Positive and Negative Lattice Shielding Effects Co‐existing in Gd (III) Ion Doped Bifunctional Upconversion Nanoprobes
Identifieur interne : 001A38 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 001A37; suivant : 001A39Positive and Negative Lattice Shielding Effects Co‐existing in Gd (III) Ion Doped Bifunctional Upconversion Nanoprobes
Auteurs : Feng Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Wenbo Bu [République populaire de Chine] ; Shengjian Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaohang Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Jianan Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Huaiyong Xing [République populaire de Chine] ; Qingfeng Xiao [République populaire de Chine] ; Liangping Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Weijun Peng [République populaire de Chine] ; Lianzhou Wang [Australie] ; Jianlin Shi [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Advanced Functional Materials [ 1616-301X ] ; 2011-11-22.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Angew, Argon atmosphere, Bimodal, Chem, Confocal luminescence imaging, Confocal microscope, Contrast images, Contrast imaging, Crystal lattice, Crystal lattices, Crystal surface, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexane solution, Deionized water, Digital camera, Direct evidence, Emission bands, Emissions bands, Enhancement, Epitaxial growth, Excess hexane, Excitation, Full paper, Full paper figure, Funct, Gmbh, Green line, Growth technique, Hydrophobic ucnps, Imaging, Ion, Kgaa, Laser, Laser powers, Lattice, Lattice shielding effect, Longitudinal, Longitudinal relaxation rate, Longitudinal relaxivities, Longitudinal relaxivity, Mater, Methanol solution, Mmol, Multimodal imaging probe, Nagdf4, Nagdf4 layer, Nagdf4 shell, Nagdf4 shell thicknesses, Nanoparticles, Nayf4 matrix, Negative lattice shielding effect, Oleic acid, Particle surface, Photoelectron spectroscopy, Positive lattice shielding effect, Present ucnps, Pure water, Relaxation time, Relaxivities, Relaxivity, Rigid crystal lattice, Room temperature, Rpmi medium, Same erbium, Schematic illustration, Second layer, Semiconductor laser, Shanghai, Silica, Structure design, Surface defects, Third layer, Tumor site, Ucnps, Uorescent, Uorescent intensities, Uorescent intensity, Upconversion, Verlag, Verlag gmbh, Vivo bimodal imaging demonstrations, Vivo images, Wang, Water accessibility, Water protons, Weinheim, Yellow dots, Zhang.
- Teeft :
- Angew, Argon atmosphere, Bimodal, Chem, Confocal luminescence imaging, Confocal microscope, Contrast images, Contrast imaging, Crystal lattice, Crystal lattices, Crystal surface, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexane solution, Deionized water, Digital camera, Direct evidence, Emission bands, Emissions bands, Enhancement, Epitaxial growth, Excess hexane, Excitation, Full paper, Full paper figure, Funct, Gmbh, Green line, Growth technique, Hydrophobic ucnps, Imaging, Ion, Kgaa, Laser, Laser powers, Lattice, Lattice shielding effect, Longitudinal, Longitudinal relaxation rate, Longitudinal relaxivities, Longitudinal relaxivity, Mater, Methanol solution, Mmol, Multimodal imaging probe, Nagdf4, Nagdf4 layer, Nagdf4 shell, Nagdf4 shell thicknesses, Nanoparticles, Nayf4 matrix, Negative lattice shielding effect, Oleic acid, Particle surface, Photoelectron spectroscopy, Positive lattice shielding effect, Present ucnps, Pure water, Relaxation time, Relaxivities, Relaxivity, Rigid crystal lattice, Room temperature, Rpmi medium, Same erbium, Schematic illustration, Second layer, Semiconductor laser, Shanghai, Silica, Structure design, Surface defects, Third layer, Tumor site, Ucnps, Uorescent, Uorescent intensities, Uorescent intensity, Upconversion, Verlag, Verlag gmbh, Vivo bimodal imaging demonstrations, Vivo images, Wang, Water accessibility, Water protons, Weinheim, Yellow dots, Zhang.
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been well documented as T1‐MR and fluorescent imaging agents. However, the performance of Gd3+ ions located differently in the crystal lattice still remains debatable. Here, a well‐designed model was built based on a seed‐mediated growth technique to systematically probe the longitudinal relaxivity of Gd3+ ions within the crystal lattice and at the surface of UCNPs. We found, for the first time, a nearly 100% loss of relaxivity of Gd3+ ions buried deeply within crystal lattices (> 4 nm), which we named a “negative lattice shielding effect” (n‐LSE) as compared to the “positive lattice shielding effect” (p‐LSE) for the enhanced upconversion fluorescent intensity. As‐observed n‐LSE was further found to be shell thickness dependent. By suppressing the n‐LSE as far as possible, we optimized the UCNPs' structure design and achieved the highest r1 value (6.18 mM−1s−1 per Gd3+ ion) among previously reported counterparts. The potential bimodal imaging application both in vitro and in vivo of as‐designed nano‐probes was also demonstrated. This study clears the debate over the role of bulk and surface Gd3+ ions in MRI contrast imaging and paves the way for modulation of other Gd‐doped nanostructures for highly efficient T1‐MR and upconversion fluorescent bimodal imaging.
