Developments in the Field of Conducting and Non-conducting Polymer Based Potentiometric Membrane Sensors for Ions Over the Past Decade
Identifieur interne : 000C87 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000C86; suivant : 000C88Developments in the Field of Conducting and Non-conducting Polymer Based Potentiometric Membrane Sensors for Ions Over the Past Decade
Auteurs : Farnoush Faridbod [Iran] ; Mohammad Reza Ganjali [Iran] ; Rassoul Dinarvand [Iran] ; Parviz Norouzi [Iran]Source :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2008.
Abstract
Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conductometric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. The induction of conductivity on conjugated polymers by treating them with suitable oxidizing agents won Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Common conjugated polymers are poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(terthiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorine)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, poly-napthalenes, poly(
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PubMed Central: 3673421
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<author><name sortKey="Ganjali, Mohammad Reza" sort="Ganjali, Mohammad Reza" uniqKey="Ganjali M" first="Mohammad Reza" last="Ganjali">Mohammad Reza Ganjali</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Norouzi, Parviz" sort="Norouzi, Parviz" uniqKey="Norouzi P" first="Parviz" last="Norouzi">Parviz Norouzi</name>
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<series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conductometric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. The induction of conductivity on conjugated polymers by treating them with suitable oxidizing agents won Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Common conjugated polymers are poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(terthiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorine)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, poly-napthalenes, poly(<italic>p</italic>
-phenylene sulfide), poly(<italic>p</italic>
-phenylenevinylene)s, poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene), polyparaphenylene, polyazulene, polyparaphenylene sulfide, poly-carbazole and polydiaminonaphthalene. More than 60 sensors for inorganic cations and anions with different characteristics based on conducting polymers have been reported. There have also been reports on the application of non-conducting polymers (nCPs), i.e. PVC, in the construction of potentiometric membrane sensors for determination of more than 60 inorganic cations and anions. However, the leakage of ionophores from the membranes based on these polymers leads to relatively lower life times. In this article, we try to give an overview of Solid-Contact ISE (SCISE), Single-Piece ISE (SPISE), Conducting Polymer (CP)-Based, and also non-conducting polymer PVC-based ISEs for various ions which their difference is in the way of the polymer used with selective\ membrane. In SCISEs and SPISEs, the plasticized PVC containing the ionophore and ionic additives govern the selectivity behavior of the electrode and the conducting polymer is responsible of ion-to-electron transducer. However, in CPISEs, the conducting polymer layer is doped with a suitable ionophore which enhances the ion selectivity of the CP while its redox response has to be suppressed.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3673421</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-08-02331</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Developments in the Field of Conducting and Non-conducting Polymer Based Potentiometric Membrane Sensors for Ions Over the Past Decade</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Faridbod</surname>
<given-names>Farnoush</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-08-02331"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ganjali</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-08-02331"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-08-02331"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dinarvand</surname>
<given-names>Rassoul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-08-02331"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Norouzi</surname>
<given-names>Parviz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-08-02331"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-sensors-08-02331"><label>1</label>
Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff>
<aff id="af2-sensors-08-02331"><label>2</label>
Medical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-08-02331"><label>*</label>
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: <email>ganjali@khayam.ut.ac.ir</email>
; Tel: +98-21-61112788</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>4</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>2331</fpage>
<lpage>2412</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2008</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2008</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2008 by MDPI (http://www.mdpi.org).</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2008</copyright-year>
<license><license-p>Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conductometric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. The induction of conductivity on conjugated polymers by treating them with suitable oxidizing agents won Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Common conjugated polymers are poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(terthiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorine)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, poly-napthalenes, poly(<italic>p</italic>
-phenylene sulfide), poly(<italic>p</italic>
-phenylenevinylene)s, poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene), polyparaphenylene, polyazulene, polyparaphenylene sulfide, poly-carbazole and polydiaminonaphthalene. More than 60 sensors for inorganic cations and anions with different characteristics based on conducting polymers have been reported. There have also been reports on the application of non-conducting polymers (nCPs), i.e. PVC, in the construction of potentiometric membrane sensors for determination of more than 60 inorganic cations and anions. However, the leakage of ionophores from the membranes based on these polymers leads to relatively lower life times. In this article, we try to give an overview of Solid-Contact ISE (SCISE), Single-Piece ISE (SPISE), Conducting Polymer (CP)-Based, and also non-conducting polymer PVC-based ISEs for various ions which their difference is in the way of the polymer used with selective\ membrane. In SCISEs and SPISEs, the plasticized PVC containing the ionophore and ionic additives govern the selectivity behavior of the electrode and the conducting polymer is responsible of ion-to-electron transducer. However, in CPISEs, the conducting polymer layer is doped with a suitable ionophore which enhances the ion selectivity of the CP while its redox response has to be suppressed.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Conducting polymer</kwd>
<kwd>sensor</kwd>
<kwd>ion selective electrodes</kwd>
<kwd>non-conducting polymer</kwd>
<kwd>potentiometric membrane sensor</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption><p>A classical ion-selective electrode ISE.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label>
<caption><p>Structure of ion selective electrode electrodes; a) conventional ISE with an internal reference electrode and internal filling solution; b) coated wire or graphite coated ISE; c) ISE with a hydrogel contact.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label>
<caption><p>Common used CP monomers and CPs as ion-to-electron transducers in construction of all solid state potentiometric sensors.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label>
