Schiff's Bases and Crown Ethers as Supramolecular Sensing Materials in the Construction of Potentiometric Membrane Sensors
Identifieur interne : 000428 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000427; suivant : 000429Schiff's Bases and Crown Ethers as Supramolecular Sensing Materials in the Construction of Potentiometric Membrane Sensors
Auteurs : Farnoush Faridbod [Iran] ; Mohammad Reza Ganjali [Iran] ; Rassoul Dinarvand [Iran] ; Parviz Norouzi [Iran] ; Siavash Riahi [Iran]Source :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2008.
Abstract
Ionophore incorporated PVC membrane sensors are well-established analytical tools routinely used for the selective and direct measurement of a wide variety of different ions in complex biological and environmental samples. Potentiometric sensors have some outstanding advantages including simple design and operation, wide linear dynamic range, relatively fast response and rational selectivity. The vital component of such plasticized PVC members is the ionophore involved, defining the selectivity of the electrodes' complex formation. Molecular recognition causes the formation of many different supramolecules. Different types of supramolecules, like calixarenes, cyclodextrins and podands, have been used as a sensing material in the construction of ion selective sensors. Schiff's bases and crown ethers, which feature prominently in supramolecular chemistry, can be used as sensing materials in the construction of potentiometric ion selective electrodes. Up to now, more than 200 potentiometric membrane sensors for cations and anions based on Schiff's bases and crown ethers have been reported. In this review cation binding and anion complexes will be described. Liquid membrane sensors based on Schiff's bases and crown ethers will then be discussed.
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PubMed Central: 3663017
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Box 14155-6451, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Medical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norouzi, Parviz" sort="Norouzi, Parviz" uniqKey="Norouzi P" first="Parviz" last="Norouzi">Parviz Norouzi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-08-01645"> Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riahi, Siavash" sort="Riahi, Siavash" uniqKey="Riahi S" first="Siavash" last="Riahi">Siavash Riahi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-08-01645"> Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. 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Box 14155-6451, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Medical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norouzi, Parviz" sort="Norouzi, Parviz" uniqKey="Norouzi P" first="Parviz" last="Norouzi">Parviz Norouzi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-08-01645"> Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riahi, Siavash" sort="Riahi, Siavash" uniqKey="Riahi S" first="Siavash" last="Riahi">Siavash Riahi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-08-01645"> Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Ionophore incorporated PVC membrane sensors are well-established analytical tools routinely used for the selective and direct measurement of a wide variety of different ions in complex biological and environmental samples. Potentiometric sensors have some outstanding advantages including simple design and operation, wide linear dynamic range, relatively fast response and rational selectivity. The vital component of such plasticized PVC members is the ionophore involved, defining the selectivity of the electrodes' complex formation. Molecular recognition causes the formation of many different supramolecules. Different types of supramolecules, like calixarenes, cyclodextrins and podands, have been used as a sensing material in the construction of ion selective sensors. Schiff's bases and crown ethers, which feature prominently in supramolecular chemistry, can be used as sensing materials in the construction of potentiometric ion selective electrodes. Up to now, more than 200 potentiometric membrane sensors for cations and anions based on Schiff's bases and crown ethers have been reported. In this review cation binding and anion complexes will be described. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3663017</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-08-01645</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Schiff's Bases and Crown Ethers as Supramolecular Sensing Materials in the Construction of Potentiometric Membrane Sensors</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Faridbod</surname><given-names>Farnoush</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-08-01645"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ganjali</surname><given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-08-01645"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-08-01645"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dinarvand</surname><given-names>Rassoul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-08-01645"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Norouzi</surname><given-names>Parviz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-08-01645"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Riahi</surname><given-names>Siavash</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-sensors-08-01645"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-08-01645"><label>1</label> Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-08-01645"><label>2</label> Medical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran</aff><aff id="af3-sensors-08-01645"><label>3</label> Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-08-01645"><label>*</label> Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: <email>ganjali@khayam.ut.ac.ir</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>3</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>1645</fpage><lpage>1703</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2008</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2008 by MDPI</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><license><license-p>Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Ionophore incorporated PVC membrane sensors are well-established analytical tools routinely used for the selective and direct measurement of a wide variety of different ions in complex biological and environmental samples. Potentiometric sensors have some outstanding advantages including simple design and operation, wide linear dynamic range, relatively fast response and rational selectivity. The vital component of such plasticized PVC members is the ionophore involved, defining the selectivity of the electrodes' complex formation. Molecular recognition causes the formation of many different supramolecules. Different types of supramolecules, like calixarenes, cyclodextrins and podands, have been used as a sensing material in the construction of ion selective sensors. Schiff's bases and crown ethers, which feature prominently in supramolecular chemistry, can be used as sensing materials in the construction of potentiometric ion selective electrodes. Up to now, more than 200 potentiometric membrane sensors for cations and anions based on Schiff's bases and crown ethers have been reported. In this review cation binding and anion complexes will be described. Liquid membrane sensors based on Schiff's bases and crown ethers will then be discussed.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Supramolecule</kwd><kwd>Potentiometric membrane</kwd><kwd>Sensor</kwd><kwd>Ion Selective Electrode</kwd><kwd>Schiff's Base</kwd><kwd>Crown Ether</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>An example of an UV-Vis. spectrum for complexation study. A: ligand spectrum; B: the complex spectrum; C: metal ion spectrum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>An example of fluorescence spectrum for complexation study. The ligand fluorescence intensity is quenched in the presence of increseing concentration of metal ion.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>An example of polarographic study for complexation. Differential pulse polarogram of a metal ion in the absence (1) and in the presensce of the increasing ligand concentration (from 2 to 5).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Some examples of theoretical calculation for complexation study. Optimal conformation of the ionophore complexation with ions is shown in these figures.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Structure of a podand.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>A symmetric tripod ligand.