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DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201101663
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China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Liangping" sort="Zhou, Liangping" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Liangping" last="Zhou">Liangping Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Weijun" sort="Peng, Weijun" uniqKey="Peng W" first="Weijun" last="Peng">Weijun Peng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lianzhou" sort="Wang, Lianzhou" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lianzhou" last="Wang">Lianzhou Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Chemical Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemical Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Jianlin" sort="Shi, Jianlin" uniqKey="Shi J" first="Jianlin" last="Shi">Jianlin Shi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jlshi@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">République populaire de Chine</country></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Correspondence address: Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China.</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Correspondence address: Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:764D76EC4F632C958C2C7F3D9312999863BDD542</idno><date when="2011" year="2011">2011</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/adfm.201101663</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/764D76EC4F632C958C2C7F3D9312999863BDD542/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001A38</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001A38</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">001A38</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Positive and Negative Lattice Shielding Effects Co‐existing in Gd (III) Ion Doped Bifunctional Upconversion Nanoprobes</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, Feng" sort="Chen, Feng" uniqKey="Chen F" first="Feng" last="Chen">Feng Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bu, Wenbo" sort="Bu, Wenbo" uniqKey="Bu W" first="Wenbo" last="Bu">Wenbo Bu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: wbbu@mail.sic.ac.cn</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">République populaire de Chine</country></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Correspondence address: Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China.</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Correspondence address: Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Shengjian" sort="Zhang, Shengjian" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Shengjian" last="Zhang">Shengjian Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Xiaohang" sort="Liu, Xiaohang" uniqKey="Liu X" first="Xiaohang" last="Liu">Xiaohang Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jianan" sort="Liu, Jianan" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jianan" last="Liu">Jianan Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, Huaiyong" sort="Xing, Huaiyong" uniqKey="Xing H" first="Huaiyong" last="Xing">Huaiyong Xing</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Qingfeng" sort="Xiao, Qingfeng" uniqKey="Xiao Q" first="Qingfeng" last="Xiao">Qingfeng Xiao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Liangping" sort="Zhou, Liangping" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Liangping" last="Zhou">Liangping Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Weijun" sort="Peng, Weijun" uniqKey="Peng W" first="Weijun" last="Peng">Weijun Peng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lianzhou" sort="Wang, Lianzhou" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lianzhou" last="Wang">Lianzhou Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Chemical Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemical Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Jianlin" sort="Shi, Jianlin" uniqKey="Shi J" first="Jianlin" last="Shi">Jianlin Shi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jlshi@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">République populaire de Chine</country></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Correspondence address: Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China.</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Correspondence address: Group of Mesoporous and Low‐Dimensional Nano‐materials, State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Advanced Functional Materials</title><title level="j" type="alt">ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS</title><idno type="ISSN">1616-301X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1616-3028</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">22</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="4285">4285</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="4294">4294</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">10</biblScope><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Weinheim</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-11-22">2011-11-22</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1616-301X</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1616-301X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Angew</term><term>Argon atmosphere</term><term>Bimodal</term><term>Chem</term><term>Confocal luminescence imaging</term><term>Confocal microscope</term><term>Contrast images</term><term>Contrast imaging</term><term>Crystal lattice</term><term>Crystal lattices</term><term>Crystal surface</term><term>Cyclohexane</term><term>Cyclohexane solution</term><term>Deionized water</term><term>Digital camera</term><term>Direct evidence</term><term>Emission bands</term><term>Emissions