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<title xml:lang="en">Spectrally resolving and scattering-compensated x-ray luminescence/fluorescence computed tomography</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cong, Wenxiang" sort="Cong, Wenxiang" uniqKey="Cong W" first="Wenxiang" last="Cong">Wenxiang Cong</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, Haiou" sort="Shen, Haiou" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Haiou" last="Shen">Haiou Shen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Ge" sort="Wang, Ge" uniqKey="Wang G" first="Ge" last="Wang">Ge Wang</name>
</author>
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<idno type="pmid">21721815</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3133802</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133802</idno>
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<idno type="doi">10.1117/1.3592499</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Spectrally resolving and scattering-compensated x-ray luminescence/fluorescence computed tomography</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cong, Wenxiang" sort="Cong, Wenxiang" uniqKey="Cong W" first="Wenxiang" last="Cong">Wenxiang Cong</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, Haiou" sort="Shen, Haiou" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Haiou" last="Shen">Haiou Shen</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Ge" sort="Wang, Ge" uniqKey="Wang G" first="Ge" last="Wang">Ge Wang</name>
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<title level="j">Journal of Biomedical Optics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1083-3668</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1560-2281</idno>
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<date when="2011">2011</date>
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<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>The nanophosphors, or other similar materials, emit near-infrared (NIR) light upon x-ray excitation. They were designed as optical probes for
<italic>in vivo</italic>
visualization and analysis of molecular and cellular targets, pathways, and responses. Based on the previous work on x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) and x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT), here we propose a spectrally-resolving and scattering-compensated x-ray luminescence/fluorescence computed tomography (SXLCT or SXFCT) approach to quantify a spatial distribution of nanophosphors (other similar materials or chemical elements) within a biological object. In this paper, the x-ray scattering is taken into account in the reconstruction algorithm. The NIR scattering is described in the diffusion approximation model. Then, x-ray excitations are applied with different spectra, and NIR signals are measured in a spectrally resolving fashion. Finally, a linear relationship is established between the nanophosphor distribution and measured NIR data using the finite element method and inverted using the compressive sensing technique. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed approach.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Biomed Opt</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Biomed Opt</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Biomedical Optics</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="ppub">1083-3668</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1560-2281</issn>
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<publisher-name>Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)</publisher-name>
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1117/1.3592499</article-id>
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<subject>Research Papers: Imaging</subject>
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<article-title>Spectrally resolving and scattering-compensated x-ray luminescence/fluorescence computed tomography</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cong</surname>
<given-names>Wenxiang</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>Haiou</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Ge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">a)</xref>
</contrib>
<aff>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Biomedical Imaging Division, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<fn id="n1">
<label>a)</label>
<p>Address all correspondence to: Ge Wang, Virginia Tech, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Stanger Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; Tel: 540-231-0493; Fax: 540-231-0970; E-mail:
<email>wangg@vt.edu</email>
.</p>
</fn>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>6</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<elocation-id>066014</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>07</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>15</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>28</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>The nanophosphors, or other similar materials, emit near-infrared (NIR) light upon x-ray excitation. They were designed as optical probes for
<italic>in vivo</italic>
visualization and analysis of molecular and cellular targets, pathways, and responses. Based on the previous work on x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) and x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT), here we propose a spectrally-resolving and scattering-compensated x-ray luminescence/fluorescence computed tomography (SXLCT or SXFCT) approach to quantify a spatial distribution of nanophosphors (other similar materials or chemical elements) within a biological object. In this paper, the x-ray scattering is taken into account in the reconstruction algorithm. The NIR scattering is described in the diffusion approximation model. Then, x-ray excitations are applied with different spectra, and NIR signals are measured in a spectrally resolving fashion. Finally, a linear relationship is established between the nanophosphor distribution and measured NIR data using the finite element method and inverted using the compressive sensing technique. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed approach.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>optical molecular imaging</kwd>
<kwd>nanophosphors</kwd>
<kwd>x-ray fluorescence computed tomography</kwd>
<kwd>x-ray luminescence computed tomography</kwd>
<kwd>spectrally-resolving</kwd>
<kwd>scattering-compensated</kwd>
<kwd>image reconstruction</kwd>
<kwd>compressive sensing</kwd>
<kwd>Bregman iteration</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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