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Structure of a porphyrin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Structure of a calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>Structure of bis(5-phenyl azo salicylaldehyde) 2,3-naphthalene diimine (5PHAZOSALNPHN) (Al<sup>3+</sup>-1).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f9"></graphic></fig><fig id="f10-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label><caption><p>Structures of two suitable ionophores used in construction of the Pb<sup>2+</sup> selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f10"></graphic></fig><fig id="f11-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label><caption><p>Structures of some ionophores used in construction of the lanthanide selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f11"></graphic></fig><fig id="f12-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label><caption><p>Structures of two suitable ionophores used in construction of the Cr<sup>3+</sup> selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f12"></graphic></fig><fig id="f13-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label><caption><p>Structures of some symmetric Schiff's base ionophores used in construction of the Cu<sup>2+</sup> selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f13"></graphic></fig><fig id="f14-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 14.</label><caption><p>Structures of ionophores used in construction of the Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Hg<sup>2+</sup> selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f14"></graphic></fig><fig id="f15-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 15.</label><caption><p>Structures of some suitable Schiff's base complexes used in construction of some anion selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f15"></graphic></fig><fig id="f16-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 16.</label><caption><p>Structures of two salens used in construction of some anion selective membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f16"></graphic></fig><fig id="f17-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 17.</label><caption><p>The basic structure of a hydrazone.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f17"></graphic></fig><fig id="f18-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 18.</label><caption><p>Structures of some crwon ethers and cryptands.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f18"></graphic></fig><fig id="f19-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 19.</label><caption><p>Structures of some aza crown ethers and cryptands.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f19"></graphic></fig><fig id="f20-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 20.</label><caption><p>Controlling the recognition ability of crown ethers through an external stimulus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-sensors-08-01645">3</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f20"></graphic></fig><fig id="f21-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 21.</label><caption><p>Loss of binding ability through redox reactions between thiol and disulfide groups [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-sensors-08-01645">3</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f21"></graphic></fig><fig id="f22-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 22.</label><caption><p>Some structures of crown ethers used as supramolecular ionophores in construction of the first group metal cations membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f22"></graphic></fig><fig id="f23-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 23.</label><caption><p>Some structures of crown ethers used as supramolecular ionophores in construction of the Be<sup>2+</sup> membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f23"></graphic></fig><fig id="f24-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 24.</label><caption><p>Some structures of crown ethers used as supramolecular ionophores in construction of the Pb<sup>2+</sup> membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f24"></graphic></fig><fig id="f25-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 25.</label><caption><p>A structure of a crown ether used as supramolecular ionophore in the construction of the Ag<sup>+</sup> membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f25"></graphic></fig><fig id="f26-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Figure 26.</label><caption><p>Some structures of crown ethers used as supramolecular ionophore in the construction of the Hg<sup>2+</sup> membrane sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f26"></graphic></fig><fig id="f27-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Scheme 1.</label><caption><p>Schiff's base formation from aldehyde or ketone.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f27"></graphic></fig><fig id="f28-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Scheme 2.</label><caption><p>Synthesis method of the first crown ether.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-01645f28"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>A number of reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on Schiff's bases and their complexes.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>> -2)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(5-phenyl azo salicylaldehyde)-2,3-naphthalene diimine (5PHAZOSALNPHN)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0× 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>,NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>,Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82-sensors-08-01645">82</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sn<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-diphenyl-3,5-diazabicyclo-[3.1.0]-hex-2-ene (NDDBH)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.8 ± 1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>,Cs<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b83-sensors-08-01645">83</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(acetylacetone)-<italic>p</italic>-phenylenediamine-lead(II) [LPb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]H<sub>2</sub>O complex ionophore</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-5</sup>-1× 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-sensors-08-01645">84</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis(5-methylsalicylidene)-<italic>p</italic>-diphenylenemethane diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-0.10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85-sensors-08-01645">85</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis(3-methylsalicylidine)-<italic>p</italic>-phenylmethane diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.3 ± 0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-0.10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86-sensors-08-01645">86</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base as a neutral carrier</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4± 0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b87-sensors-08-01645">87</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis-thiophene-2-yl-methyleneethane -1,2-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.79</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b88-sensors-08-01645">88</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis(salicylidene)-2,6-pyridinediamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b89-sensors-08-01645">89</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane (I)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0± 0.