Neural stimulation with optical radiation
Identifieur interne : 001E36 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001E35; suivant : 001E37Neural stimulation with optical radiation
Auteurs : C. Richter ; A. I. Matic ; J. D. Wells ; E. D. Jansen ; J. T. WalshSource :
- Laser & Photonics Reviews [ 1863-8880 ] ; 2011-01-03.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Ablation threshold, Acoustic, Acoustic stimulation, Acoustic tones, Action potentials, Afferent, Auditory, Auditory brainstem response, Auditory nerve, Auditory neurons, Auditory system, Biological tissue, Biomed, Biomedical, Biomedical engineering, Biomedical optics, Canal afferents, Cell membrane, Central auditory system, Cochlea, Cochlear, Cochlear implants, Communication sciences, Compound action, Compound muscle action potentials, Depolarization, Diode, Diode laser, Diode lasers, Direct induction, Discharge rate, Duco jansen, Eighth nerve, Electrical stimulation, Electrical stimulation threshold, Electrochemical junction, Endogenous chromophores, Excitatory phase, Facial, Facial muscles, Facial nerve, Facial nerve trunk, Foremost advantage, Ganglion, Gerbil, Gmbh, Hair cells, Hene laser, Ieee trans, Inferior colliculus, Infrared laser, Infrared nerve stimulation, Infrared radiation, Izzo, Jansen, Johann wolfgang, Kgaa, Konrad, Laser, Laser irradiation, Laser parameters, Laser pulses, Laser radiation, Laser spot radius, Laser stimulation, Laser surg, Lasers surg, Latency, Levator nasolabialis, Lippincott williams wilkins, Matic, Molecular delivery, Monotonic increase, Nerve, Nerve cells, Nerve center, Nerve damage, Neural, Neural activity, Neural depolarization, Neural function, Neural prosthesis, Neural responses, Neural stimulation, Neural tissue, Neuron, Neurosci, Northwestern university, Online color, Optical, Optical energy, Optical parameters, Optical path, Optical power density, Optical pulse, Optical radiation, Optical radiation figure, Optical stimulation, Other hand, Other researchers, Other words, Parameter space, Penetrating electrodes, Penetration depth, Peripheral nerves, Photochemical reaction, Photonics, Possible mechanisms, Primary mechanism, Proc, Prosthesis, Pulse, Pulse duration, Pulse durations, Radiant energy, Radiant exposure, Radiant exposures, Radiation energy, Radiation wavelength, Radiation wavelengths, Recent review, Repetition rate, Response area, Review article laser photonics, Richter, Right panel, Sciatic, Sciatic nerve, Sciatic nerves, Selective stimulation, Selectivity, Shorter pulse durations, Similar results, Spatial resolution, Spatial selectivity, Spie publications, Spot size, Stimulation, Stimulation source, Stimulation threshold, Stress waves, Subsequent experiments, Surg, Synaptic connections, Thermal tissue damage, Tissue damage, Tissue temperature, Total energy, Transient temperature increase, Vanderbilt university, Verlag, Verlag gmbh, Vestibular, Vestibular nerve, Vestibular prostheses, Vestibular system, Water absorption, Water absorption curve, Wavelength, Weinheim, Weinheim laser photonics reviews, Weinheim review article laser photonics.