<caption><p>different types of conducting polymeric based ISE; a) electronic conductor; b)electronic conductor with a high work function (the work function is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point close to the solid on the macroscopic scale outside the solid surface); c) conducting polymer; d) ion selective membrane; e) ion selective membrane containing conducting polymer; f) conducting polymer doped with ionophores.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on conducting and non-conducting polymer for alkali cations.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f6-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label>
<caption><p>Structures of some ionophores used in construction of ion selective membrane sensors for some of first main group cations</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f6"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f7-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on conducting and non-conducting polymer for alkaline earth cations</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f7"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f8-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label>
<caption><p>Structures of suitable ionophores used in construction of ion selective membrane sensors for some of second main group cations.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f8"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f9-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on non-conducting polymer for third main group cation.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f9"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f10-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label>
<caption><p>The structures of the suitable ionophores used in construction of third main group cation membrane sensors</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f10"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f11-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on conducting and non-conducting polymer for fourth main group cation</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f11"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f12-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label>
<caption><p>Some structures of the suitable ionophores used in construction of lead and tin ion membrane sensors.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f12"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f13-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on conducting and non-conducting polymer for transition metal cation.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f13"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f14-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 14.</label>
<caption><p>Some structures of the suitable ionophores used in construction of transition metal cation membrane sensors.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f14"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f15-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 15.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on conducting and non-conducting polymer for lanthanide ions.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f15"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f16-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 16.</label>
<caption><p>Some structures of the suitable ionophores used in construction of lanthanide cation membrane sensors.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f16"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f17-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 17.</label>
<caption><p>The statistical diagram of the reported potentiometric membrane sensors based on conducting and non-conducting polymer for inorganic anions.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f17"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f18-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Figure 18.</label>
<caption><p>Some structures of the suitable ionophores used in construction of some anion membrane sensors.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="sensors-08-02331f18"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>The characterizations of a number of reported conducting polymer based ISEs.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ions</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conducting Polymer</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dynamic Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Detection Limit (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">electrochemical polymerization of ortho-methoxyaniline and ortho-methylaniline</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 2-11</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-sensors-08-02331">36</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(1-aminoanthracene) film</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 1-12</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-12</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-sensors-08-02331">37</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cobaltabis(dicarbollide) [3,3′-Co(1,2-C<sub>2</sub>
B<sub>9</sub>
H<sub>11</sub>
)] <sup>(-)</sup>
-doped polypyrrole (PPy)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 3-12</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-12</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-sensors-08-02331">38</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline and its substituted derivatives</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 2-9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.4 ±0.9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-sensors-08-02331">39</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline (PANI)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 2-9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-sensors-08-02331">40</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole with the dopant anion cobalt bis(dicarbollide) [3,3′-Co(1,2-C<sub>2</sub>
B<sub>9</sub>
H<sub>11</sub>
)<sub>2</sub>
] <sup>(-)</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 2-9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-sensors-08-02331">41</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole (P-Py)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-sensors-08-02331">42</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-sensors-08-02331">43</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sup>+</sup>
-9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(aniline) ultrathin films</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH 3-9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55-59</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-sensors-08-02331">44</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole (PPy), doped with NaBF4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-sensors-08-02331">45</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7.4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-sensors-08-02331">46</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-octylthiophene) and valinomycin</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-sensors-08-02331">47</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
- 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-sensors-08-02331">48</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline (PANI)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-sensors-08-02331">49</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-sensors-08-02331">50</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-sensors-08-02331">51</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hexacyanoferrate(II)/(II) doped polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-sensors-08-02331">52</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
-8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole doped with di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1.5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-sensors-08-02331">53</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
and Cu</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-octylthiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
