NCSA Mosaic a global hypermedia system
Identifieur interne : 000664 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000663; suivant : 000665NCSA Mosaic a global hypermedia system
Auteurs : Marc Andreessen ; Eric BinaSource :
- Internet Research [ 1066-2243 ] ; 2010-08-17.
Abstract
Purpose This paper seeks to report on an Internetbased system for hypermedia information discovery and retrieval and widearea distributed asynchronous collaboration designed and built at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA. Designmethodologyapproach The NCSA is developing Mosaic clients userfriendly information browsers for the three most popular desktop computing environments of the mid1990s the Unixbased X Window System, the Apple Macintosh, and Microsoft Windows 3.1. This paper primarily discusses the X client, as it has the most advanced functionality of the three at this time. Findings The system, called NCSA Mosaic, integrates cleanly into existing Internet protocols, formats, data sources, and environments, and provides powerful new capabilities for using and sharing information across the Internet. Originalityvalue NCSA is making the complete Mosaic system freely available and distributable for all academic and research organizations and purposes.
Url:
DOI: 10.1108/10662241011059480
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ISTEX:B125B284365317E67CDA1DE594129006A1055DF1Le document en format XML
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Designmethodologyapproach The NCSA is developing Mosaic clients userfriendly information browsers for the three most popular desktop computing environments of the mid1990s the Unixbased X Window System, the Apple Macintosh, and Microsoft Windows 3.1. This paper primarily discusses the X client, as it has the most advanced functionality of the three at this time. Findings The system, called NCSA Mosaic, integrates cleanly into existing Internet protocols, formats, data sources, and environments, and provides powerful new capabilities for using and sharing information across the Internet. Originalityvalue NCSA is making the complete Mosaic system freely available and distributable for all academic and research organizations and purposes.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Marc Andreessen</name><affiliations><json:string>Enterprise Integration Technologies</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Eric Bina</name><affiliations><json:string>National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Champaign, Illinois, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Communication technologies</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Information retrieval</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Internet</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>review-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Purpose This paper seeks to report on an Internetbased system for hypermedia information discovery and retrieval and widearea distributed asynchronous collaboration designed and built at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="review-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/intr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Internet Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1066-2243</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/10662241011059480</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">1720200407.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">1720200407</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">review-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">General review</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-CNWK</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Communications & networks</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>NCSA Mosaic: a global hypermedia system</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Marc</given-names> <surname>Andreessen</surname></string-name><aff>Enterprise Integration Technologies</aff></contrib><x></x><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Eric</given-names> <surname>Bina</surname></string-name><aff>National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Champaign, Illinois, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Internet Research 20th Anniversary Commemorative Issue</issue-title><issue-title content-type="short">Internet Research 20th Anniversary</issue-title><fpage>472</fpage><lpage>487</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="10662241011059480.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>This paper seeks to report on an Internet‐based system for hypermedia information discovery and retrieval and wide‐area distributed asynchronous collaboration designed and built at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>The NCSA is developing Mosaic clients – user‐friendly information browsers – for the three most popular desktop computing environments of the mid‐1990s: the Unix‐based X Window System, the Apple Macintosh, and Microsoft Windows 3.1. This paper primarily discusses the X client, as it has the most advanced functionality of the three at this time.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>The system, called NCSA Mosaic, integrates cleanly into existing Internet protocols, formats, data sources, and environments, and provides powerful new capabilities for using and sharing information across the Internet.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>NCSA is making the complete Mosaic system freely available and distributable for all academic and research organizations and purposes.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Communication technologies</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Information retrieval</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Internet</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><ack><p>NCSA Mosaic is very much a team effort, and the authors gratefully acknowledge the participation of the other members of the NCSA Software Development Group. They are indebted to Tim Berners‐Lee and the WorldWideWeb project at CERN for their vision, ideas, and common client library code, as well as to the many people on the Internet (particularly those on the www‐talk mailing list and the comp.infosystems.www newsgroup) in two dozen countries who are actively providing feedback on NCSA Mosaic's capabilities. This article has been republished as part of <italic>Internet Research's</italic> commemorative 20th anniversary issue. It was originally published in <italic>Electronic Networking</italic> (later renamed <italic>Internet Research</italic>), Vol. 4 No. 1, 1994.