- Teeft :
- Ablation threshold, Acoustic, Acoustic stimulation, Acoustic tones, Action potentials, Afferent, Auditory, Auditory brainstem response, Auditory nerve, Auditory neurons, Auditory system, Biological tissue, Biomed, Biomedical, Biomedical engineering, Biomedical optics, Canal afferents, Cell membrane, Central auditory system, Cochlea, Cochlear, Cochlear implants, Communication sciences, Compound action, Compound muscle action potentials, Depolarization, Diode, Diode laser, Diode lasers, Direct induction, Discharge rate, Duco jansen, Eighth nerve, Electrical stimulation, Electrical stimulation threshold, Electrochemical junction, Endogenous chromophores, Excitatory phase, Facial, Facial muscles, Facial nerve, Facial nerve trunk, Foremost advantage, Ganglion, Gerbil, Gmbh, Hair cells, Hene laser, Ieee trans, Inferior colliculus, Infrared laser, Infrared nerve stimulation, Infrared radiation, Izzo, Jansen, Johann wolfgang, Kgaa, Konrad, Laser, Laser irradiation, Laser parameters, Laser pulses, Laser radiation, Laser spot radius, Laser stimulation, Laser surg, Lasers surg, Latency, Levator nasolabialis, Lippincott williams wilkins, Matic, Molecular delivery, Monotonic increase, Nerve, Nerve cells, Nerve center, Nerve damage, Neural, Neural activity, Neural depolarization, Neural function, Neural prosthesis, Neural responses, Neural stimulation, Neural tissue, Neuron, Neurosci, Northwestern university, Online color, Optical, Optical energy, Optical parameters, Optical path, Optical power density, Optical pulse, Optical radiation, Optical radiation figure, Optical stimulation, Other hand, Other researchers, Other words, Parameter space, Penetrating electrodes, Penetration depth, Peripheral nerves, Photochemical reaction, Photonics, Possible mechanisms, Primary mechanism, Proc, Prosthesis, Pulse, Pulse duration, Pulse durations, Radiant energy, Radiant exposure, Radiant exposures, Radiation energy, Radiation wavelength, Radiation wavelengths, Recent review, Repetition rate, Response area, Review article laser photonics, Richter, Right panel, Sciatic, Sciatic nerve, Sciatic nerves, Selective stimulation, Selectivity, Shorter pulse durations, Similar results, Spatial resolution, Spatial selectivity, Spie publications, Spot size, Stimulation, Stimulation source, Stimulation threshold, Stress waves, Subsequent experiments, Surg, Synaptic connections, Thermal tissue damage, Tissue damage, Tissue temperature, Total energy, Transient temperature increase, Vanderbilt university, Verlag, Verlag gmbh, Vestibular, Vestibular nerve, Vestibular prostheses, Vestibular system, Water absorption, Water absorption curve, Wavelength, Weinheim, Weinheim laser photonics reviews, Weinheim review article laser photonics.
Abstract
This paper reviews the existing research on infrared neural stimulation, a means of artificially stimulating neurons that has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is defined as the direct induction of an evoked potential in response to a transient targeted deposition of optical energy. The foremost advantage of using optical radiation for neural stimulation is its spatial resolution. Exogenously applied or trans‐genetically synthesized fluorophores are not used to achieve stimulation. Here, current work on INS is presented for motor nerves, sensory nerves, central nervous system, and in vitro preparations. A discussion follows addressing the mechanism of INS and its potential use in neuroprostheses. A brief review of neural depolarization involving other optical methods is also presented. Topics covered include optical stimulation concurrent with electrical stimulation, optical stimulation using exogenous fluorophores, and optical stimulation by transgenic induction of light‐gated ion channels.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/lpor.200900044
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:88E33FF8E3A9494BD3628B7A0769C92886EEB90CLe document en format XML
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Matic</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Searle Building 12‐470, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611‐3008, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, J D" sort="Wells, J D" uniqKey="Wells J" first="J. D." last="Wells">J. D. Wells</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Lockheed Martin Aculight Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, E D" sort="Jansen, E D" uniqKey="Jansen E" first="E. D." last="Jansen">E. D. Jansen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, J T" sort="Walsh, J T" uniqKey="Walsh J" first="J. T." last="Walsh">J. T. Walsh</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:88E33FF8E3A9494BD3628B7A0769C92886EEB90C</idno><date when="2011" year="2011">2011</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/lpor.200900044</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/88E33FF8E3A9494BD3628B7A0769C92886EEB90C/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001E36</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001E36</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Neural stimulation with optical radiation</title><author><name sortKey="Richter, C" sort="Richter, C" uniqKey="Richter C" first="C." last="Richter">C. Richter</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>The Hugh Knowles Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: cri529@northwestern.