Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
Identifieur interne : 000431 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000430; suivant : 000432Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
Auteurs : Helen Waechter ; Jessica Litman ; Adrienne H. Cheung ; Jack A. Barnes ; Hans-Peter LoockSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
Waveguide-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD) can be used for quantitative measurements of chemical concentrations in small amounts of liquid, in gases or in films. The change in ring-down time can be correlated to analyte concentration when using fiber optic sensing elements that change their attenuation in dependence of either sample absorption or refractive index. Two types of fiber cavities,
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DOI: 10.3390/s100301716
PubMed: 22294895
PubMed Central: 3264447
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy</title><author><name sortKey="Waechter, Helen" sort="Waechter, Helen" uniqKey="Waechter H" first="Helen" last="Waechter">Helen Waechter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Litman, Jessica" sort="Litman, Jessica" uniqKey="Litman J" first="Jessica" last="Litman">Jessica Litman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Adrienne H" sort="Cheung, Adrienne H" uniqKey="Cheung A" first="Adrienne H." last="Cheung">Adrienne H. Cheung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, Jack A" sort="Barnes, Jack A" uniqKey="Barnes J" first="Jack A." last="Barnes">Jack A. Barnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loock, Hans Peter" sort="Loock, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Loock H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Loock">Hans-Peter Loock</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22294895</idno><idno type="pmc">3264447</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264447</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3264447</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s100301716</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000431</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000431</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000431</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000431</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy</title><author><name sortKey="Waechter, Helen" sort="Waechter, Helen" uniqKey="Waechter H" first="Helen" last="Waechter">Helen Waechter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Litman, Jessica" sort="Litman, Jessica" uniqKey="Litman J" first="Jessica" last="Litman">Jessica Litman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Adrienne H" sort="Cheung, Adrienne H" uniqKey="Cheung A" first="Adrienne H." last="Cheung">Adrienne H. Cheung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, Jack A" sort="Barnes, Jack A" uniqKey="Barnes J" first="Jack A." last="Barnes">Jack A. Barnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loock, Hans Peter" sort="Loock, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Loock H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Loock">Hans-Peter Loock</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Waveguide-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD) can be used for quantitative measurements of chemical concentrations in small amounts of liquid, in gases or in films. The change in ring-down time can be correlated to analyte concentration when using fiber optic sensing elements that change their attenuation in dependence of either sample absorption or refractive index. Two types of fiber cavities, <italic>i.e.</italic>, fiber loops and fiber strands containing reflective elements, are distinguished. Both types of cavities were coupled to a variety of chemical sensor elements, which are discussed and compared.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paldus, B A" uniqKey="Paldus B">B.A. Paldus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kachanov, A A" uniqKey="Kachanov A">A.A. Kachanov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mazurenka, M" uniqKey="Mazurenka M">M. Mazurenka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orr Ewing, A J" uniqKey="Orr Ewing A">A.J. Orr-Ewing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peverall, R" uniqKey="Peverall R">R. Peverall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ritchie, G A D" uniqKey="Ritchie G">G.A.D. Ritchie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loock, H P" uniqKey="Loock H">H.-P. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22294895</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3264447</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s100301716</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-10-01716</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Waechter</surname><given-names>Helen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Litman</surname><given-names>Jessica</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheung</surname><given-names>Adrienne H.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barnes</surname><given-names>Jack A.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loock</surname><given-names>Hans-Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-10-01716">*</xref></contrib><aff id="af1-sensors-10-01716">Queen’s University, Department of Chemistry, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada; E-Mails:<email>wachterh@chem.queensu.ca</email> (H.W.);<email>Jessica.Litman@chem.queensu.ca</email> (J.L.);<email>6ac18@queensu.ca</email> (A.H.C.);<email>jbarnes@chem.queensu.ca</email> (J.A.B.)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-10-01716"><label>*</label> Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>hploock@chem.queensu.ca</email>; Tel.: +1-613-533-2621; Fax: +1-613-533-6669.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>3</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>1716</fpage><lpage>1742</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>2</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Waveguide-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD) can be used for quantitative measurements of chemical concentrations in small amounts of liquid, in gases or in films. The change in ring-down time can be correlated to analyte concentration when using fiber optic sensing elements that change their attenuation in dependence of either sample absorption or refractive index. Two types of fiber cavities, <italic>i.e.</italic>, fiber loops and fiber strands containing reflective elements, are distinguished. Both types of cavities were coupled to a variety of chemical sensor elements, which are discussed and compared.