bands</term><term>Enhancement</term><term>Epitaxial growth</term><term>Excess hexane</term><term>Excitation</term><term>Full paper</term><term>Full paper figure</term><term>Funct</term><term>Gmbh</term><term>Green line</term><term>Growth technique</term><term>Hydrophobic ucnps</term><term>Imaging</term><term>Ion</term><term>Kgaa</term><term>Laser</term><term>Laser powers</term><term>Lattice</term><term>Lattice shielding effect</term><term>Longitudinal</term><term>Longitudinal relaxation rate</term><term>Longitudinal relaxivities</term><term>Longitudinal relaxivity</term><term>Mater</term><term>Methanol solution</term><term>Mmol</term><term>Multimodal imaging probe</term><term>Nagdf4</term><term>Nagdf4 layer</term><term>Nagdf4 shell</term><term>Nagdf4 shell thicknesses</term><term>Nanoparticles</term><term>Nayf4 matrix</term><term>Negative lattice shielding effect</term><term>Oleic acid</term><term>Particle surface</term><term>Photoelectron spectroscopy</term><term>Positive lattice shielding effect</term><term>Present ucnps</term><term>Pure water</term><term>Relaxation time</term><term>Relaxivities</term><term>Relaxivity</term><term>Rigid crystal lattice</term><term>Room temperature</term><term>Rpmi medium</term><term>Same erbium</term><term>Schematic illustration</term><term>Second layer</term><term>Semiconductor laser</term><term>Shanghai</term><term>Silica</term><term>Structure design</term><term>Surface defects</term><term>Third layer</term><term>Tumor site</term><term>Ucnps</term><term>Uorescent</term><term>Uorescent intensities</term><term>Uorescent intensity</term><term>Upconversion</term><term>Verlag</term><term>Verlag gmbh</term><term>Vivo bimodal imaging demonstrations</term><term>Vivo images</term><term>Wang</term><term>Water accessibility</term><term>Water protons</term><term>Weinheim</term><term>Yellow dots</term><term>Zhang</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Angew</term><term>Argon atmosphere</term><term>Bimodal</term><term>Chem</term><term>Confocal luminescence imaging</term><term>Confocal microscope</term><term>Contrast images</term><term>Contrast imaging</term><term>Crystal lattice</term><term>Crystal lattices</term><term>Crystal surface</term><term>Cyclohexane</term><term>Cyclohexane solution</term><term>Deionized water</term><term>Digital camera</term><term>Direct evidence</term><term>Emission bands</term><term>Emissions bands</term><term>Enhancement</term><term>Epitaxial growth</term><term>Excess hexane</term><term>Excitation</term><term>Full paper</term><term>Full paper figure</term><term>Funct</term><term>Gmbh</term><term>Green line</term><term>Growth technique</term><term>Hydrophobic ucnps</term><term>Imaging</term><term>Ion</term><term>Kgaa</term><term>Laser</term><term>Laser powers</term><term>Lattice</term><term>Lattice shielding effect</term><term>Longitudinal</term><term>Longitudinal relaxation rate</term><term>Longitudinal relaxivities</term><term>Longitudinal relaxivity</term><term>Mater</term><term>Methanol solution</term><term>Mmol</term><term>Multimodal imaging probe</term><term>Nagdf4</term><term>Nagdf4 layer</term><term>Nagdf4 shell</term><term>Nagdf4 shell thicknesses</term><term>Nanoparticles</term><term>Nayf4 matrix</term><term>Negative lattice shielding effect</term><term>Oleic acid</term><term>Particle surface</term><term>Photoelectron spectroscopy</term><term>Positive lattice shielding effect</term><term>Present ucnps</term><term>Pure water</term><term>Relaxation time</term><term>Relaxivities</term><term>Relaxivity</term><term>Rigid crystal lattice</term><term>Room temperature</term><term>Rpmi medium</term><term>Same erbium</term><term>Schematic illustration</term><term>Second layer</term><term>Semiconductor laser</term><term>Shanghai</term><term>Silica</term><term>Structure design</term><term>Surface defects</term><term>Third layer</term><term>Tumor site</term><term>Ucnps</term><term>Uorescent</term><term>Uorescent intensities</term><term>Uorescent intensity</term><term>Upconversion</term><term>Verlag</term><term>Verlag gmbh</term><term>Vivo bimodal imaging demonstrations</term><term>Vivo images</term><term>Wang</term><term>Water accessibility</term><term>Water protons</term><term>Weinheim</term><term>Yellow dots</term><term>Zhang</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Gadolinium (Gd) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been well documented as T1‐MR and fluorescent imaging agents. However, the performance of Gd3+ ions located differently in the crystal lattice still remains debatable. Here, a well‐designed model was built based on a seed‐mediated growth technique to systematically probe the longitudinal relaxivity of Gd3+ ions within the crystal lattice and at the surface of UCNPs. We found, for the first time, a nearly 100% loss of relaxivity of Gd3+ ions buried deeply within crystal lattices (> 4 nm), which we named a “negative lattice shielding effect” (n‐LSE) as compared to the “positive lattice shielding effect” (p‐LSE) for the enhanced upconversion fluorescent intensity. As‐observed n‐LSE was further found to be shell thickness dependent. By suppressing the n‐LSE as far as possible, we optimized the UCNPs' structure design and achieved the highest r1 value (6.18 mM−1s−1 per Gd3+ ion) among previously reported counterparts. The potential bimodal imaging application both in vitro and in vivo of as‐designed nano‐probes was also demonstrated. This study clears the debate over the role of bulk and surface Gd3+ ions in MRI contrast imaging and paves the way for modulation of other Gd‐doped nanostructures for highly efficient T1‐MR and upconversion fluorescent bimodal imaging.</div></front></TEI></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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