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence address: Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Searle Building 12‐470, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611‐3008, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matic, A I" sort="Matic, A I" uniqKey="Matic A" first="A. I." last="Matic">A. I. Matic</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Searle Building 12‐470, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611‐3008, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, J D" sort="Wells, J D" uniqKey="Wells J" first="J. D." last="Wells">J. D. Wells</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Lockheed Martin Aculight Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, E D" sort="Jansen, E D" uniqKey="Jansen E" first="E. D." last="Jansen">E. D. Jansen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, J T" sort="Walsh, J T" uniqKey="Walsh J" first="J. T." last="Walsh">J. T. Walsh</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Laser & Photonics Reviews</title><title level="j" type="alt">LASER PHOTONICS REVIEWS</title><idno type="ISSN">1863-8880</idno><idno type="eISSN">1863-8899</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="68">68</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="80">80</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">13</biblScope><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Berlin</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-01-03">2011-01-03</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1863-8880</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1863-8880</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Ablation threshold</term><term>Acoustic</term><term>Acoustic stimulation</term><term>Acoustic tones</term><term>Action potentials</term><term>Afferent</term><term>Auditory</term><term>Auditory brainstem response</term><term>Auditory nerve</term><term>Auditory neurons</term><term>Auditory system</term><term>Biological tissue</term><term>Biomed</term><term>Biomedical</term><term>Biomedical engineering</term><term>Biomedical optics</term><term>Canal afferents</term><term>Cell membrane</term><term>Central auditory system</term><term>Cochlea</term><term>Cochlear</term><term>Cochlear implants</term><term>Communication sciences</term><term>Compound action</term><term>Compound muscle action potentials</term><term>Depolarization</term><term>Diode</term><term>Diode laser</term><term>Diode lasers</term><term>Direct induction</term><term>Discharge rate</term><term>Duco jansen</term><term>Eighth nerve</term><term>Electrical stimulation</term><term>Electrical stimulation threshold</term><term>Electrochemical junction</term><term>Endogenous chromophores</term><term>Excitatory phase</term><term>Facial</term><term>Facial muscles</term><term>Facial nerve</term><term>Facial nerve trunk</term><term>Foremost advantage</term><term>Ganglion</term><term>Gerbil</term><term>Gmbh</term><term>Hair cells</term><term>Hene laser</term><term>Ieee trans</term><term>Inferior colliculus</term><term>Infrared laser</term><term>Infrared nerve stimulation</term><term>Infrared radiation</term><term>Izzo</term><term>Jansen</term><term>Johann wolfgang</term><term>Kgaa</term><term>Konrad</term><term>Laser</term><term>Laser irradiation</term><term>Laser parameters</term><term>Laser pulses</term><term>Laser radiation</term><term>Laser spot radius</term><term>Laser stimulation</term><term>Laser surg</term><term>Lasers surg</term><term>Latency</term><term>Levator nasolabialis</term><term>Lippincott williams wilkins</term><term>Matic</term><term>Molecular delivery</term><term>Monotonic increase</term><term>Nerve</term><term>Nerve cells</term><term>Nerve center</term><term>Nerve damage</term><term>Neural</term><term>Neural activity</term><term>Neural depolarization</term><term>Neural function</term><term>Neural prosthesis</term><term>Neural responses</term><term>Neural stimulation</term><term>Neural tissue</term><term>Neuron</term><term>Neurosci</term><term>Northwestern university</term><term>Online color</term><term>Optical</term><term>Optical energy</term><term>Optical parameters</term><term>Optical path</term><term>Optical power density</term><term>Optical pulse</term><term>Optical radiation</term><term>Optical radiation figure</term><term>Optical stimulation</term><term>Other hand</term><term>Other researchers</term><term>Other words</term><term>Parameter space</term><term>Penetrating electrodes</term><term>Penetration depth</term><term>Peripheral nerves</term><term>Photochemical reaction</term><term>Photonics</term><term>Possible mechanisms</term><term>Primary mechanism</term><term>Proc</term><term>Prosthesis</term><term>Pulse</term><term>Pulse duration</term><term>Pulse durations</term><term>Radiant energy</term><term>Radiant exposure</term><term>Radiant exposures</term><term>Radiation energy</term><term>Radiation wavelength</term><term>Radiation wavelengths</term><term>Recent review</term><term>Repetition rate</term><term>Response area</term><term>Review article laser photonics</term><term>Richter</term><term>Right panel</term><term>Sciatic</term><term>Sciatic nerve</term><term>Sciatic nerves</term><term>Selective stimulation</term><term>Selectivity</term><term>Shorter pulse durations</term><term>Similar results</term><term>Spatial resolution</term><term>Spatial selectivity</term><term>Spie publications</term><term>Spot size</term><term>Stimulation</term><term>Stimulation source</term><term>Stimulation threshold</term><term>Stress waves</term><term>Subsequent experiments</term><term>Surg</term><term>Synaptic connections</term><term>Thermal tissue damage</term><term>Tissue damage</term><term>Tissue temperature</term><term>Total energy</term><term>Transient temperature increase</term><term>Vanderbilt university</term><term>Verlag</term><term>Verlag gmbh</term><term>Vestibular</term><term>Vestibular nerve</term><term>Vestibular prostheses</term><term>Vestibular system</term><term>Water absorption</term><term>Water absorption curve</term><term>Wavelength</term><term>Weinheim</term><term>Weinheim laser photonics reviews</term><term>Weinheim review article laser photonics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Ablation threshold</term><term>Acoustic</term><term>Acoustic stimulation</term><term>Acoustic tones</term><term>Action potentials</term><term>Afferent</term><term>Auditory</term><term>Auditory brainstem response</term><term>Auditory nerve</term><term>Auditory neurons</term><term>Auditory system</term><term>Biological