</p></ack></front><body><p>In recent years the explosive global growth of the Internet has been accompanied by a similar growth in information and information systems technology throughout the network. Today, 20 million or more people on the Internet have access to terabytes of freely available information – government documents, technical reports, video and audio clips, on‐line magazines, scholarly journals, and so on – from around the world, and more information is coming online daily at a rapidly increasing pace.</p><p>The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois is developing a next‐generation information system for wide‐area hypermedia‐based information discovery and retrieval and asynchronous collaborative work across the new global information space. The system, NCSA Mosaic, is based heavily on existing Internet information systems – in particular, the world wide web (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Berners‐Lee <italic>et al.</italic>, 1992</xref>) project originated by Tim Berners‐Lee at CERN in Switzerland – and also provides powerful new capabilities for handling and sharing information over the global network.</p><sec><title>NCSA Mosaic clients</title><p>The NCSA is developing Mosaic clients – user‐friendly information browsers – for the three most popular desktop computing environments of the mid‐1990s: the Unix‐based X Window System, the Apple Macintosh, and Microsoft Windows 3.1. The X client was released at the beta level in February 1993, at the 1.0 level in June 1993, and at the 2.0 level in November 1993; the Macintosh and Windows version 1.0 clients were released in November 1993. The remainder of this paper primarily discusses the X client, as it has the most advanced functionality of the three at this time.</p><p>Mosaic has the following basic capabilities:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Graphical display of plain text, rich (formatted) text, and hypertext, as well as inlined access to graphs, images, audio clips, video sequences, and scientific data in multimedia and hypermedia documents.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>An advanced graphical user interface featuring on‐the‐fly front and style selection, cut‐and‐paste support for formatted text, and extensive customization and user‐support options.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Information space navigation and history tracking facilities, including persistent global history mechanisms.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>In‐document and Internet‐based search capabilities, including those capabilities required to access wide area information server (WAIS) databases.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Asynchronous collaboration capabilities, including text and voice annotations for documents located anywhere on the Internet. These annotations can exist at either the private or workgroup level.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Full TCP/IP‐based communications support, including native HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Berners‐Lee, 1993a</xref>), Gopher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Anklesaria <italic>et al.</italic>, 1993</xref>) ftp (file transfer protocol) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">Postel and Reynolds, 1985</xref>), and NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Kantor and Lapsey, 1986</xref>) protocol support, and gatewayed access to WAIS, Hyper‐G (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Kappe <italic>et al.</italic>, 1993</xref>), Archie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Emtage and Deutsch, 1992</xref>), HyTelnet, Techinfo, TeXinfo, finger, X.500, WHOIS, and other data sources.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>NCSA Data Transfer Mechanism (DTM)6 communications support, for integration with NCSA Collage and other Internet‐based DTM clients and information servers.</p></list-item></list>A screen snapshot of NCSA Mosaic for X – viewing the Mosaic home page, the document that is retrieved and displayed when Mosaic is launched – is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407001">Figure 1</xref>. Each underlined word or phrase is a hypermedia link (hyperlink) to another document somewhere on the Internet. A hyperlink is followed by clicking on it with the mouse pointer.</p></sec><sec><title>Global hypermedia</title><p>NCSA Mosaic provides extensive distributed hypermedia capabilities that take advantage of the information on the global Internet. Any piece of information – any document – on the Internet, in any of a dozen common information systems, can be uniquely named and, therefore, retrieved, displayed, annotated, and remembered by Mosaic.</p><p>The scheme that Mosaic uses to name information resources on the global Internet is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) mechanism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Berners‐Lee, 1993b</xref>), a developing Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard designed to envelop the existing universe of online information within a single nomenclature. URLs can point to documents residing on ftp or HTTP servers, news articles on NNTP servers, queries to WAIS databases, documents within WAIS databases, documents or search engines residing on Gopher servers, specific parts of documents residing on any server, and almost anything else that is available somewhere on the Internet through some network‐based access mechanism. The URL mechanism is inclusive and open‐ended: it can encapsulate virtually any information system that accepts remote network queries, and it can evolve to match the capabilities of new systems that will doubtless be appearing on the Internet over the next several years.