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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">On the materials basis of modern society</title><author><name sortKey="Graedel, T E" sort="Graedel, T E" uniqKey="Graedel T" first="T. E." last="Graedel">T. E. Graedel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harper, E M" sort="Harper, E M" uniqKey="Harper E" first="E. M." last="Harper">E. M. Harper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nassar, N T" sort="Nassar, N T" uniqKey="Nassar N" first="N. T." last="Nassar">N. T. Nassar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reck, Barbara K" sort="Reck, Barbara K" uniqKey="Reck B" first="Barbara K." last="Reck">Barbara K. Reck</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24297915</idno><idno type="pmc">4443350</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443350</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4443350</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1312752110</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000024</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000024</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">On the materials basis of modern society</title><author><name sortKey="Graedel, T E" sort="Graedel, T E" uniqKey="Graedel T" first="T. E." last="Graedel">T. E. Graedel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harper, E M" sort="Harper, E M" uniqKey="Harper E" first="E. M." last="Harper">E. M. Harper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nassar, N T" sort="Nassar, N T" uniqKey="Nassar N" first="N. T." last="Nassar">N. T. Nassar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reck, Barbara K" sort="Reck, Barbara K" uniqKey="Reck B" first="Barbara K." last="Reck">Barbara K. Reck</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Modern life is enabled by the use of materials in its technologies. Over time, these technologies have used a larger and more diverse array of materials. Elemental life cycle analyses yield an understanding of these materials, and a definite concern that arises is that of possible scarcity of some of the elements as their use increases. We studied substitution potential for 62 different metals in their major uses. For a dozen different metals, the potential substitutes for their major uses are either inadequate or appear not to exist at all. Further, for not 1 of the 62 metals are exemplary substitutes available for all major uses.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24297915</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4443350</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201312752</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1312752110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>112</subject><subject>9</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Industrial Ecology: The Role of Manufactured Capital for Sustainability Special Feature</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Sustainability Science</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Sustainability Science</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>On the materials basis of modern society</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">On the materials basis of modern society</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Graedel</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Harper</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nassar</surname><given-names>N. T.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reck</surname><given-names>Barbara K.</given-names></name></contrib><aff id="aff1">School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Center for Industrial Ecology,<institution>Yale University</institution>, New Haven,<addr-line>CT</addr-line> 06511</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>thomas.graedel@yale.edu</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by William C. Clark, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved October 11, 2013 (received for review July 29, 2013)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: T.E.G., E.M.H., and N.T.N. designed research; E.M.H., N.T.N., and B.K.R. performed research; E.M.H., N.T.N., and B.K.R. analyzed data; and T.E.G. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>19</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>112</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>6295</fpage><lpage>6300</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201312752.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Modern life is enabled by the use of materials in its technologies. Over time, these technologies have used a larger and more diverse array of materials. Elemental life cycle analyses yield an understanding of these materials, and a definite concern that arises is that of possible scarcity of some of the elements as their use increases. We studied substitution potential for 62 different metals in their major uses. For a dozen different metals, the potential substitutes for their major uses are either inadequate or appear not to exist at all. Further, for not 1 of the 62 metals are exemplary substitutes available for all major uses.</p></abstract><abstract><p>It is indisputable that modern life is enabled by the use of materials in its technologies. Those technologies do many things very well, largely because each material is used for purposes to which it is exquisitely fitted. The result over time has been a steady increase in product performance. We show that this materials complexity has markedly increased in the past half-century and that elemental life cycle analyses characterize rates of recycling and loss. A further concern is that of possible scarcity of some of the elements as their use increases. Should materials availability constraints occur, the use of substitute materials comes to mind. We studied substitution potential by generating a comprehensive summary of potential substitutes for 62 different metals in all their major uses and of the performance of the substitutes in those applications. As we show herein, for a dozen different metals, the potential substitutes for their major uses are either inadequate or appear not to exist at all. Further, for not 1 of the 62 metals are exemplary substitutes available for all major uses. This situation largely decouples materials substitution from price, thereby forcing material design changes to be primarily transformative rather than incremental. As wealth and population increase worldwide in the next few decades, scientists will be increasingly challenged to maintain and improve product utility by designing new and better materials, but doing so under potential constraints in resource availability.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>criticality</kwd><kwd>material substitution</kwd><kwd>product complexity</kwd><kwd>metal life cycle</kwd><kwd>sustainability</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>access-type</meta-name><meta-value>free</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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