and 10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8×10<sup>-5</sup>
and 6.8× 10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 and 54</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54-sensors-08-02331">54</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>
and Ca<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1 and 28.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55-sensors-08-02331">55</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline functionalized with bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-phosphate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-1</sup>
to 10<sup>-4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8×10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.8 ± 0.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56-sensors-08-02331">56</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-1</sup>
-10<sup>-3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57-sensors-08-02331">57</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole based</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1-10<sup>-10</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58-sensors-08-02331">58</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-3</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6 ± 1.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59-sensors-08-02331">59</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>
, Ca<sup>2+</sup>
and Cl<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-octylthiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
, 10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
and 10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3×10<sup>-4</sup>
6×10<sup>-7</sup>
and 9×10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.5, 30 and 62.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60-sensors-08-02331">60</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
and K<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-9</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
and 10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-9</sup>
and 4.4× 10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61-sensors-08-02331">61</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline/polycarbonate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>-10</sup>
to 1×10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62-sensors-08-02331">62</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>
or Ca<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
and 10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
and 5.0×10<sup>-4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9 and 27.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63-sensors-08-02331">63</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-8.5</sup>
-10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64-sensors-08-02331">64</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films doped by hexacyanoferrate anions</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65-sensors-08-02331">65</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with 2-(<italic>o</italic>
-arseno-phenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulphonic sodium salt (Arsenazo-1)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66-sensors-08-02331">66</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67-sensors-08-02331">67</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5.5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b68-sensors-08-02331">68</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5.3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69-sensors-08-02331">69</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with silver hexabromocarborane</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.5±1.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b70-sensors-08-02331">70</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polypyrrole doped with sulfonated calixarenes</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5.1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b71-sensors-08-02331">71</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>
and K<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">tetraphenylborate (TPB) ion doped polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5.6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b72-sensors-08-02331">72</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrolel/polyantimonic acid</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b73-sensors-08-02331">73</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[poly(1-hexyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,5-pyrrolylene)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-4</sup>
to 1×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6×10<sup>-4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74-sensors-08-02331">74</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">doping of polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
-0.50</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-56 ±1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75-sensors-08-02331">75</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S<sup>2-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly-(dibenzo-18-crown-6)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0×10<sup>-9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-35.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b76-sensors-08-02331">76</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F<sup>-</sup>
, H<sub>2</sub>
PO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyaniline modification</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-3</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-45 and -39</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b77-sensors-08-02331">77</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-octylthiophene) and tridodecylmethylammonium chloride</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b78-sensors-08-02331">78</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-55.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79-sensors-08-02331">79</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(pyrrole) layers doped with chloride (PPyCl)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2×10<sup>-5</sup>
-2×10<sup>-3</sup>
and 10<sup>-5</sup>
- 2×10<sup>-3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.M</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58.1 and -33.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b80-sensors-08-02331">80</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4×10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-55.9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b81-sensors-08-02331">81</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
-5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4×10<sup>-4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-49.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82-sensors-08-02331">82</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
-6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-44.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b83-sensors-08-02331">83</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Br<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(methylthiophene-methylpyrrole) copolymer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-50</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-sensors-08-02331">84</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>
- 1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poly(3-methylthiophene) conducting polymer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-7</sup>
-5× 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-8</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85-sensors-08-02331">85</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dodecyl sulfate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-7×10<sup>-3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86-sensors-08-02331">86</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for alkali cations.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>