</p><p>The URL mechanism is also extremely flexible. An example in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407002">Figure 2</xref> illustrates a hypermedia document within Mosaic that points directly to queries on remote databases. Activating a hyperlink resolves the query and presents the user with the query results. Activating the hyperlink called “the keyword ‘Gore’” in the document viewed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407002">Figure 2</xref> causes Mosaic to resolve the query and present the results (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407003">Figure 3</xref>) as a list of hyperlinks to matching documents. Hyperlinks can also point straight to documents within query‐based databases. For example, activating the hyperlink called “analysis of the 1992 vice presidential debate” causes the referenced document to be pulled out of the database and displayed without users having to be aware that the document was stored in a query‐based database (in this case, a WAIS server).</p><p>Mosaic presents the user with a single, unified interface to all this functionality, and the result is complete transparency of the data location and retrieval process. Mosaic does everything it can to avoid burdening the user with the technical details of information navigation and retrieval over a wide area network. This allows the user to focus all of his or her attention on the real task at hand – interacting with the information itself.</p></sec><sec><title>Prototypical applications</title><p>While the technology of global hypermedia is still quite young and rapidly evolving, it is already being applied in a wide variety of applications around the world. Numerically, the growth of global hypermedia as embodied by the world wide web – and therefore Mosaic – in relation to other information‐retrieval technologies (e.g. Gopher and WAIS) in use on the Internet can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407004">Figure 4</xref>, which is a logarithmic plot of the number of bytes across the Internet NSFnet backbone in the first 11 months of 1993.</p><p>Some examples of how Mosaic based global hypermedia is used today by a variety of institutions and people to serve information to the Internet include:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>The NCSA is using Mosaic to provide a wide variety of general interest and technical information, including hypermedia versions of its magazine <italic>Access</italic>, an exhibit of research accomplishments at NSF High Performance Computing and Communications centers, a digital library of research conducted at NCSA (including audio narration and hyperlinks to relevant published research papers), a hypermedia version of the NCSA Digital Gallery CD‐ROM, and more.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Honolulu Community College (HCC), as part of its bid to become the “Technological Training Center of the Pacific,” is providing a variety of hypermedia information about its campus and activities. This information includes a guided and narrated tour of its dinosaur exhibit and a tour of its Berlin Wall Freedom Monument, an animated hypermedia walk around the HCC campus, and online multimedia versions of student and faculty publications.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute is serving full‐text hypermedia versions of several large sets of legal materials, including the United States Copyright, Patent, and Lanham (Trademark) Acts, the United States Administrative Procedure Act, and large parts of the Uniform Commercial Code.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Dr Michael Greenhalgh, the Sir William Dobell Foundation Professor of Art History at Australian National University (ANU), is using Mosaic to prepare and serve large online collections of art history materials. A current public exhibit includes an interactive student tutorial on the history of prints, a collection of images of architecture and architectural sculpture, and an exhibit of contemporary architecture in Hong Kong. (For a screen shot of one document in this exhibit, see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407005">Figure 5</xref>.)</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The United States Library of Congress has been providing text and images corresponding to its in‐house special exhibits to the Internet via anonymous ftp. A number of volunteers on the Internet (in particular, Frans Van Hoesel in the Netherlands, John Ockerbloom at Carnegie Mellon University, and Paul Jones and Dykki Settle at the University of North Carolina) have transformed source material – notably, the Vatican library and Soviet archives exhibits – into interactive hypermedia tours.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The Computer Science Department at Indiana University is providing a service to the Internet whereby searches can be made across a unified database of thousands of technical report abstracts from over seventy research institutions around the world. The result of a search is a list of hits containing live hyperlinks to the technical papers themselves, which reside on ftp servers at their authors′ home institutions. A single query (say, on “parallel architecture”) can return hyperlinks to dozens or hundreds of papers from such diverse places as City University of London, University of Rochester, Princeton, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, University of Darmstadt, Brown, Thinking Machines Corporation, and Purdue.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The ANU Bioinformatics Facility is providing a substantial collection of educational and research material to the Internet, including discipline‐specific information on biodiversity, landscape ecology, molecular biology, weather and global modeling, and more. For example, Dr David G. Green of the ANU Research School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Information Science Research is serving interactive hypermedia tutorials on complex systems, cellular automata, emergent behavior in biological systems, and other topics. (See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407006">Figure 6</xref> for the ANU Bioinformatics home page.)</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The United States Army High Performance Computing Research Center is using Mosaic to create and serve detailed hypermedia information (including visualized images and animation sequences) on its research programs, including ongoing projects in turbulent geothermal convection, molecular simulation, shock waves in a supersonic gas flow, and electrical activity in a heart cell network.