The National Chemical Laboratory
Identifieur interne : 002886 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002885; suivant : 002887The National Chemical Laboratory
Auteurs :Source :
- Nature [ 0028-0836 ] ; 1958-12-27.
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DOI: 10.1038/1821778a0
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ISTEX:B89CFBD2E79930CABFD7B9C03D41DBCC9F1D6F4ALe document en format XML
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<bdy>THE National Chemical Laboratory, Teddington, of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, held a series of open days during October 21.24. In this article there is space to describe only some of the items on view.
Improved laboratory and semi-scale techniques for separating the rare earths have been developed, and considerable amounts of the individual oxides have been accumulated. Increased availability of these materials has prompted a search for new uses. A recent application of thulium was the subject of a very attractive display. When the pure oxide is irradiated in a high neutron flux, soft - and X-rays are emitted which can be used in engineering and medical radiography, and a number of interesting radiographs taken at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, were shown. The source unit consists of a small pellet of sintered thulia enclosed in an aluminium capsule.
The use of zone-refining for purifying materials used in researches on semiconductors, such as indium, tellurium, bismuth and aluminium, also attracted interest. The difficulties of following the course of purification by conventional analytical methods are considerable, and when possible, the movement of impurities is followed by introducing radioactive tracers ; for example, the removal of silver from bismuth was effected by using radioactive silver as tracer. Other exhibits included the Department s collection of pure metals, and the recovery of valuable materials from industrial wastes.
In conventional processes for the extraction of uranium, it is necessary, after leaching the ore, to separate the barren solids from the uranium-bearing liquor ; this liquid/solid separation represents a considerable percentage of the cost of extracting uranium. It has been found, with certain ores and with the correct degree of grinding, that satisfactory uranium extractions can be obtained by means of a limited contact between the aqueous leach pulp and the extracting solvent. This principle is employed in the disk contactor : the disks are wetted by the aqueous phase, and, as they rotate, a film of the aqueous solution is carried through the solvent, so effecting transfer of uranium.
Plastic standards for radiometric assay of uranium have been prepared by mixing Bakelite moulding powder with pitchblende, the density of the standard being varied by addition of heavy fillers to the mixture before moulding. These standards, designed for use with prospectors field ratemeters, possess the advantages that they are not liable to contamination or spillage and that they are not affected by changes in humidity or possible loss of radon.
Tests of the resistance of metals to corrosion and of the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors are being made in water circulation systems at different speeds and temperatures of the water. The object of the work is to find means of reducing losses due to corrosion in industrial cooling systems.
Oyclohexylamine carbonate has been applied by the Laboratory as a volatile corrosion inhibitor, and has given promising results in the protection of boilers and other steel equipment during shut-down periods.
The rate of oxidation of clean, pure iron is being measured by methods sensitive enough to detect the formation of less than one-tenth of a complete molecular layer of oxide per minute. The pressure in the apparatus can be controlled from less than 10-6 mm. mercury upwards.
Among various physico-chemical equipment for the examination of organic compounds was a simplified double-beam infra-red grating spectrometer using a Merton - National Physical Laboratory replica as the dispersing element. The instrument is intended for chemical applications, both in analytical and structural diagnosis. The design allows solvent compensation to be achieved, and expansion of any part of the scale as required.
The stock of standard organic compounds available for distribution now includes fifty-five individual compounds. During the year, 395 samples were sent out to forty-five laboratories.
There is considerable interest at present in the development of materials of improved thermal stability for use as plastics, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, surface coatings, etc. A variety of organo-metallic compounds shows promise in this connexion, and work on this project has recently been initiated at the Laboratory. At present, attention is mainly directed to the boron-nitrogen and related systems.
Novel types of redox resins have recently been developed at the Laboratory. These resins are capable of undergoing true electron-exchange, that is to say, operating reversibly on an oxidation-reduction cycle. The new materials displayed were based on cellulose and poly vinyl alcohol and some of their potential applications were illustrated.
A knowledge of the molecular weights and molecular-weight distributions of commercially important polymers is of great importance to the polymer industry. A comprehensive survey of work in progress included the determination of the molecular weights and shapes of polymers by viscometry, osmometry, light-scatter ing photometry, and ultracentrifugation. Other exhibits showed the results of fractionation of polymers according to their chain-lengths, and the molecular weight distribution curves derived from these experimental studies.
Another facet of the work, namely, research on the synthesis of new types of ion-exchange resins and membranes, was also shown. Materials of this type are of great value in water treatment and extraction of valuable organic and inorganic substances from solution.
Microbial activities which have economic importance are also being studied. One extraordinary microbe needs no organic food it lives on a simple diet of sulphur, mineral salts and air, and produces strong solutions of sulphuric acid. This organism is responsible for extensive damage to concrete structures such as water-cooling towers and sewage conduits. The use of sulphate-reducing bacteria to produce sulphur from sewage sludge and gypsum was illustrated. Demonstrations were given of the preservation of pure cultures of bacteria by freeze-drying ; the bacteria can be revived after many years with unchanged properties. The number of strains held by the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria is about 1,100, from which 1,700 cultures were sent out during the past year.</bdy></headerx></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>The National Chemical Laboratory</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>The National Chemical Laboratory</title></titleInfo><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="News (nw)" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Nature Publishing Group</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1958-12-27</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1958</copyrightDate></originInfo><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nature</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0028-0836</identifier><part><date>1958</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>182</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4652</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1778</start><end>1778</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B89CFBD2E79930CABFD7B9C03D41DBCC9F1D6F4A</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/GT4-L46W6N5G-2</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1038/1821778a0</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">1821778a0</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1958 Nature Publishing Group</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-4WZF4NWT-L">nature</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Nature Publishing Group</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B89CFBD2E79930CABFD7B9C03D41DBCC9F1D6F4A/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><author></author><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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