical categories, the concept of intersectionality is discussed. Findings It is suggested that intersectionality perspectives, a concept developed to enable the analysis of coexisting and cooperating registers of knowledge and power, may inform gender and diversity studies and organization theory in general. Rather than reducing all sorts of identities or subjectpositions to a single plane, intersectionality perspectives conceive of identity as being derived from different registers functioning as shifting planes, at times operating detachedly from one another in other cases directly overlapping and even clashing. Practical implications Intersectionality thinking is capable of influencing a variety of organizational and managerial practices. Originalityvalue The paper seeks to bridge process thinking, gender theory, and diversity management literature through introducing the concept of intersectionality as a helpful tool when thinking of organizational practice.</abstract>
<subject>
<genre>keywords</genre>
<topic>Epistemology</topic>
<topic>Gender</topic>
<topic>Equal opportunities</topic>
<topic>Organizational theory</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host">
<titleInfo>
<title>Gender in Management: An International Journal</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal">journal</genre>
<subject>
<genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre>
<topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-HOB">HR & organizational behaviour</topic>
<topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ELAW">Employment law</topic>
<topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-DEI">Diversity, equality, inclusion</topic>
</subject>
<subject>
<genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre>
<topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-SOCY">Sociology</topic>
<topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-GSDS">Gender studies</topic>
</subject>
<identifier type="ISSN">1754-2413</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">gm</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1108/gm</identifier>
<part>
<date>2008</date>
<detail type="volume">
<caption>vol.</caption>
<number>23</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue">
<caption>no.</caption>
<number>8</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages">
<start>567</start>
<end>582</end>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1108/17542410810912690</identifier>
<identifier type="filenameID">0530230802</identifier>
<identifier type="original-pdf">0530230802.pdf</identifier>
<identifier type="href">17542410810912690.pdf</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition>
<recordInfo>
<recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource>
</recordInfo>
</mods>
</metadata>
<serie></serie>
</istex>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/EpistemeV1/Data/Istex/Corpus

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001283 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001283 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Ticri/CIDE
   |area=    EpistemeV1
   |flux=    Istex
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:731E98F3ED411365492BE4769F4E49CBBFD51B9C
   |texte=   Thinking the multiple in gender and diversity studies examining the concept of intersectionality
}}
Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31.
Data generation: Wed Nov 1 16:34:12 2017. Site generation: Sun Mar 10 15:11:59 2024