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>O'Reilly and Associates Inc, a technical publishing company, is producing an online hypermedia magazine and information service called Global Net Navigator (GNN) (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407007">Figure 7</xref>). In the first issue of GNN, subscribers can read hypermedia articles on Mitch Kapor, the White House′s e‐mail system, Free‐Nets, Internet commercialization, and other topics, as well as browse through interactive art exhibits and information resource listings. The GNN Marketplace – GNN′s advertising section – provides hypermedia information on companies including Digital Equipment Corporation, Delphi, Nordic Track, and Lens Express. Hypermedia functionality is heavily exploited throughout GNN. For example, the article on Internet commercialization includes inlined hyperlinks to the full texts of a number of technology bills in the United States Congress (e.g. the Information Infrastructure and Technology Act of 1992).</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Berkeley Software Design, Inc (BSDI), a small technology company that develops and sells a variant of Unix for personal computers, is serving a wide variety of information on the company, its products, and its technical activities. For example, the company is serving a hypermedia version of the complete documentation set for its BSD/386 operating system for use by current and potential customers alike. Prospective customers can also read all about the lawsuit filed against BSDI by Unix System Laboratories, peruse complete technical specifications and common questions and answers for BSD/386, and even download an order form.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec><title>Asynchronous collaboration</title><p>NCSA Mosaic was originally envisioned partially as an environment for asynchronous – non‐real‐time – collaboration across the Internet. The premise is that people will work cooperatively in groups on common sets of information without regard to physical proximity. While the focus of the Mosaic project has shifted to the underlying technologies of distributed hypermedia and network‐based information retrieval, asynchronous collaboration has remained a force in its development.</p><p>Mosaic provides a mechanism whereby any piece of information on the Internet – in other words, any document that can be named by a URL – can be annotated with voice or textual comments. Such annotations are persistent across sessions and can themselves be annotated. There are several possible levels, or domains, of annotations: personal, workgroup, public, and global. Personal annotations are stored in the local file space of the user who makes the annotations and are visible only to that user. This is the default annotation domain.</p><p>Workgroup annotations are shared among a fairly small, fairly local group of people working together on a common problem. This is the type of asynchronous collaboration originally envisioned as a core capability of Mosaic. NCSA has developed a prototype workgroup annotation server that enables this type of collaboration. New annotations, if they are placed in the “workgroup domain” by the user making the annotation, are registered with the annotation server. Each time any member of the group accesses the annotated document, the annotation will then appear as a hyperlink virtually inlined – transparently merged, on the fly – into the bottom of the document.</p><p>NCSA has run such a group annotation server open to public access across the Internet, and it has proven robust and usable with a fairly large group of users. A number of detailed technical discussions among people from around the world took place using the mechanism, and it was frequently used for leaving comments and feedback on particular network resources and notification of new information resources. It is fairly obvious, however, that the workgroup annotation mechanism is not an upwardly scalable method. It will not accommodate a large number of users over an extended period of time since it is, at heart, a centralized system: all annotations to all documents on the network are stored on and distributed from a single network node. The next two methods, on the other hand, are intended for a larger user group.</p><p>Public annotations are shared among all people accessing a specific document. The server that makes the document available also manages its public annotations. It will work as follows: accessing a document from a server with public annotation capability will result in any public annotations previously applied to that document being inlined into the document as hyperlinks. New annotations to the same document, if the annotating user chooses to place them in the “public domain,” will be registered with the document server itself (as opposed to, e.g. a special group annotation server), and all users who subsequently access the same document will have access to that annotation.</p><p>Global annotations are a blend of the workgroup and public annotation methods. The proposed implementation is modeled very closely after the existing NNTP‐based Usenet news system, which has proven to be extraordinarily upwardly scalable. Annotations will exist in a separate information space from the documents they annotate; new annotations will propagate from their points of origin via a network of communicating global annotation servers (which will be functionally very similar to Usenet news servers). Individual clients will gain access to annotations from their local servers; automatic expiration will keep the system from being overwhelmed by volume. This form of annotation may or may not come about, depending on whether someone steps forward with a prototype implementation.</p><p>The next stage for annotations within Mosaic will likely include these crucial capabilities:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>The ability to inline annotations into documents, so they can be placed close to the exact terms or sentences to which they apply.