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>cavity ring-down (CRD)</kwd><kwd>absorption</kwd><kwd>refractive index</kwd><kwd>fiber-loop</kwd><kwd>fiber cavity</kwd><kwd>microfluidics</kwd><kwd>capillary electrophoresis</kwd><kwd>phase-shift</kwd><kwd>long-period grating (LPG)</kwd><kwd>fiber Bragg grating (FBG)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group><title>Classifications:</title><kwd>PACS 07.60.Vg</kwd><kwd>42.62.Fi</kwd><kwd>42.81.Pa</kwd><kwd>42.60.Da</kwd><kwd>82.80.Dx</kwd><kwd>78.20.Ci</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Different implementations of cavity ring-down measurements <bold>(a)</bold> In time-resolved continuous wave CRD the light entering the cavity (see inset) is switched quickly (red line), and the intensity decay in the cavity is monitored from the cavity build-up time or the ring-down time (black). <bold>(b)</bold> If the injected pulse (red) is short compared to the round-trip time, <italic>t<sub>rt</sub></italic>, the ring-down time is obtained from the exponential decay constant of the amplitudes of the light pulses that are leaked from the cavity with each round trip (black). <bold>(c)</bold> In phase-shift cavity ring-down the light intensity of a cw-source is modulated sinusoidally (red). The cavity introduces a phase-shift (black) that is related to the losses in the cavity and therefore to the ring-down time.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p><bold>(a)</bold> Setup of a linear fiber cavity. Two mirror elements, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are incorporated into the fiber to form an optical cavity. The light is injected through one of the mirrors and is detected behind the second mirror. <bold>(b)</bold> Setup of a fiber loop cavity. The fiber is bent into a loop to form a ring cavity. Fiber couplers with high splitting ratios may be used to inject light into the loop and to direct a small fraction of the light to the detector.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Different types of sensor elements used in fiber-cavity ring-down spectroscopy. <bold>(a)</bold> A gap in the fiber allows for direct absorption of all propagated light through the sample. <bold>(b)</bold> In a tapered fiber the core mode is converted into a cladding mode and the evanescent field extends outside the fiber. <bold>(c)</bold> By etching the cladding the evanescent field can also be extended into the sample. <bold>(d)</bold> In a field access block the cladding thickness is reduced by side-polishing the fiber and the evanescent field then reaches the surrounding material. <bold>(e)</bold> A pair of identical long-period gratings (LPGs) couples light from the core mode into a single cladding mode and then back into the core. Between the two LPGs the light travels in the cladding mode and its large evanescent wave interacts strongly with the surrounding sample. <bold>(f)</bold> Gases of small molecules such as H<sub>2</sub> can diffuse into the fiber and cause absorption that can be monitored.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>A custom interface is used to direct liquid between the fiber ends and to couple light from the light source into the loop. The delivery fiber irradiates the fiber loop ends so that some of the light enters the loop. The sample is injected through a hole in the top plate in front of the delivery fiber, flows along the groove to the gap between the fiber ends and exits through a hole in the bottom plate [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-sensors-10-01716">20</xref>]. <bold>(a)</bold> Top view. <bold>(b)</bold> Computer generated schematic image.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Measurements of tartrazine at 405 nm with phase-shift CRD (red curve, top) and single pass absorption (black, bottom). Samples (5 μL) of different concentrations were injected into a flow of water (flow rate: 10 μL/min) with a sample injector (Rheodyne) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-sensors-10-01716">20</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Different sensor elements for refractive index change measurements. Refractive index sensitive elements like <bold>(a)</bold> long-period gratings (LPG) or <bold>(b)</bold> tilted fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are often used. <bold>(c)</bold> By coating an LPG with a polymer the sensor element can be made more sensitive and more selective. <bold>(d)</bold> Circular birefringent samples have different refractive index for left or right circularly polarized light. In this sensor element the linear polarized light from the fiber is converted to circular polarized light by a quarter waveplate before being transmitted through the sample. A second quarter waveplate restores the linear polarization before coupling the light back into the cavity fiber.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Spectra of a long-period grating (period <italic>Λ</italic> = 236 μm), which is coated with a polydimethylsiloxane-based polymer microextraction phase, that contained 8.5% diphenylsiloxane and 0.5% titanium cross linker. Each curve shows two attenuation features corresponding to two different low-order cladding modes. Both peaks shift as the coated LPG is exposed to 0–50% cyclohexane vapor (top panel) and xylene vapor (bottom). As the partial pressure, given here as percent of the saturation pressure, of the gas increases, the refractive index of the polymer coating decreases (increases) upon uptake of cyclohexane (xylene) causing a shift to longer (shorter) wavelengths [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-sensors-10-01716">21</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Fiber cavity ring-down for quantification of xylene and cyclohexane using a polydimethylsiloxane / polymethyloctylsiloxane coated long-period grating as a refractive index sensor. <bold>(a)</bold> Scheme of the experimental setup. <bold>(b)</bold> Response of the ring-down cavity to changes in xylene or cyclohexane concentration. As the xylene (cyclohexane) gas partitions into the polymer coating, its refractive index increases (decreases). This leads to a blue (red) shift of the LPG attenuation peak and correspondingly to a decrease (increase) of the ring-down time. At high concentrations, e.g., above 30% xylene, the LPG attenuation peak shifted so much that the FBG reflectance lies on the rising slope of the LPG attenuation peak and the ring-down time increases again. <bold>(c)</bold> The transmission spectrum of the cavity shows the broad LPG attenuation peak and the narrow reflection band of the two FBGs located near the mid-attenuation point.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-10-01716" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p><bold>(a)</bold> Setup of the amplified cavity ring-down system using two fiber loops that share the same amplifier. The lasing inner loop stabilizes the gain, and the outer loop is used for the ring-down measurements. The advantage compared to the single-loop system is that the lasing wavelength and the wavelength for the spectroscopic measurement do not need to be near or at coincidence to produce ultra-long ring-down times. <bold>(b)</bold> Measurement of acetylene in helium; 1 bar total pressure.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-10-01716f9"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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