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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Plasmonic enhanced emissions from cubic NaYF<sub>4</sub>
:Yb: Er/Tm nanophosphors</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sudheendra, L" sort="Sudheendra, L" uniqKey="Sudheendra L" first="L." last="Sudheendra">L. Sudheendra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ortalan, Volkan" sort="Ortalan, Volkan" uniqKey="Ortalan V" first="Volkan" last="Ortalan">Volkan Ortalan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dey, Sanchita" sort="Dey, Sanchita" uniqKey="Dey S" first="Sanchita" last="Dey">Sanchita Dey</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Browning, Nigel D" sort="Browning, Nigel D" uniqKey="Browning N" first="Nigel D." last="Browning">Nigel D. Browning</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kennedy, I M" sort="Kennedy, I M" uniqKey="Kennedy I" first="I. M." last="Kennedy">I. M. Kennedy</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">21709812</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3119558</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119558</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3119558</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1021/cm2006814</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000253</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000253</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Plasmonic enhanced emissions from cubic NaYF<sub>4</sub>
:Yb: Er/Tm nanophosphors</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sudheendra, L" sort="Sudheendra, L" uniqKey="Sudheendra L" first="L." last="Sudheendra">L. Sudheendra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ortalan, Volkan" sort="Ortalan, Volkan" uniqKey="Ortalan V" first="Volkan" last="Ortalan">Volkan Ortalan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dey, Sanchita" sort="Dey, Sanchita" uniqKey="Dey S" first="Sanchita" last="Dey">Sanchita Dey</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Browning, Nigel D" sort="Browning, Nigel D" uniqKey="Browning N" first="Nigel D." last="Browning">Nigel D. Browning</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kennedy, I M" sort="Kennedy, I M" uniqKey="Kennedy I" first="I. M." last="Kennedy">I. M. Kennedy</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0897-4756</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">A metal shell was used in this study to provide significant enhancement of the up-converted emission from cubic NaYF<italic><sub>4</sub>
</italic>
nanoparticles, creating a valuable composite material for labeling in biology and other applications – use of the cubic form of the material obviates the need to undertake a high temperature transformation to the naturally more efficient hexagonal phase. The NaYF<sub>4</sub>
matrix contained ytterbium sensitizer and an Erbium (Er) or Thulium (Tm) activator. The particle sizes of the as-synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 20–40 nm with a gold shell thickness of 4–8 nm. The gold shell was macroscopically amorphous. The synthesis method was based on a citrate chelation. In this approach, we exploited the ability of the citrate ion to act as a reductant and stabilizer. Confining the citrate ion reductant on the nanophosphor surface rather than in the solution was critical to the gold shell formation. The plasmonic shell enhanced the up-conversion emission of Tm from visible and near-infrared regions by up to a factor of 8, in addition to imparting a visible color arising from the plasmon absorption of the gold shell. The up-conversion enhancement observed with Tm and Er were different for similar gold coverages, with local crystal field changes as a possible route to enhance up-conversion emission from high symmetry structural hosts. These novel up-converting nanophosphor particles combine the phosphor and features of a gold shell, providing a unique platform for many biological imaging and labeling applications.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">9884133</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">22895</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Chem Mater</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0897-4756</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21709812</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3119558</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/cm2006814</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS298153</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Plasmonic enhanced emissions from cubic NaYF<sub>4</sub>
:Yb: Er/Tm nanophosphors</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sudheendra</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ortalan</surname>
<given-names>Volkan</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dey</surname>
<given-names>Sanchita</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Browning</surname>
<given-names>Nigel D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kennedy</surname>
<given-names>I.M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>a</label>
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>b</label>
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>*</label>
Corresponding author; Tel, 530 752 2796; FAX, 2062022448; <email>imkennedy@ucdavis.edu</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>30</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>14</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>14</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>2987</fpage>
<lpage>2993</lpage>
<abstract><p id="P1">A metal shell was used in this study to provide significant enhancement of the up-converted emission from cubic NaYF<italic><sub>4</sub>
</italic>
nanoparticles, creating a valuable composite material for labeling in biology and other applications – use of the cubic form of the material obviates the need to undertake a high temperature transformation to the naturally more efficient hexagonal phase. The NaYF<sub>4</sub>
matrix contained ytterbium sensitizer and an Erbium (Er) or Thulium (Tm) activator. The particle sizes of the as-synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 20–40 nm with a gold shell thickness of 4–8 nm. The gold shell was macroscopically amorphous. The synthesis method was based on a citrate chelation. In this approach, we exploited the ability of the citrate ion to act as a reductant and stabilizer. Confining the citrate ion reductant on the nanophosphor surface rather than in the solution was critical to the gold shell formation. The plasmonic shell enhanced the up-conversion emission of Tm from visible and near-infrared regions by up to a factor of 8, in addition to imparting a visible color arising from the plasmon absorption of the gold shell. The up-conversion enhancement observed with Tm and Er were different for similar gold coverages, with local crystal field changes as a possible route to enhance up-conversion emission from high symmetry structural hosts. These novel up-converting nanophosphor particles combine the phosphor and features of a gold shell, providing a unique platform for many biological imaging and labeling applications.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Cubic-NaYF<sub>4</sub>
</kwd>
<kwd>Up-converting nanophosphor</kwd>
<kwd>Citrate method</kwd>
<kwd>Gold coating</kwd>
<kwd>Up-conversion emission</kwd>
<kwd>Plasmonic enhancement</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United States">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences : NIEHS</funding-source>
<award-id>P42 ES004699-24 || ES</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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