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b90-sensors-08-01645">90</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A new Schiff's base with sulfur and nitrogen donor atoms (2-({(<italic>E</italic>)1,2-diphenyl-2-[(2-2-sulfanylphenyl)imino]ethylidene} amino)-1-benzenethiol</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sc<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b91-sensors-08-01645">91</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis (2-mercaptoanil) diacetyl (BMDA)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup> and 10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b92-sensors-08-01645">92</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(thiophenal)phenylen-1,3-diamine (TPD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b93-sensors-08-01645">93</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ce<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N</italic>-bis[2-(salicylideneamino)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41×10<sup>-7</sup>- 1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b94-sensors-08-01645">94</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gd<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S-N</italic> Schiff s base (2-[{3-[(2-sulfanylphenyl)imino)- 1-methylbutylidene}amino]phenyl hydrosulfide (SMPH)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8 ± 0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>-1.0× 10<sup>-5</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tb<sup>3+</sup>, Dy<sup>3+</sup>, Eu<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b95-sensors-08-01645">95</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gd<sup>+3</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(thiophenal) pyridine-2,6-diamine (BPD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4 ± 0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b96-sensors-08-01645">96</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tb<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N</italic>-bis(pyrrolidene) benzene-1,2-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup>3+</sup>, Dy<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b97-sensors-08-01645">97</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dy<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N</italic>-bis(pyrrolidene) benzene-1,2-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6±0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ce<sup>3+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b98-sensors-08-01645">98</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dy<sup>+3</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a new asymmetrical Schiff's base [(<italic>E</italic>)-<italic>N</italic>-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-benzohydraide] or BBH</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1± 0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yb<sup>3+</sup>, Tm<sup>3+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b99-sensors-08-01645">99</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ho<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>-(1-thien-2-yl-methylene)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lu<sup>3+</sup>, Dy<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b100-sensors-08-01645">100</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lu<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a new asymmetrically <italic>S-N</italic> Schiff's base, <italic>N</italic>-(thien-2-ylmethylene)-pyridine-2,6-diamine (TPD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5 ± 0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-2</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>3+</sup>, Dy<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b101-sensors-08-01645">101</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,2′- [1,2-ethanediyl bis (nitriloethylidene)]bis(1-naphthalene)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5± 0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-1</sup>-10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b102-sensors-08-01645">102</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a new tridentate <italic>S,N,O</italic> Schiff's base 4-hydroxysalicylade-2-mercaptoanil (TSNO)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b103-sensors-08-01645">103</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3,8,9-tetraphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododeca-1,3,7,9-tetraene (TTCT)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b104-sensors-08-01645">104</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-O,O′-(1,2-dioxetane-1,2-diyl) oxime</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6 and 19.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5×10<sup>-6</sup> − 8.0×10<sup>-3</sup> M for PME and 4.0×10<sup>-7</sup> − 3.0×10<sup>-3</sup> M for CGCE</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b105-sensors-08-01645">105</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>-(1-thien-2-ylethylidene)-benzene-1,2-diamine (SNS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.9± 0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-6</sup>- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Eu<sup>3+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b106-sensors-08-01645">106</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff bases, <italic>N</italic>-(acetoacetanilide)-1,2-diaminoethane (L-1) and <italic>N,N′</italic>-bis (acetoacetanilide)-triethylene-tetrammine (L-2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9× 10<sup>-8</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b107-sensors-08-01645">107</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′,N″,N‴</italic>-1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane-bis(salicylaldiminato) (H<sub>2</sub>L)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0× 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b108-sensors-08-01645">108</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-[(2-hydroxy-1-propenyl-buta-1,3-dienylimino)-methyl]-4-<italic>p</italic>-tolylazo-phen ol [HPDTP]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5± 0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5× 10<sup>-6</sup>-4.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b109-sensors-08-01645">109</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-((4-nitrophenyl)azo)-<italic>N</italic>-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)salicylaldimine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b110-sensors-08-01645">110</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thiophene-derivative Schiff base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5± 1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b111-sensors-08-01645">111</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-benzene-1,2-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-2</sup>-2.0× 10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b112-sensors-08-01645">112</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff bases, <italic>N</italic>-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-<italic>N′</italic>-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-ethylenediamine and <italic>N</italic>-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-Al'-(2-picolyl)ethylenediatmine (II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 and 29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3×10<sup>-6</sup> to 5.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup> and 3.2×10<sup>-6</sup> to 5.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b113-sensors-08-01645">113</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N<sup>1</sup>,N<sup>2</sup></italic>-bis((naphthalen-1-ymethylene)ethane-1,2-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup> -5.0 ×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b114-sensors-08-01645">114</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">two Schiff base ligands: <italic>N</italic>-[2-thienylmethylidene]-2-propanolamine (TNAIIP) and <italic>N</italic>-[-2-thienylmethylidene]aminopropane (TNAP)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b115-sensors-08-01645">115</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrodes 1 and 2 are based on mixed complexes of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with <italic>N</italic>-[2-thienylmethylidene]-2-aminopyridine as ligand and electrodes 3 and 4 are based on the mixed complexes with <italic>N,N′</italic>- [2,2′-bis-thienylmethylidene]tolylene</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b116-sensors-08-01645">116</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>-[2-thienylmethilidene]-2-aminoethanol (TNAHE)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 and 29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup> and 10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b117-sensors-08-01645">117</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">naphthol-derivative Schiff's base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29± 1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-5.