tissue</term><term>Biomed</term><term>Biomedical</term><term>Biomedical engineering</term><term>Biomedical optics</term><term>Canal afferents</term><term>Cell membrane</term><term>Central auditory system</term><term>Cochlea</term><term>Cochlear</term><term>Cochlear implants</term><term>Communication sciences</term><term>Compound action</term><term>Compound muscle action potentials</term><term>Depolarization</term><term>Diode</term><term>Diode laser</term><term>Diode lasers</term><term>Direct induction</term><term>Discharge rate</term><term>Duco jansen</term><term>Eighth nerve</term><term>Electrical stimulation</term><term>Electrical stimulation threshold</term><term>Electrochemical junction</term><term>Endogenous chromophores</term><term>Excitatory phase</term><term>Facial</term><term>Facial muscles</term><term>Facial nerve</term><term>Facial nerve trunk</term><term>Foremost advantage</term><term>Ganglion</term><term>Gerbil</term><term>Gmbh</term><term>Hair cells</term><term>Hene laser</term><term>Ieee trans</term><term>Inferior colliculus</term><term>Infrared laser</term><term>Infrared nerve stimulation</term><term>Infrared radiation</term><term>Izzo</term><term>Jansen</term><term>Johann wolfgang</term><term>Kgaa</term><term>Konrad</term><term>Laser</term><term>Laser irradiation</term><term>Laser parameters</term><term>Laser pulses</term><term>Laser radiation</term><term>Laser spot radius</term><term>Laser stimulation</term><term>Laser surg</term><term>Lasers surg</term><term>Latency</term><term>Levator nasolabialis</term><term>Lippincott williams wilkins</term><term>Matic</term><term>Molecular delivery</term><term>Monotonic increase</term><term>Nerve</term><term>Nerve cells</term><term>Nerve center</term><term>Nerve damage</term><term>Neural</term><term>Neural activity</term><term>Neural depolarization</term><term>Neural function</term><term>Neural prosthesis</term><term>Neural responses</term><term>Neural stimulation</term><term>Neural tissue</term><term>Neuron</term><term>Neurosci</term><term>Northwestern university</term><term>Online color</term><term>Optical</term><term>Optical energy</term><term>Optical parameters</term><term>Optical path</term><term>Optical power density</term><term>Optical pulse</term><term>Optical radiation</term><term>Optical radiation figure</term><term>Optical stimulation</term><term>Other hand</term><term>Other researchers</term><term>Other words</term><term>Parameter space</term><term>Penetrating electrodes</term><term>Penetration depth</term><term>Peripheral nerves</term><term>Photochemical reaction</term><term>Photonics</term><term>Possible mechanisms</term><term>Primary mechanism</term><term>Proc</term><term>Prosthesis</term><term>Pulse</term><term>Pulse duration</term><term>Pulse durations</term><term>Radiant energy</term><term>Radiant exposure</term><term>Radiant exposures</term><term>Radiation energy</term><term>Radiation wavelength</term><term>Radiation wavelengths</term><term>Recent review</term><term>Repetition rate</term><term>Response area</term><term>Review article laser photonics</term><term>Richter</term><term>Right panel</term><term>Sciatic</term><term>Sciatic nerve</term><term>Sciatic nerves</term><term>Selective stimulation</term><term>Selectivity</term><term>Shorter pulse durations</term><term>Similar results</term><term>Spatial resolution</term><term>Spatial selectivity</term><term>Spie publications</term><term>Spot size</term><term>Stimulation</term><term>Stimulation source</term><term>Stimulation threshold</term><term>Stress waves</term><term>Subsequent experiments</term><term>Surg</term><term>Synaptic connections</term><term>Thermal tissue damage</term><term>Tissue damage</term><term>Tissue temperature</term><term>Total energy</term><term>Transient temperature increase</term><term>Vanderbilt university</term><term>Verlag</term><term>Verlag gmbh</term><term>Vestibular</term><term>Vestibular nerve</term><term>Vestibular prostheses</term><term>Vestibular system</term><term>Water absorption</term><term>Water absorption curve</term><term>Wavelength</term><term>Weinheim</term><term>Weinheim laser photonics reviews</term><term>Weinheim review article laser photonics</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This paper reviews the existing research on infrared neural stimulation, a means of artificially stimulating neurons that has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is defined as the direct induction of an evoked potential in response to a transient targeted deposition of optical energy. The foremost advantage of using optical radiation for neural stimulation is its spatial resolution. Exogenously applied or trans‐genetically synthesized fluorophores are not used to achieve stimulation. Here, current work on INS is presented for motor nerves, sensory nerves, central nervous system, and in vitro preparations. A discussion follows addressing the mechanism of INS and its potential use in neuroprostheses. A brief review of neural depolarization involving other optical methods is also presented. Topics covered include optical stimulation concurrent with electrical stimulation, optical stimulation using exogenous fluorophores, and optical stimulation by transgenic induction of light‐gated ion channels.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>laser</json:string><json:string>neuron</json:string><json:string>optical stimulation</json:string><json:string>neural stimulation</json:string><json:string>sciatic</json:string><json:string>auditory</json:string><json:string>richter</json:string><json:string>cochlea</json:string><json:string>cochlear</json:string><json:string>prosthesis</json:string><json:string>photonics</json:string><json:string>weinheim</json:string><json:string>sciatic nerve</json:string><json:string>gmbh</json:string><json:string>vestibular</json:string><json:string>verlag gmbh</json:string><json:string>kgaa</json:string><json:string>optical 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KGaA, Weinheim</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2011-01-03"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Neural stimulation with optical radiation</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">C.