Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-Enabled Control of Diverse In-Situ Sensors
Identifieur interne : 000653 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000652; suivant : 000654Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-Enabled Control of Diverse In-Situ Sensors
Auteurs : Nengcheng Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Changjiang Xiao ; Fangling Pu ; Xiaolei Wang ; Chao Wang ; Zhili Wang ; Jianya Gong [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Realization of open online control of diverse
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s150202565
PubMed: 25625906
PubMed Central: 4367321
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-Enabled Control of Diverse <italic>In-Situ</italic> Sensors</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, Nengcheng" sort="Chen, Nengcheng" uniqKey="Chen N" first="Nengcheng" last="Chen">Nengcheng Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-15-02565"> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Changjiang" sort="Xiao, Changjiang" uniqKey="Xiao C" first="Changjiang" last="Xiao">Changjiang Xiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pu, Fangling" sort="Pu, Fangling" uniqKey="Pu F" first="Fangling" last="Pu">Fangling Pu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-15-02565"> School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>flpu@whu.edu.cn</email> (F.P.);<email>wangzhili1201@126.com</email> (Z.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaolei" sort="Wang, Xiaolei" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaolei" last="Wang">Xiaolei Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Chao" sort="Wang, Chao" uniqKey="Wang C" first="Chao" last="Wang">Chao Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhili" sort="Wang, Zhili" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhili" last="Wang">Zhili Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-15-02565"> School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>flpu@whu.edu.cn</email> (F.P.);<email>wangzhili1201@126.com</email> (Z.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Jianya" sort="Gong, Jianya" uniqKey="Gong J" first="Jianya" last="Gong">Jianya Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-15-02565"> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25625906</idno><idno type="pmc">4367321</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367321</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4367321</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s150202565</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000653</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000653</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-Enabled Control of Diverse <italic>In-Situ</italic> Sensors</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, Nengcheng" sort="Chen, Nengcheng" uniqKey="Chen N" first="Nengcheng" last="Chen">Nengcheng Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-15-02565"> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Changjiang" sort="Xiao, Changjiang" uniqKey="Xiao C" first="Changjiang" last="Xiao">Changjiang Xiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pu, Fangling" sort="Pu, Fangling" uniqKey="Pu F" first="Fangling" last="Pu">Fangling Pu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-15-02565"> School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>flpu@whu.edu.cn</email> (F.P.);<email>wangzhili1201@126.com</email> (Z.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaolei" sort="Wang, Xiaolei" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaolei" last="Wang">Xiaolei Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Chao" sort="Wang, Chao" uniqKey="Wang C" first="Chao" last="Wang">Chao Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhili" sort="Wang, Zhili" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhili" last="Wang">Zhili Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-15-02565"> School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>flpu@whu.edu.cn</email> (F.P.);<email>wangzhili1201@126.com</email> (Z.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Jianya" sort="Gong, Jianya" uniqKey="Gong J" first="Jianya" last="Gong">Jianya Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-15-02565"> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Realization of open online control of diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors is a challenge. This paper proposes a Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-enabled method for control of diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors, based on location-based instant sensing of sensors, which provides closed-loop feedbacks. The method adopts the concepts and technologies of newly developed cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to combine control with sensing, communication, and computation, takes advantage of geographical information service such as services provided by the Tianditu which is a basic geographic information service platform in China and Sensor Web services to establish geo-sensor applications, and builds well-designed human-machine interfaces (HMIs) to support online and open interactions between human beings and physical sensors through cyberspace. The method was tested with experiments carried out in two geographically distributed scientific experimental fields, Baoxie Sensor Web Experimental Field in Wuhan city and Yemaomian Landslide Monitoring Station in Three Gorges, with three typical sensors chosen as representatives using the prototype system Geospatial Sensor Web Common Service Platform. The results show that the proposed method is an open, online, closed-loop means of control.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rajkumar, R R" uniqKey="Rajkumar R">R.R. Rajkumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, I" uniqKey="Lee I">I. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sha, L" uniqKey="Sha L">L. Sha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stankovic, J" uniqKey="Stankovic J">J. Stankovic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rajkumar, R R" uniqKey="Rajkumar R">R.R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25625906</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4367321</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s150202565</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-15-02565</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-Enabled Control of Diverse <italic>In-Situ</italic> Sensors</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Nengcheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-15-02565"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-sensors-15-02565"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref rid="c1-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="corresp"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>Changjiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-15-02565"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pu</surname><given-names>Fangling</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-15-02565"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xiaolei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-15-02565"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Chao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-15-02565"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Zhili</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-15-02565"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>Jianya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-15-02565"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-sensors-15-02565"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-15-02565"><label>1</label> State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>cjxiao@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.X.);<email>xiaolei8788@whu.edu.cn</email> (X.W.);<email>c.wang@whu.edu.cn</email> (C.W.);<email>gongjy@whu.edu.cn</email> (J.G.)