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b118-sensors-08-01645">118</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis-2-thiophenal propanediamine (TPDA)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>- 6.0×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b119-sensors-08-01645">119</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">new thiophene-derivative Schiffs base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.3± 0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-8</sup>- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b120-sensors-08-01645">120</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diphenylisocyanate bis(acetylacetone) ethylenedinnine (DIBAE)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup> -1.0 ×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b121-sensors-08-01645">121</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,2′- [4,4′diphenyl-methanebis-(nitrilomethylidyne)]-bisphenol</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0× 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0× 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b122-sensors-08-01645">122</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,2-[1,2-ethandiyl-bis(nitrilomethylidine)-bis] <italic>m</italic>-cresol-(l),2,2-[1,2-ethandiyl-bis(nitrilomethylidine)-bis] <italic>p</italic>-cresol(II) and 2,2′- [1,2-ethandiyl-bis(nitritomethylidine)-bis]ortho cresole(III)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2± 0.3, 29.7 ± 0.3 and 28.2 ± 0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b123-sensors-08-01645">123</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis-pyridin-2-ylmethylene-naphthalene-1,8-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup> - 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b124-sensors-08-01645">124</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)-butane-2,3-dihydrazone (BHAB)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-8</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b125-sensors-08-01645">125</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Copper (II) complex of 2,4-dimethyl-1,5,9,12-tetraazacyclopentadeca-1,4-diene</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b126-sensors-08-01645">126</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-(1′-(4′-(1″-hydroxy-2′-naphthyl)-methyleneamino)butyI imino-methyl)-1-naphthol (BHNB) as a novel Schiff base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b127-sensors-08-01645">127</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff Base complexes, derived from 2,3-diaminopyridine and omicron-vanilin</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup> to 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b128-sensors-08-01645">128</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-12 (micro)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a symmetrical hexadentate Schiffs base 2-{1-(<italic>E</italic>)-2-((<italic>Z</italic>)-2-{(<italic>E</italic>)-2-[(<italic>Z</italic>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene] hydrazono)-1-methylpropylidene)-hydrazono]ethyl)phenol (HDNOS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.9 ± 0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-11</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-5</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b129-sensors-08-01645">129</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">copper(II) salicylaniline Schiffs base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>,Na<sup>+</sup>,Cs<sup>+</sup>,k<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b130-sensors-08-01645">130</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">naphthol-derivative Schiff's base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-5.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>,Ni<sup>2+</sup>,Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b131-sensors-08-01645">131</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis(acetylacetone)ethylenediimine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b132-sensors-08-01645">132</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base-<italic>p-tert</italic>-butylcalix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b133-sensors-08-01645">133</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a dioxime-type Schiff base, <italic>N,N′</italic>-bis(2′-hydroxyimino-1′-phenyl-propylidene)-1,3-propanediamine, PHO3, derived from α-isonitrosopropiophenone and 1,3-diaminopropane</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6..3</sup> -10<sup>-1.1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b134-sensors-08-01645">134</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base <italic>p-tert</italic>-butyl calix-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene derivatives containing <italic>N</italic> and <italic>O</italic> as binding sites</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b135-sensors-08-01645">135</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene compound of 5,11,17,23-tetra-<italic>tert</italic>-butyl-25,27-dihydroxy-calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene-thiacrown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8 ± 1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b136-sensors-08-01645">136</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>] arene derivative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0× 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b137-sensors-08-01645">137</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[bis 5-(4-nitrophenyl azo)salisylaldimine] 1,8-diamino, 3,6-dioxooctane (BNSAO)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.2 and 58.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 × 10<sup>−6</sup> − 2.7 × 10<sup>−2</sup> and 9.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> − 3.1 × 10<sup>−2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b138-sensors-08-01645">138</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dihydroxy-calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene-thiacrown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8 ± 1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b139-sensors-08-01645">139</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,8: 16,17-dibenzo- 6,9,15,18-tetraoxo- 1,5,10,14-tetrathiacyclooctadeca-7,16- diene [Bz(2)Oxo(4)(18) dieneS(4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b140-sensors-08-01645">140</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-[((4-Methyl phenyl) azo)-<italic>N</italic>-(6-amino-2-pyridin) salicylaldimine] (S-1), and 5-[((4-methyl phenyl) azo)-<italic>N</italic>-(2-diamino-2-cyano-1-ethyl cyanide) salicylaldehyde] (S-2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 and 22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5×10<sup>-1</sup>-7.5×10<sup>-7</sup> and 2.0×10<sup>-1</sup>-4.0×10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b141-sensors-08-01645">141</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>- [bis(pyridm-2-yl)-formylidene] butane- 1,4-diamine (SI) and N-(2-pyridinylmethylene)-1,2-benzenediamine (S-2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9 ×10<sup>-8</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>NH<sup>4+</sup>Cr<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b142-sensors-08-01645">142</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>+2</sup>,Cu<sup>+2</sup> -1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tetraethylthiuram disulfide was chosen as a chemical modifier</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.4 and 43.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-3</sup>and 10<sup>−7.18</sup>- 10<sup>−3.67</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b143-sensors-08-01645">143</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">sulfur Schiff's base 1-(2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethylidene)thiosemicarbazide (HDPET)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> -2.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b144-sensors-08-01645">144</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis[5-((4-nitrophenyl)azo salicylaldehyde)] (BNAS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 ×10<sup>-2</sup> -7.0× 10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b145-sensors-08-01645">145</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ethylenediamine bisthiophene-carboxaldehyde (EDBT)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b146-sensors-08-01645">146</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl-2-(benzoylamino)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate (EBHMP)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.5 ± 1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>-3.1× 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>,Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b147-sensors-08-01645">147</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(2-hydroxybenzophenone) butane-2,3-dihydrazone (HBBD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0× 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>,Cd<sup>2+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b148-sensors-08-01645">148</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">tricoordinate Schiff base copper(II) complex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b149-sensors-08-01645">149</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">two zinc(II) ions and two molecules of the bis-<italic>N,O</italic>-bidentate Schiff base 2,2′- [methylenebis(4,1-phenylenenitrilomethylidyne)]bisphenol</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-3.5</sup> - 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sup>3-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b150-sensors-08-01645">150</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cadmium-Schiff's base complex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b151-sensors-08-01645">151</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>N,N′</italic>-bis-salicylidene-1,2-ethylenediamine)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>, I<sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b152-sensors-08-01645">152</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2-[(1,3-dimethyl-1,3-propanediylidene)dinitrilo]bis-benzenethiolato cadmium(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>, Br<sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b153-sensors-08-01645">153</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">butane-2,3-dione bis(salicylhydrazonato) zinc(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-56.