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The ability to add inlined hyperlinks from any document to any other document on the Internet via the same annotation system.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>The ability to query an annotation server – or document server with public annotation support – for reports of new and changed annotations and to search across a mass of annotations (e.g. to discover all annotations posted by a certain user).</p></list-item></list>At least one important open question remains: how to provide reasonably lightweight and unobtrusive yet effective user authentication and access control within globally distributed annotation systems. Possible solutions include distributed authentication systems like Kerberos and public key cryptography techniques.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific data</title><p>Historically, hypermedia systems – and networked information systems in general – have not supported scientific data as a basic information type. This failure has made those systems inappropriate for long‐term and substantial applications in the sciences. Since NCSA Mosaic is oriented towards scientific and academic research, it actively supports scientific data by understanding a sophisticated hierarchical scientific data format called NCSA Hierarchical Data Format (HDF). HDF is in wide use in the scientific community for storing large numbers of complex data sets and structures in platform‐independent, self‐describing files and has been adopted by several large and long‐term research programs.</p><p>HDF supports the use of a wide variety of data elements and structures, including images, palettes, animation sequences, arbitrary n‐dimensional matrices, titles, annotations, arbitrary metadata, and arbitrary groupings of other data elements and constructs in Vgroups (virtual groups). Further, with HDF version 3.3, Unidata's netCDF data format is transparently supported by the HDF calling interface, greatly extending the range of capabilities and grandfathering a large amount of existing data into a common environment.</p><p>Mosaic transfers the capabilities of these complex file formats into the interactive realm. Accessing an HDF (or netCDF) file from anywhere on the network causes Mosaic to analyze the file on the fly – breaking down the data, data structures, and associated metadata and annotations into a hypermedia interface that is presented to the Mosaic user as a “front end” to the data. Images and palettes are inlined into the document; annotations are tied to their appropriate data elements; attributes of floating‐point matrices and other data constructs are displayed; and data structures and virtual grouping of data elements are made accessible through inlined hyperlinks. Mosaic therefore enables effortless navigation through complex data structures and provides information on the underlying data. (See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_1720200407008">Figure 8</xref> for an example in which Mosaic is used to view an HDF file containing an image from a scientific visualization of an astrophysical jet and an associated palette.)</p><p>If Mosaic has established a DTM (see above) connection to a visualization or analysis system (e.g. NCSA Collage or Applied Visual Systems' AVS), additional hyperlinks will be inlined into the hypermedia description of the data file that allow arbitrary data elements to be extracted and sent over the DTM connection to the analysis tool. Thus, not only can you see the data inside the file, you can also extract and transfer arbitrary parts of it to other programs.</p><p>Annotations in HDF and netCDF data files will be displayed as regular text. Therefore, hyperlinks (and other formatted text constructs) inside annotations will be handled appropriately by Mosaic. This means you can embed hyperlinks in data files that point to research reports, audio clips, other data files on the network, database queries, and anything else Mosaic can normally access.</p></sec><sec><title>Down the road</title><p>Capabilities envisioned for future versions of NCSA Mosaic include:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Improved text formatting and user interface support, including arbitrarily specified “fill‐out forms.” This function will allow customized database interfaces to be specified in an <italic>ad hoc</italic> manner in the form of documents passed over the Internet and will help bring the ability to gateway non‐standard databases and interactive information services into the Mosaic milieu. (This capability is implemented and available in the 2.0 version of Mosaic for X.)</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Authentication and access control functionality, to provide the system infrastructure necessary for both secure collaborative work and commercial activity using Mosaic. (An initial implementation of this functionality – without encryption – is available in the 2.0 version of Mosaic for X.)</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Graphical history and information space representation and control, including fully configurable graphical construction of information subspaces.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>“Intelligent agent”based information filtering and retrieval capabilities. NCSA has implemented a prototype Mosaic‐based intelligent agent that scans arbitrarily specified network information spaces for documents matching a number of criteria. At some point this functionality will be added to Mosaic, although NCSA wants to make sure it can both offer a usable and useful system. As with most such research‐grade systems, the prototype is at once too complicated and insufficiently sophisticated to be really useful – and avoid swamping the network.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Support for interacting with “knowledge daemons” – Internet‐level sedentary intelligent mechanisms for tracking, organizing, caching, and sharing information across the Internet at the per‐user and per‐institution level.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Support for collaborative filtering of information spaces – convenient construction of shared overviews and threads through large and dynamic masses of information.