</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-15-02565"><label>2</label> School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails:<email>flpu@whu.edu.cn</email> (F.P.);<email>wangzhili1201@126.com</email> (Z.W.)</aff><aff id="af3-sensors-15-02565"><label>3</label> Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China</aff><author-notes><fn id="fn1-sensors-15-02565"><p>Academic Editor: Feng Xia</p></fn><corresp id="c1-sensors-15-02565"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>cnc@whu.edu.cn</email>; Tel.: +86-27-6877-9996; Fax: +86-27-6877-8229.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>2565</fpage><lpage>2592</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Realization of open online control of diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors is a challenge. This paper proposes a Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-enabled method for control of diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors, based on location-based instant sensing of sensors, which provides closed-loop feedbacks. The method adopts the concepts and technologies of newly developed cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to combine control with sensing, communication, and computation, takes advantage of geographical information service such as services provided by the Tianditu which is a basic geographic information service platform in China and Sensor Web services to establish geo-sensor applications, and builds well-designed human-machine interfaces (HMIs) to support online and open interactions between human beings and physical sensors through cyberspace. The method was tested with experiments carried out in two geographically distributed scientific experimental fields, Baoxie Sensor Web Experimental Field in Wuhan city and Yemaomian Landslide Monitoring Station in Three Gorges, with three typical sensors chosen as representatives using the prototype system Geospatial Sensor Web Common Service Platform. The results show that the proposed method is an open, online, closed-loop means of control.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>cyber-physical</kwd><kwd>geographical information service</kwd><kwd>sensor web</kwd><kwd>location-based instant sensing</kwd><kwd>open control</kwd><kwd>online control</kwd><kwd>closed-loop</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Architecture of cyber-physical geographical information service-enabled control of diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Location-based instant sensing of diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Open closed-loop control for diverse <italic>in-situ</italic> sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Two scientific experimental fields.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Non-IEEE1451-based Barometer in Baoxie Sensor Web Experimental Field; (<bold>b</bold>) IEEE1451-based barometer at Yemaomian Landslide Monitoring Station; (<bold>c</bold>) IEEE1451-based three-dimensional electronic compass at Yemaomian Landslide Monitoring Station.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Description of LYQYZ31 barometer for registration.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>InsertObservation request for the LYQYZ31 barometer.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Geospatial Sensor Web Common Service Platform displaying location-based instant sensor observations.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Chart view of observations of the LYQYZ31 barometer before the frequency change; (<bold>b</bold>) Chart view of observations of the LYQYZ31 barometer after the frequency change.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-15-02565f9"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Features of current control systems.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>System</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Openness</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Online</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Closed-Loop</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Distributed</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harvard Volcano-monitoring Sensor Network [<xref rid="b34-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smart House Network [<xref rid="b36-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Classrooms Access Control System [<xref rid="b37-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lighting Automatic Control System (LACS) [<xref rid="b38-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ubiquitous Hog Farm System [<xref rid="b39-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medium</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greenhouse Automatic Control System [<xref rid="b40-sensors-15-02565" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medium</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Database table that stores sensor and sensor platform data transmission frequencies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SENSOR_ID [PK] Text</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>INTERVAL Double Precision</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_1</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>i<sub>1</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_2</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>i<sub>2</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_3</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>i<sub>3</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_n</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>i<sub>n</sub></italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-sensors-15-02565"><p><italic>i</italic> (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) is the number of a record which is continuous and increases by 1 automatically each time a new record is inserted. <italic>i<sub>r</sub></italic> (<italic>r</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) represents the data transmission frequency of the sensor with sensor ID “<italic>sensor_id_r</italic>.”</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Database table that stores sensor and sensor platform data collection orders.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ORDER_NUMBER [PK] Integer</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SENSOR_ID Text</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ORDER Integer</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SAMPLING Double Precision</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>LOOP Integer</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ORDER_RECEIVE_DATE Datetime</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_1</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>o</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>s</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>l</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt<sub>1</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_2</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>o</italic><sub>2</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>s<sub>2</sub></italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>l</italic><sub>2</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt<sub>2</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_3</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>o</italic><sub>3</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>s</italic><sub>3</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>l</italic><sub>3</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt<sub>3</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">..