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b154-sensors-08-01645">154</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base complex of Zn(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.7 and -29.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b155-sensors-08-01645">155</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">strontium Schiff's base complex (SS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-2</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b156-sensors-08-01645">156</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">zinc-Schiff base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-2</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b157-sensors-08-01645">157</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-ethylenebis(5-hydroxysalicylideneiminato) chromium(III) Chloride</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-4.8× 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>, HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b158-sensors-08-01645">158</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallium(III)-Schiff base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-61.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b159-sensors-08-01645">159</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ruthenium(III) Schiff's base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-54.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>-3.0×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b160-sensors-08-01645">160</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base complex of cobalt(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5×10<sup>-5</sup>-0.5×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Br<sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b161-sensors-08-01645">161</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base complex of Fe(III)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-71.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> -5.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>, F<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b162-sensors-08-01645">162</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-<italic>N,N</italic>-dimethylaminobenzene)porphyrinato]Mn(III) acetate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ×10<sup>-2</sup>-7.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salicylate, SCN<sup>-</sup>, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b163-sensors-08-01645">163</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis (salicylaldehyde) ethylenediamine mercury(II) complex MS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>-8</sup>-10 × 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b164-sensors-08-01645">164</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-1,2-propylene-bis-(5-methyl salicylidene iminato) copper(H)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-61.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 ×10<sup>-5</sup> -0.7× 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>, SCN<sup>-</sup>, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b165-sensors-08-01645">165</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a Charge-Transfer Complex of (1,3-diphenyldihydro-1H-Imidazole-4,5-dione dioxide with Iodide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b166-sensors-08-01645">166</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-(((2(((<italic>E</italic>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) methylidine)amino)phenyl) imino) methyl)phenol with iodine (CTC)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>-8</sup>-1.0× 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b167-sensors-08-01645">167</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base 2,2′ [4,4′-diphenyl-methane bis (nitromethylidyne)] bisphenol, L, with copper (II) and schiff base 2,2′ [4,4′-diphenyl-methane bis (nitromethylidyne)] bisphenol, L, with iron (III)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-6</sup>- 8.0×10<sup>-1</sup> and 5.0×10<sup>-5</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>, Salicylate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b168-sensors-08-01645">168</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis-<italic>N,O</italic>-bidentate Schiff base</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-61.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0×10-5- 0.7×10-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b169-sensors-08-01645">169</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salycilate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schiff base complexes of Co(III)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 ×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b170-sensors-08-01645">170</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salycilate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">the complex <italic>N,N′</italic>-1,4-butylene bis(3-methyl salicylidene iminato) copper(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b171-sensors-08-01645">171</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cysteine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediaminocobalt(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 ×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b172-sensors-08-01645">172</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>A number of reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on salen.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>> -2)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co(II)-Salen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b174-sensors-08-01645">174</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vanadyl salen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>-5.0×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b175-sensors-08-01645">175</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">oxo-molybdenum methyl-salen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup> - 4.0×10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b176-sensors-08-01645">176</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">oxo-molybdenum methyl-salen (MS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>-4.0×10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b177-sensors-08-01645">177</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Br<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">iron(III)-salen (IS)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>, I<sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b178-sensors-08-01645">178</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">salen-Mn(II)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-3.4 ×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CN<sup>-</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b179-sensors-08-01645">179</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cerium-salen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-2</sup> -8.0×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b180-sensors-08-01645">180</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mercury-salen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0±0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>−8</sup>−1.0×10<sup>−2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b181-sensors-08-01645">181</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>A number of reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on salophen.