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec><title>Availability</title><p>NCSA is making the complete Mosaic system freely available and distributable for all academic and research organizations and purposes. NCSA's anonymous‐ftp server is ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu; project files are in directory/Mosaic. Full documentation and information on how to serve information to the Internet for Mosaic to access is online via Mosaic. NCSA Mosaic is free for internal use by commercial organizations and is also available for licensing by commercial organizations for modification or distribution. For information, contact: mosaic@ncsa.uiuc.edu. For more information on the Mosaic project in general, contact the authors.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407001"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>NCSA Mosaic home page</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407002"><label><bold>Figure 2<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Query pointers in a hypermedia document</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407003"><label><bold>Figure 3<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Query results presented as hyperlinks</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407004"><label><bold>Figure 4<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>NSFnet byte count</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407004.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407005"><label><bold>Figure 5<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>ANU Art history exhibit</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407005.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407006"><label><bold>Figure 6<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>ANU bioinformatics</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407006.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407007"><label><bold>Figure 7<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Global Network Navigator</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407007.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_1720200407008"><label><bold>Figure 8<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>HDF file presented as hypermedia</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1720200407008.tif"></graphic></fig></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Anklesaria</surname>, <given-names>F.</given-names></string-name></person-group>, <person-group 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<italic>Internet Research's</italic> readers likely know the basics of the Mosaic story: Young researchers and students at the University of Illinois' National Center for Supercomputing Applications toiled away their nights and developed a world‐changing graphics‐based Web browser. Tim Berners‐Lee had outlined the basics of the Web previously. He'd even developed a basic browser. In Helsinki, Palo Alto, and Berkeley, others had as well. But for a variety of reasons – some of them even going beyond good fortune – NCSA Mosaic took off.</p><p>Almost immediately, thousands of copies were being downloaded per month, and the center was receiving hundreds of email inquiries a week. In about a year, NCSA Mosaic had a user base of several million. For much of the next decade, Microsoft Internet Explorer was based on the code, further expanding its reach.</p><p>Even more readers, let's say all, understand the impact that the Web has had in the 17 years since Mosaic's release. There are now more than 1.7 billion Web users worldwide (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.internetworldstats.com">www.internetworldstats.com</ext-link>). In the United States, that includes about 80 percent of adults and 80 percent of all households (US Census). US ecommerce, meanwhile, now represents a significant portion of overall spending. Over a single week in December 2009 retail ecommerce took in $4.8 billion, according to comScore, and that doesn't even count online travel spending. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/Wintry_Weekend_Boosts_Online_Holiday_Sales_in_Final_Shopping_Weekend_of_the_Season">www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/Wintry_Weekend_Boosts_Online_Holiday_Sales_in_Final_Shopping _Weekend_of_the_Season</ext-link>)</p><p>Today, I have the pleasure of leading the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, where Mosaic was born. The center keeps its hand in the realm of the Web and data sharing. We build cyber environments that integrate distributed computing, data sources and data resources into end‐to‐end scientific processes, providing a much‐needed boost in research productivity. We develop tools and techniques to manage semantic content for scientific applications. And we create applications to capture, manage, annotate and analyze the massive sets of video, audio, and other data that are now ubiquitous on the Web and in our daily lives.</p><p>High‐performance computing – using supercomputers to drive research and promote scientific discovery – is at the heart of what we do at NCSA, just as it was in the early 1990s when Mosaic was created. In fact, we're currently at work with IBM on what we call the Blue Waters project. Blue Waters, with a sustained performance of one million billion (quadrillion) arithmetic operations per second, will be the most powerful supercomputer in the world for open scientific research when it comes online in 2011.</p><p>Still, the development, distribution, and impact of Mosaic tells us a lot about the research enterprise. The attitudes that made Mosaic possible are still useful for institutions that look to the future and strive to innovate.</p><p>First among those attitudes is to encourage individual inspiration. Mike Folk is a former NCSA staffer who was part of the Mosaic project and who continues to lead the development of the HDF data format mentioned in the article I'm introducing here. He likes to say that the Mosaic project was driven by looking at the field as it existed at the time and individuals saying “We can do better than this.” Regardless of what niche of information technology you reside in, empowering people to say “This is the problem, and we can tackle it” is key.