‐P.</forename><surname>Richter</surname></persName><email>cri529@northwestern.edu</email><affiliation>The Hugh Knowles Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Searle Building 12‐470, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611‐3008, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">A.I.</forename><surname>Matic</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Searle Building 12‐470, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611‐3008, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">J.D.</forename><surname>Wells</surname></persName><affiliation>Lockheed Martin Aculight Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">E.D.</forename><surname>Jansen</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">J.T.</forename><surname>Walsh</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">88E33FF8E3A9494BD3628B7A0769C92886EEB90C</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-9QH3T1ST-W</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/lpor.200900044</idno><idno type="unit">LPOR200900044</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:LPOR.LPOR200900044.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Laser & Photonics Reviews</title><title level="j" type="alt">LASER PHOTONICS REVIEWS</title><idno type="pISSN">1863-8880</idno><idno type="eISSN">1863-8899</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1863-8899</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/lpor.v5.1</idno><idno type="product">LPOR</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="68">68</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="80">80</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">13</biblScope><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Berlin</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-01-03"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>This paper reviews the existing research on infrared neural stimulation, a means of artificially stimulating neurons that has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is defined as the direct induction of an evoked potential in response to a transient targeted deposition of optical energy. The foremost advantage of using optical radiation for neural stimulation is its spatial resolution. Exogenously applied or trans‐genetically synthesized fluorophores are not used to achieve stimulation. Here, current work on INS is presented for motor nerves, sensory nerves, central nervous system, and <hi rend="italic">in vitro</hi> preparations. A discussion follows addressing the mechanism of INS and its potential use in neuroprostheses. A brief review of neural depolarization involving other optical methods is also presented. 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Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is defined as the direct induction of an evoked potential in response to a transient targeted deposition of optical energy. The foremost advantage of using optical radiation for neural stimulation is its spatial resolution. Exogenously applied or trans‐genetically synthesized fluorophores are not used to achieve stimulation. Here, current work on INS is presented for motor nerves, sensory nerves, central nervous system, and in vitro preparations. A discussion follows addressing the mechanism of INS and its potential use in neuroprostheses. A brief review of neural depolarization involving other optical methods is also presented. Topics covered include optical stimulation concurrent with electrical stimulation, optical stimulation using exogenous fluorophores, and optical stimulation by transgenic induction of light‐gated ion channels.</abstract><abstract type="graphical" lang="en">This paper reviews the existing research on infrared neural stimulation, a means of artificially stimulating neurons that has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is defined as the direct induction of an evoked potential in response to a transient targeted deposition of optical energy. The foremost advantage of using optical radiation for neural stimulation is its spatial resolution. Here, current work on INS is presented for motor nerves, sensory nerves, central nervous system, and in vitro preparations.</abstract><note type="funding">National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services - HHSN260‐2006‐00006‐C / NIH No. N01‐DC‐6‐0006, NIH grant 1R41DC008515‐01, NIH grant F31 DC008246‐01; </note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Cochlea</topic><topic>cochlear implants</topic><topic>deafening</topic><topic>electrical stimulation</topic><topic>infrared neural stimulation</topic><topic>laser</topic><topic>neuroprosthesis</topic><topic>optical stimulation</topic><topic>spatial selectivity.</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Laser & Photonics Reviews</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Laser & Photon. Rev.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Review</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1863-8880</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1863-8899</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1863-8899</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">LPOR</identifier><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>5</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>68</start><end>80</end><total>13</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">88E33FF8E3A9494BD3628B7A0769C92886EEB90C</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-9QH3T1ST-W</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/lpor.200900044</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">LPOR200900044</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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