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>> -2)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine (salophen)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0 ×10<sup>-7</sup> -3.0× 10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b182-sensors-08-01645">182</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co(II)-salophen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b183-sensors-08-01645">183</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uranyl salophen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-3</sup> -10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b184-sensors-08-01645">184</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uranyl salophenes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b185-sensors-08-01645">185</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">vanadyl salophen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-24.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-1</sup>-10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b186-sensors-08-01645">186</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">uranyl salophen derivatives</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-56</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-4</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b187-sensors-08-01645">187</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cobalt-salophen</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 58.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 ×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b188-sensors-08-01645">188</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>A number of reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on hydrazone derivatives.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log Ksel > -2)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>-adipylbis(5-phenylazosalicylaldehyde hydrazone)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup> -10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yb<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b189-sensors-08-01645">189</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bis(2-methylbenzaldehyde)-butane-2,3-dihydrazone (TDSB)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Pr<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b190-sensors-08-01645">190</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>-[hexahydrocyclopenta-pyrol-2((1H)yl)amino]-carbonyl]-4-methylbenzene sulfonamide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−6</sup>-10<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b191-sensors-08-01645">191</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-hydroxy-<italic>N′</italic>-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-naphthohydrazide (HPMN)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−7</sup>-10<sup>−2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yb<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b192-sensors-08-01645">192</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8-amino-<italic>N</italic>-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)naphthylamine (AIP)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.3 ± 0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b193-sensors-08-01645">193</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N′</italic>-(1-pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-furohydrazide (NPYFH)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2 ± 0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Nd<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b194-sensors-08-01645">194</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)benzohydrazide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−2</sup>-10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Er<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b195-sensors-08-01645">195</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>-(2-furylmethylene) pyridine-2,6-diamine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b196-sensors-08-01645">196</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>+3</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-{[(6-aminopyridin-2-yl)imino]methyl}phenol</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b197-sensors-08-01645">197</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-{[2-oxo-1(2<italic>H</italic>)-acenaphthylenyliden]amino} -2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b198-sensors-08-01645">198</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eu<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(thiophenol)butane2,3-dihydrazone</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0 × 10-<sup>2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b199-sensors-08-01645">199</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Er<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-2-(4-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)hydrazone</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Tm<sup>3+</sup>,Gd<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b200-sensors-08-01645">200</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Er<sup>+3</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N′</italic>-(2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-ethylidene) benzohydrazide (HDEBH)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ho<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b201-sensors-08-01645">201</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Er<sup>+3</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>′-(2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl- ethylidene) benzohydrazide (HDEBH)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 (microelectrode)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-3</sup>-3.0×10<sup>-10</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b202-sensors-08-01645">202</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tm<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-(7-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)hydrazone</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>–10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Er<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b203-sensors-08-01645">203</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yb<sup>+3</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-hydroxy-<italic>N′</italic>- [(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]-2-naphthohydrazide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−7</sup>-10<sup>−2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>3+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>,Gd<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b204-sensors-08-01645">204</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(2-hydroxybenzophenone) butane-2,3-dihydrazone (HBBD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>,Cd<sup>2+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b205-sensors-08-01645">205</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">complex of iodine and bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)-butane-2,3-dihydrazone.”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58. 99 ± 0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-2</sup> - 5.0×10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b206-sensors-08-01645">206</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde)butane-2,3-dihydrazone with iodine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-60.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b207-sensors-08-01645">207</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)butane-2,3-dihydrazone.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58.99</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-2</sup> - 5.0×10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b208-sensors-08-01645">208</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>Cavity size of some simple crown ethers and cryptands [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b209-sensors-08-01645">209</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b210-sensors-08-01645">210</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Compound</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Size of the Cavity (Å)</bold></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15-crown-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7-2.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6-3.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21-crown-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4-4.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 111</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 211</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 221</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 222</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 322</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 332</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td></tr><tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cryptand 333</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t6-sensors-08-01645" position="float"><label>Table 6.