> -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lipophilic crown-4 derivatives</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>
, K<sup>+</sup>
,NH<sub>4</sub>
<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b124-sensors-08-02331">125</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,10-Phenanthroline Derivatives</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-4</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>
, K<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b127-sensors-08-02331">128</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-methyl-1-vinyl-14-crown-5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b131-sensors-08-02331">132</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">styrene/4(-vinyl-benzo-24-crown-8) copolymer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b139-sensors-08-02331">140</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rb<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">crown ethers incorporating anthraquinone, benzoquinone, and 1,4-dimethoxybezene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>
,K<sup>+</sup>
,Mg<sup>2+</sup>
,NH<sub>4</sub>
<sup>+</sup>
,Li<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b144-sensors-08-02331">145</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cs<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-02331">4</xref>
]arene derivative [25-(3-bromo- proploxy)-5,11,-17,23-tetrakis(tert-butyl)-26,27,28-tris(1- propyloxy) calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-02331">4</xref>
]arene]</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b152-sensors-08-02331">153</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for alkaline earth cations.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>
> -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydro-1,4,7,10-benzotetra oxacyclododecine-12-carbaldehyde-12-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0 × 10-<sup>1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>
, Ca<sup>+2</sup>
, Li<sup>+,</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b150-sensors-08-02331">151</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Be<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,6-diphenyl-4-benzo-9-crown-3-pyridine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>+2</sup>
,Ca<sup>+2</sup>
,K<sup>+</sup>
,Na<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b151-sensors-08-02331">152</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">synthetic neutral carrier ETHT 5504</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0× 10<sup>-5</sup>
-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b165-sensors-08-02331">166</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">araldite zirconium(IV) selenomolybdate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-5</sup>
-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b166-sensors-08-02331">167</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>+2</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)imino]-1,2-diphenylethanone</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b172-sensors-08-02331">173</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>+2</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dimethyl 1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-8-oxo-2,8-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoindole-2,3-dicarboxylate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b98-sensors-08-02331">99</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr<sup>+2</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,7,12,14-dibenzo-2,3,9,10-tetraoxa-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b180-sensors-08-02331">179</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr<sup>+2</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,10-diaza-5,6-benzo-4,7-dioxacyclohexadecane-2,9-dione</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
-3.0 × 10<sup>-3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b181-sensors-08-02331">180</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ba<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dimethyl 1-acetyl-8-oxo-2,8-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoindole-2,3-dicarboxylate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b185-sensors-08-02331">184</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t4-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for third main group cations.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>
> -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">xanthone derivative</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.6 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>
, Ba<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b189-sensors-08-02331">188</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ga<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">chlorogallium(III)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
−10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b191-sensors-08-02331">190</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-benzyl-3-methyl-4- benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2×10<sup>-5</sup>
- 1.0× 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ga<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b193-sensors-08-02331">192</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>3+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2′-amino-1,3,5′-trioxo- spiro[indane-2,4′(5′H)-3′-cyano-indeno(1 .2-b)]pyran</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1-1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rb<sup>+</sup>
, Cs<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b198-sensors-08-02331">197</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tl<sup>3+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N′</italic>
-dioctylethylene-diamine-<italic>N′</italic>
-disuccinic acid</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4 × 10<sup>-7</sup>
- 10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rb<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b201-sensors-08-02331">200</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t5-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for fourth main group cations.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>
> -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sn<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzo-18-crown-6(DB18C6)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
- 1.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b202-sensors-08-02331">201</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sn<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-diphenyl-3,5-diaza-bicyclo[3.1.0] hex-2-ene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-5</sup>
- 1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b203-sensors-08-02331">202</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">anthraquinone derivative</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>
- 1.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b208-sensors-08-02331">207</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-phenyl-2-(2-quinolyl)-1,2-dioxo-2-(4-bromo)phenyl-hydrazone</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
- 1 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b223-sensors-08-02331">222</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diporphyrin xanthene(ADPX)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
- 1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b230-sensors-08-02331">229</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-2,6-pyridinediamine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
, Ag<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b235-sensors-08-02331">234</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t6-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 6.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for transition metal cations</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log Ksel > -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A new Schiff's base with sulfur and nitrogen donor atoms (2-({(<italic>E</italic>