</p><p>Another important attitude from the Mosaic project is to support what you build. In his book “Weaving the Web,” Tim Berners‐Lee described Marc Andreesen's focus on support. Andreesen was one of the authors on this paper I'm introducing along with Eric Bina. Andreesen “maintained a near‐constant presence on the newsgroups discussing the Web, listening for features people were asking for, what would make the browsers easier to use,” Berners‐Lee said. “He would program these into the nascent browser and keep publishing new releases so others could try it. He listened intently.”</p><p>“Listen intently.” It's advice that we as technologists sometimes ignore as we avidly chase the next big thing. Whether you're working with the scientists who will use a supercomputer like Blue Waters or you're working on a particular Web‐based tool for commerce or any other field, we cannot afford to not listen. More often than not, our ability and willingness to truly listen to the users of our technologies often defines and determines our success.</p><p>Finally, from a more technical perspective, Mosaic reminds us to embrace data. The Web took off because it provided scientists (and, eventually, the public at large) with a window onto incredible amounts of data. Some of it was previously obscure; some of it was previously inaccessible. And much of it drove innovation – both in Web‐based tools and services and in myriad other areas of our everyday professional and personal lives.</p><p>Scientific computing's petabyte datasets reveal how the world works. Business and ecommerce data present opportunities to both enhance and exploit customers’ experiences. Facebook and Twitter memorialize our lives more fully, transparently, and globally than they ever have before. Data – and our ability to understand, access, and secure it – drives the conversation in each of these cases. We ignore it at our peril.</p><p><bold>Thom Dunning and J. William Bell</bold></p><p><italic>National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA</italic></p></app><app id="APP2"><title>About the authors</title><p>Thom H. Dunning Jr is the Director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and the Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies and Distinguished Chair for Research Excellence in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign. As the director of NCSA and IACAT, he is responsible for ensuring that Illinois and NCSA remains a world leader in the development and deployment of advanced cyberinfrastructure, including the world's most powerful supercomputer, <italic>Blue Waters</italic>.</p><p>He has authored nearly 150 scientific publications on topics ranging from computational techniques for molecular calculations to computational studies of high power lasers and the chemical reactions involved in combustion; five of his papers are “citation classics.” He was the scientific leader of the DOE's first “Grand Challenge” in computational chemistry. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received DOE's E.O. Lawrence Award in 1996 and its Distinguished Associate Award in 2001.</p><p>He obtained his Bachelor's degree in Chemistry in 1965 from the University of Missouri‐Rolla and his doctorate in Chemistry/Chemical Physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1970.</p><p>Thom H. Dunning Jr is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: tdunning@ncsa.illinois.edu</p><p>J. William Bell is Assistant Director of Public Affairs at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.</p></app></app-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>NCSA Mosaic a global hypermedia system</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>NCSA Mosaic a global hypermedia system</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marc</namePart><namePart type="family">Andreessen</namePart><affiliation>Enterprise Integration Technologies</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Eric</namePart><namePart type="family">Bina</namePart><affiliation>National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Champaign, Illinois, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-08-17</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose This paper seeks to report on an Internetbased system for hypermedia information discovery and retrieval and widearea distributed asynchronous collaboration designed and built at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA. Designmethodologyapproach The NCSA is developing Mosaic clients userfriendly information browsers for the three most popular desktop computing environments of the mid1990s the Unixbased X Window System, the Apple Macintosh, and Microsoft Windows 3.1. This paper primarily discusses the X client, as it has the most advanced functionality of the three at this time. Findings The system, called NCSA Mosaic, integrates cleanly into existing Internet protocols, formats, data sources, and environments, and provides powerful new capabilities for using and sharing information across the Internet. Originalityvalue NCSA is making the complete Mosaic system freely available and distributable for all academic and research organizations and purposes.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Communication technologies</topic><topic>Information retrieval</topic><topic>Internet</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Internet Research</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-CNWK">Communications & networks</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1066-2243</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">intr</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/intr</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="title"><title>Internet Research 20th Anniversary Commemorative Issue</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>20</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>472</start><end>487</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B125B284365317E67CDA1DE594129006A1055DF1</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/10662241011059480</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">1720200407</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">1720200407.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">10662241011059480.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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