</label><caption><p>A number of reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on crown ethers.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>> -2)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decalino-14-Crown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup> − 1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b211-sensors-08-01645">211</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tnf-Based 16-Crown-4 Derivatives</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-5</sup> -1×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>,NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b212-sensors-08-01645">212</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lipophilic Crown-4 Derivatives</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>,NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b213-sensors-08-01645">213</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16-crown-4 derivatives</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7×10<sup>-4</sup> - 1.5×10<sup>-3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b214-sensors-08-01645">214</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bis[(12-crown-4)methyl] methyl(dodecyl)malonate [bis(12-crown-4)] and polyether-amide compounds (ETH 157, ETH 2120)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-4</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b215-sensors-08-01645">215</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bis(10-crown-3)-hexamethylenebis(3,6,10-trioxacycloundecane)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-5</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b216-sensors-08-01645">216</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crown-bridged calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]quinones</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-4</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b217-sensors-08-01645">217</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzopyridino-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-4</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b218-sensors-08-01645">218</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-methyl-1-vinyl-14-crown-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b219-sensors-08-01645">219</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">styrene/4(-vinylbenzo-24-crown-8) copolymer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b220-sensors-08-01645">220</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bis(crown ether) ionophore containing two benzo-15-crown-5 moieties</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup> 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b221-sensors-08-01645">221</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rb<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">crown ethers incorporating anthraquinone, benzoquinone, and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>,Mg<sup>2+</sup>,NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>,Li<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b222-sensors-08-01645">222</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rb<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzo-21-crown-7 (DB21C7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup> -5.0 ×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b223-sensors-08-01645">223</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cs<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">upper-rim calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]crown</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup> -1×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rb<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b224-sensors-08-01645">224</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cs<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene dibenzocrown ether</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup> -1 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b225-sensors-08-01645">225</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cs<sup>+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3-alternate thiacalix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]biscrown-6,6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> to 3.2×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b226-sensors-08-01645">226</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-9-crown-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5×10<sup>-6</sup>-4.0×10<sup>-3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b227-sensors-08-01645">227</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineben zo-9-crown-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>- 4.0× 10<sup>-7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b228-sensors-08-01645">228</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">naphto-9-crown-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>- 8.0×10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b229-sensors-08-01645">229</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydro-1,4,7,10-benzotetra oxacyclododecine-12-carbaldehyde-12-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+2</sup>, Li<sup>+,</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b230-sensors-08-01645">230</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,6-diphenyl-4-benzo-9-crown-3-pyridine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>−7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>+2</sup>,Ca<sup>+2</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>,Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b231-sensors-08-01645">231</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydronaphto [2,3-b]- [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-sensors-08-01645">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-sensors-08-01645">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-sensors-08-01645">10</xref>] tetraoxacyclododecine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>−8</sup>-1.0×10<sup>−2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b232-sensors-08-01645">232</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a derivative of benzo-9-crown-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>−6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b233-sensors-08-01645">233</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>-8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a derivative of benzo-9-crown-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>−7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b234-sensors-08-01645">234</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-15-crown-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>. Mg<sup>2+</sup>,</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b235-sensors-08-01645">235</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr<sup>+2</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzo-24-crown-8(I) and 4-tert-butylcalix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-sensors-08-01645">8</xref>]arene</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b236-sensors-08-01645">236</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr<sup>+2</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamides</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b237-sensors-08-01645">237</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15-crown-5 (15C5), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8×10<sup>-5</sup> -5.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b238-sensors-08-01645">238</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzyldiaza-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b239-sensors-08-01645">239</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sn<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzo-18-crown-6(DB18C6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b240-sensors-08-01645">240</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">monobenzo-15-crown-5 (MB15C5), MB15C5-phosphotungstic acid (PW) and MB15C5-phosphomolybdic acid (PMo)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-1</sup> -1×10<sup>-5</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b241-sensors-08-01645">241</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzodiaza-15-crown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b242-sensors-08-01645">242</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4′-vinylbenzo-15-crown-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 ×10<sup>-3</sup>- 1.0 ×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b243-sensors-08-01645">243</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dithiophenediazacrown ether derivatives.