)1,2-diphenyl-2-[(2-2-sulfanylphenyl)imino]ethylidene} amino)-1-benzenethiol, DSAB)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sc<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b241-sensors-08-02331">240</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zr<sup>4+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b242-sensors-08-02331">241</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vo<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N</italic>
′-bis-(salicylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (NNPD)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b243-sensors-08-02331">242</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">tetraazacyclotetradecane, tetratosyltetraaza 12C4, and tritosyltriaza 9C3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20±1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>
, Ni<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b251-sensors-08-02331">250</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr<sup>3+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,5-diphenylcarbazide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.52 ± 0.40</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3×10<sup>-8</sup>
- 1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b254-sensors-08-02331">253</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′,N″,N‴</italic>
-1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane-bis(salicylaldiminato)(H<sub>2</sub>
L)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>
, Fe<sup>3+</sup>
, Ni<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b256-sensors-08-02331">255</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mn<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,16-dimethyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclohexadeca-13,16-diene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25×10<sup>-1</sup>
1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+,</sup>
La<sup>3+</sup>
, Hg<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b257-sensors-08-02331">256</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-18-crown-6 crown ether</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7±1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b260-sensors-08-02331">259</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30±1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b267-sensors-08-02331">266</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>
-bis(salicylidene)-3,4-diaminotoluene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 ± 0.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
, Ni<sup>2+</sup>
, Cd<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b270-sensors-08-02331">269</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzopyridino-substituted macrocyclic diamide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b273-sensors-08-02331">272</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N,N′-bis-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)- benzene-1,2-diamine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 ± 1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
,Hg<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b286-sensors-08-02331">285</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzylbis(thiosemicarbazone)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0±0.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b288-sensors-08-02331">287</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3,7,9,13,15,19,21-octaazapentacyclooctacosane (pentacyclooctaaza)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ba<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b289-sensors-08-02331">288</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni<sup>2+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dibenzodiaza-15-crown-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.2×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
, Pd<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b291-sensors-08-02331">290</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis-2-thiophenal propanediamine (TPDA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b299-sensors-08-02331">298</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">new thiophene-derivative Schiffs base</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.3± 0.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>
, Hg<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b300-sensors-08-02331">299</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diphenylisocyanate bis(acetylacetone) ethylenedinnine (DIBAE)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b301-sensors-08-02331">300</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,2,5,6,8,11-hexaazacyclododeca-7,12-dione-2,4,8,10-tetraene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5± 0.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
- 1×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b309-sensors-08-02331">308</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu-II-cyclohexaneone thiosemicarbazone complex</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-9</sup>
-1×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b310-sensors-08-02331">309</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
-6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis-2-thiophenal propanediamine (TPDA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1±.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b329-sensors-08-02331">328</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,27-dihydroxy-26,28-bis[5-(4-methyl-6- hydroxypurimidine)thiaamyloxy] calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-02331">4</xref>
]arene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b353-sensors-08-02331">352</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.2 and 57.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b355-sensors-08-02331">354</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59±2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b364-sensors-08-02331">363</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,6-benzo-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-sensors-08-02331">8</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-sensors-08-02331">8</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-sensors-08-02331">8</xref>
]hexacos-5-ene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b375-sensors-08-02331">374</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-9</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li<sup>+</sup>
, Na<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b377-sensors-08-02331">376</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">tetrathia-12-crown-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 ±1.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b384-sensors-08-02331">383</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N,N′-[bis(pyridm-2-yl)formylidene] butane-1,4-diamine and N-(2-pyridinylmethylene)-1,2-benzenediamine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>
, NH<sup>4+</sup>
, Cr<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b395-sensors-08-02331">394</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ethylenediamine bisthiophenecarboxaldehyde</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b401-sensors-08-02331">400</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg<sup>2+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diamine donor ligand</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 ± 0.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b412-sensors-08-02331">411</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t7-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 7.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for lanthanide ions</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cation</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Most Important Interfering ions (log K<sub>sel</sub>
