Uncovering the Global Life Cycles of the Rare Earth Elements
Identifieur interne : 000555 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000554; suivant : 000556Uncovering the Global Life Cycles of the Rare Earth Elements
Auteurs : Xiaoyue Du [États-Unis] ; T. E. Graedel [États-Unis]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of fifteen elements with unique properties that make them indispensable for a wide variety of emerging, critical technologies. Knowledge of the life cycles of REE remains sparse, despite the current heightened interest in their future availability. Mining is heavily concentrated in China, whose monopoly position and potential restriction of exports render primary supplies vulnerable to short and long-term disruption. To provide an improved perspective we derived the first quantitative life cycles (for the year 2007) for ten REE: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), and yttrium (Y). Of these REE, Ce and Nd in-use stocks are highest; the in-use stocks of most REE show significant accumulation in modern society. Industrial scrap recycling occurs only from magnet manufacture. We believe there is no post-customer recycling of any of these elements.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep00145
PubMed: 22355662
PubMed Central: 3216626
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of fifteen elements with unique properties that make them indispensable for a wide variety of emerging, critical technologies. Knowledge of the life cycles of REE remains sparse, despite the current heightened interest in their future availability. Mining is heavily concentrated in China, whose monopoly position and potential restriction of exports render primary supplies vulnerable to short and long-term disruption. To provide an improved perspective we derived the first quantitative life cycles (for the year 2007) for ten REE: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), and yttrium (Y). Of these REE, Ce and Nd in-use stocks are highest; the in-use stocks of most REE show significant accumulation in modern society. Industrial scrap recycling occurs only from magnet manufacture. We believe there is no post-customer recycling of any of these elements.</p>
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<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</copyright-holder>
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<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareALike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</ext-link>
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<abstract><p>The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of fifteen elements with unique properties that make them indispensable for a wide variety of emerging, critical technologies. Knowledge of the life cycles of REE remains sparse, despite the current heightened interest in their future availability. Mining is heavily concentrated in China, whose monopoly position and potential restriction of exports render primary supplies vulnerable to short and long-term disruption. To provide an improved perspective we derived the first quantitative life cycles (for the year 2007) for ten REE: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), and yttrium (Y). Of these REE, Ce and Nd in-use stocks are highest; the in-use stocks of most REE show significant accumulation in modern society. Industrial scrap recycling occurs only from magnet manufacture. We believe there is no post-customer recycling of any of these elements.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Generic circular flow diagram of a global rare earth element cycle, with neodymium as the example element, where REE is rare earth elements, Mi is mining, S is separation, F is fabrication, Ma is manufacturing, U is use, EOL is end-of-life, and W is waste management.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep00145-f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Global material flow cycles for 2007 for (a) lanthanum, (b) cerium, (c) praseodymium, (d) neodymium, (e) samarium, (f) europium, (g) gadolinium, (h) terbium, (i) dysprosium, and (j) yttrium.</title>
<p>REE is rare earth elements, Mi is mining, S is separation, F is fabrication, Ma is manufacturing, U is use, EOL is end-of-life, and W is waste management. The circular inflow/outflows to Ma are “phantom flows” discussed in the text. The units are in Gg (thousand metric tons) of the particular element.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep00145-f2"></graphic>
</fig>
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