</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sensor_id_n</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>o<sub>n</sub></italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>s<sub>n</sub></italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>l<sub>n</sub></italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt<sub>n</sub></italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-sensors-15-02565"><p><italic>i</italic> (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) is the number of an order which is continuous and increases by 1 automatically each time a new order is inserted. <italic>sensor_id_i</italic> (<italic>i</italic> =1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) represents the sensor ID of <italic>i</italic>th order. (<italic>o<sub>i</sub></italic>, <italic>s<sub>i</sub></italic>, <italic>l<sub>i</sub></italic>) ϵ {(0, 0, 0), (1, 12, 6), (1, 22, 3)} (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>). <italic>dt<sub>i</sub></italic> (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) is the date time of reception of <italic>i</italic>th order in the format “YYYY-MM-DD HH-MM-SS” (e.g., “2014-02-13 13:53:18”).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Database table that stores execution statuses of sensor and sensor platform data collection orders.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ORDER_NUMBER [PK] Integer</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EXECUTE Text</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>TIME Datetime</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>e</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt</italic><sub>1</sub></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>e</italic><sub>2</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt</italic><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>e</italic><sub>3</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt</italic><sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">…</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>e<sub>n</sub></italic></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>dt<sub>n</sub></italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-sensors-15-02565"><p><italic>i</italic> (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) is the number of an order which is continuous and increases by 1 automatically each time a new record is inserted. <italic>e<sub>i</sub></italic> ε {‘Y’, ‘N’} (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) represents whether the <italic>i</italic>th order has been successfully executed, where “Y” represents “YES” and “N” represents “NO.” <italic>dt<sub>i</sub></italic> (<italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, 3, …, <italic>n</italic>) is the date and time when the execution status of <italic>i</italic>th order was changed, in the format “YYYY-MM-DD HH-MM-SS” (e.g., “2013-02-13 13:53:18”).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>Specifications of three experimental sensors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hardware Type</bold></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Specifications</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" rowspan="7" align="left" colspan="1">IEEE1451 Barometer (BMP085)</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pressure sensing range: 300–1100 hPa</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resolution: 0.03 hPa/0.25 m</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Operational temperature range: −40 to +85 °C</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature accuracy: ±2 °C</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supply voltage: 1.8–3.6 V (V<sub>DDA</sub>); 1.62–3.6 V (V<sub>DDD</sub>)</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Power: 5 μA at 1 sample/sec. in standard mode</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Noise: 0.06 hPa (0.5 m) in ultra-low power mode; 0.03 hPa (0.25 m) in ultra-high resolution mode</td></tr><tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" rowspan="10" align="left" colspan="1">Non-IEEE1451 Barometer (LVQYZ31)</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical size: Φ 17 × 110</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pressure sensing range: 10–1100 hPa</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resolution: 0.1 hPa</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accuracy: 0.5 hPa</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Operational temperature range: −40–125 °C</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supply voltage: 6.5–9 V (DC)</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current: <= 0.1 mA</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interfaces: 1P: +5 V; 2P:GND; 3P:RS485 A; 4P:RS485 B</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Communication interface: RS485</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Communication protocol: compatible with Modbus</td></tr><tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" rowspan="6" align="left" colspan="1">IEEE1451Three-Dimensional Electronic Compass(DCM308)</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical size: L50 × 49 × 15 mm</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inclination measuring range: ±80°</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accuracy:0.8°</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Operational temperature range: −40–85 °C</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Operating current: 40 mA</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Communication interfaces: RS232/485</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t6-sensors-15-02565" position="float"><label>Table 6.</label><caption><p>Implementation details of Geospatial Sensor Web Common Service Platform.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Item</bold></th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><bold>Hardware</bold></th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><bold>Operation System</bold></th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><bold>Database</bold></th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><bold>Web Application Server</bold></th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><bold>Development Language</bold></th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><bold>Type</bold></th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Module</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMP085<break></break>Middleware</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">CPU: Intel(R)<break></break>Xeon(R)CPU E5620@<break></break>2.40 GHz 2.39 GHz<break></break>RAM: 15.9.0 GB</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Windows Server 2003<break></break>Enterprise Edition<break></break>Service Pack 2</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">MySQL 5.5.17</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Java</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Desktop<break></break>Application</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DCM308<break></break>Middleware</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LYQYZ31<break></break>Middleware</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1">CPU: Intel(R)<break></break>Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 0@<break></break>2.00 GHz 2.00 GHz<break></break>RAM: 32.0 GB</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1">Windows Server 2008<break></break>R2 Enterprise 64bit</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PostgreSQL 9.2.1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C#.NET</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Windows<break></break>Service</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geospatial Sensor<break></break>Web Common<break></break>Service Platform</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">Tomcat 7.0.42</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Java; 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