> -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
-2,4-dimethylphenyl-<italic>N′</italic>
- ethylformamidine (amitraz)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8 ± 0.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b433-sensors-08-02331">432</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8-amino-<italic>N</italic>
-(2-hydroxy- benzylidene)naphthylamine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.3 ± 0.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b424-sensors-08-02331">423</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ce<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N</italic>
-bis[2-(salicylidene- amino)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41× 10<sup>-7</sup>
- 1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b443-sensors-08-02331">442</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)- benzohydrazide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−2</sup>
-10<sup>−6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>
, Er<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b447-sensors-08-02331">446</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>+3</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-pyridino-2,8-dithia[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-sensors-08-02331">9</xref>
](2,9)- 1,10-phenanthrolinephane</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yb<sup>3+</sup>
, Gd<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b450-sensors-08-02331">449</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>+3</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzyl bisthiosemicarbazone (BTC)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gd<sup>3+</sup>
, Sm<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b451-sensors-08-02331">450</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-{[2-oxo-1(2<italic>H</italic>
)-acenaphthyl- enyliden]amino}-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b456-sensors-08-02331">455</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sm<sup>3+</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[1-phenyl-3′(2-nitrophenyl) spiro[oxirane-2.4-pyrazoline]-3,5-dione] (PNSOP)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.30</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gd<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b456-sensors-08-02331">456</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eu<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)- 6-methyl-3-thioxo-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazi n-5(2H)-one (HMTDT)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0× 10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b457-sensors-08-02331">457</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gd<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
-(2-pyridyl)-<italic>N</italic>
′-(4-nitrophenyl)- thiourea</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.95 ± 0.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0 ×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b463-sensors-08-02331">463</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tb<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-amino-3-{2-[4-amino-6- methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-ylidene] hydrazono}-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one (ATO)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4 ± 0.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b465-sensors-08-02331">465</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dy<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6-hydrazino-1,5-diphenyl-6,7- dihydropyrazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidine-4(5H)-imine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6± 0.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b469-sensors-08-02331">469</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ho<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N′</italic>
-Bis(2-pyridine- carboxamide)-1,2-benzene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Er<sup>3+</sup>
, Dy<sup>3+</sup>
,Sm<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b472-sensors-08-02331">472</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Er<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
′-(2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl- ethylidene) benzohydrazide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b475-sensors-08-02331">475</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tm<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,2′-dianiline disulfide (DADS)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5 ± 0.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b478-sensors-08-02331">478</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yb<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-hydroxy-<italic>N</italic>
-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)-methylene]-2-naphthohydrazide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>3+</sup>
, Pb<sup>2+</sup>
,Gd<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b480-sensors-08-02331">480</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lu<sup>+3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
-(thien-2-ylmethylene)pyridine-2,6-diamine (TPD)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>-6</sup>
- 1.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nd<sup>3+</sup>
, Dy<sup>3+</sup>
,Gd<sup>3+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b485-sensors-08-02331">485</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Th<sup>4+</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-(diphenylphosphorothioyl)-<italic>N′,N′</italic>
-diphenylacetamide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>
, Cu<sup>2+</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b487-sensors-08-02331">487</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t8-sensors-08-02331" position="float"><label>Table 8.</label>
<caption><p>Characterization of a number of reported ion selective sensors based on nonconducting polymers for inorganic anions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Anion</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ionophore</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slope (mV decade<sup>-1</sup>
)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Linear Range (M)</bold>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>The most interfering ions (log K<sub>Sel</sub>
> -2)</bold>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">long chain S-akyl diphenylthiocarbazone.</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-54</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-2</sup>
-10<sup>-5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b493-sensors-08-02331">493</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NO<sub>2</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(tetraphenylporphyrinato) cobalt(III) acetate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58.4 - 60.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
and 5.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
-5.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b496-sensors-08-02331">496</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N,N,N</italic>
-triallylleucine betaine chloride</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1×10<sup>-6</sup>
- 2.25×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b507-sensors-08-02331">507</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">molybdenum acetylacetonate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b516-sensors-08-02331">516</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">oxo-molybdenum methyl-salen</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