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 <sup>5.0</sup>- 10 <sup>2.7</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b244-sensors-08-01645">244</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,10-dibenzyl-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1and 28.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0× 10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b245-sensors-08-01645">245</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-membered thiacrown derivative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-6</sup>-8.0× 10<sup>-3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b246-sensors-08-01645">246</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N,N′-dimethylcyanodiaza-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b247-sensors-08-01645">247</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">monoaza-12-crown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5 ± 1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16 ×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>,Mg<sup>2+</sup>,Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>,Zn<sup>2+</sup>,Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>,Ce<sup>3+</sup>,Eu<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b248-sensors-08-01645">248</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ce<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3,5-trithiane</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.7 × 10<sup>-4</sup>-2.5 ×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b249-sensors-08-01645">249</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Different ionophoric species, viz.: 18-crown-6 (18C6), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) and calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-sensors-08-01645">6</xref>]arene (CAX)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5and 20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup> - 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b250-sensors-08-01645">250</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-18-crown-6 crown ether</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7±1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b251-sensors-08-01645">251</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.2×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b252-sensors-08-01645">252</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzopyridino-substituted macrocyclic diamide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b253-sensors-08-01645">253</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzodiaza-15-crown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.2×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pd<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b254-sensors-08-01645">254</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aza-thioether crowns containing a 1,10-phenanthroline sub-unit</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>−5</sup>-2×10<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>+3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b255-sensors-08-01645">255</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23-member macrocyclic diamide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2×10<sup>−5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b256-sensors-08-01645">256</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lipophilic pyrrole-based tetraazacrown ether</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b257-sensors-08-01645">257</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diaza-18-crown-6, containing two oxime donor groups</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b258-sensors-08-01645">258</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hexathia-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-3.2×10<sup>-3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b259-sensors-08-01645">259</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aza-thioether crowns containing a 1,10-phenanthroline sub-unit</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.4 and 59.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup> and 5.0×10<sup>-8</sup>-4.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Tl<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b260-sensors-08-01645">260</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exocyclic sulfur and selenium ligands based on calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arenes and crown ethers</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b261-sensors-08-01645">261</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dihydroxy-calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]arene-thiacrown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8 ± 1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>- 1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b262-sensors-08-01645">262</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>-7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,10-phenanthroline subunit</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b263-sensors-08-01645">263</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cryptand C2(B)22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-5.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b264-sensors-08-01645">264</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzo-24-crown-8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0±0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b265-sensors-08-01645">265</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamide</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b266-sensors-08-01645">266</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dicyclohexano-24-crown-8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0×10<sup>-5</sup> -1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b267-sensors-08-01645">267</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dicyclohexano-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 ±1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b268-sensors-08-01645">268</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">tetrathia-12-crown-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 ±1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b269-sensors-08-01645">269</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">monoaza-18-crown-6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>,Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b270-sensors-08-01645">270</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p-tert-butyl calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-01645">4</xref>]crown with imine units</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-5</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b271-sensors-08-01645">271</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pentathia-15-crown-5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.51×10<sup>-7</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b272-sensors-08-01645">272</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzodiazathia-18-crown-6-dione</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b273-sensors-08-01645">273</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>-4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hexathia-18-crown-6-tetraone</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 ±0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0×10<sup>-6</sup>-1.0×10<sup>-3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b274-sensors-08-01645">274</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two different charge-transfer complexes and amino crown ether</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup> - 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b275-sensors-08-01645">275</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)-1,8-dimethyl-1,3,6,8,10,13-hexaazacyclotetradecane complex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0×10<sup>-6</sup> - 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b276-sensors-08-01645">276</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(II)-azamacrocycle complex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup> - 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b277-sensors-08-01645">277</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,5-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetraaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0×10<sup>-6</sup> - 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b278-sensors-08-01645">278</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous 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