-4.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b517-sensors-08-02331">517</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>3-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(pentafluorobenzyl) tin(IV) dibromide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-70.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-5</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b523-sensors-08-02331">523</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CN<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thin electroplated membranes of silver chalcogenides</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-90</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
-10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b527-sensors-08-02331">527</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(octabromotetraphenylporphy rinato)manganese(III) chloride</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-58.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b544-sensors-08-02331">544</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">manganese(III) tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b553-sensors-08-02331">553</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nickel(II)-azamacrocycle complex</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-57.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
- 1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b555-sensors-08-02331">555</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis-urea calix[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-sensors-08-02331">4</xref>
]diquinones</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-51.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0×10<sup>-5</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ClO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b557-sensors-08-02331">557</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">strontium Schiff's base complex (SS)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-2</sup>
-10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
, CO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
, Cl<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b559-sensors-08-02331">559</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">zinc-Schiff base</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-2</sup>
-10<sup>-6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b560-sensors-08-02331">560</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>2-</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">alpha,alpha′-bis(<italic>N′</italic>
-phenyl-thioureylene)-m-xylene</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-29.6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-6</sup>
- 10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>
, Br<sup>-</sup>
, NO<sub>2</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b563-sensors-08-02331">563</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">organotin compounds</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-62.7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b571-sensors-08-02331">571</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ruthenium(III) Schiff's base</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-54.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
-3.0×10-<sup>6</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b574-sensors-08-02331">574</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ClO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">complex of uranil</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-60.6 ± 1.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b584-sensors-08-02331">584</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ClO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">some recently synthesized Ni(II)-hexaazacyclo-tetradecane complexes</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-1</sup>
-5.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b586-sensors-08-02331">586</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Br<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">iron(III)-salen (IS)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0×10<sup>-6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCN<sup>-</sup>
, I<sup>-</sup>
, Cl<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b588-sensors-08-02331">588</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Br<sup>-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn(II) macrocyclic complex</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2×10-<sup>6</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b589-sensors-08-02331">589</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cobalt-salophen</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 58.9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 ×10<sup>-7</sup>
1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b597-sensors-08-02331">597</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thiopyrilium ion derivative</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-60</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0×10<sup>-7</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b604-sensors-08-02331">604</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sup>-</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis(1,3,4-thiadiazole) complexes of Hg(II)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0×10-<sup>8</sup>
-2.0×10-<sup>2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b607-sensors-08-02331">607</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bis (salicylaldehyde) ethylendiamine mercury(II) complex MS)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b613-sensors-08-02331">613</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
-2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a charge-transfer complex of (1,3-diphenyldihydro-1H-Imidazole-4,5-dione dioxide with Iodide</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>-7</sup>
-10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b615-sensors-08-02331">615</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
-3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-(((2(((<italic>E</italic>
)-1-(2-hydroxy-phenyl) methylidine)amino)-phenyl)imino) methyl) phenol with iodine (CTC)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-8</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b88-sensors-08-02331">88</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I<sub>3</sub>
<sup>−</sup>
4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mercury-salen</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-59.0±0.5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 ×10<sup>-8</sup>
− 1.0×10<sup>-2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b623-sensors-08-02331">623</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IO<sub>4</sub>
<sup>-</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">metaperiodate bis(triphenylphosphoranylide ne) ammonium</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-60.1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0×10<sup>-3</sup>
-2.7×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b631-sensors-08-02331">631</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenite</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PVC based 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrinato cobalt(II)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-28.8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9×10<sup>-5</sup>
-1.0×10<sup>-1</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b632-sensors-08-02331">632</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Iran</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Faridbod, Farnoush" sort="Faridbod, Farnoush" uniqKey="Faridbod F" first="Farnoush" last="Faridbod">Farnoush Faridbod</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Dinarvand, Rassoul" sort="Dinarvand, Rassoul" uniqKey="Dinarvand R" first="Rassoul" last="Dinarvand">Rassoul Dinarvand</name>
<name sortKey="Ganjali, Mohammad Reza" sort="Ganjali, Mohammad Reza" uniqKey="Ganjali M" first="Mohammad Reza" last="Ganjali">Mohammad Reza Ganjali</name>
<name sortKey="Norouzi, Parviz" sort="Norouzi, Parviz" uniqKey="Norouzi P" first="Parviz" last="Norouzi">Parviz Norouzi</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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