ThuliumV1, Istex, Corpus, bibRecord, 000382

Preparation and investigation of thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu

Identifieur interne : 000382 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000381; suivant : 000383

Preparation and investigation of thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu

Auteurs : I. Ka Sa ; R. Chobola ; P. Mell ; S. Szaka Cs ; A. Kerekes

Source :

Radiation Protection Dosimetry [ 0144-8420 ] ; 2007-01.

RBID : ISTEX:12127F9FADCFE05A1E755CA9C54969CCB3439239

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Appl, Bhatt, Caso4, Dopant, Dos, Dose characteristics, Dose range, Dosim, Dosimetric, Dosimetry, Dtmax, Electron accelerators, Gamma irradiation facilities, Gamma irradiators, Glow curve, Glow curves, Imax, Kasa, Lakshmanan, Linearity, Luminescence, Medical physics, Nuclear power plants, Optimal grain size, Phys, Prot, Radiat, Radiation dosimetry, Readout, Second series, Simple glow curve, Smallest change, Space dosimetry, Thermoluminescence, Thermoluminescence properties, Thermoluminescence response, Thermoluminescent, Thermoluminescent phosphor, Thermostimulated, Thermostimulated luminescence phosphor, Tmax, Upper limit, Wide range.
Teeft :
- Appl, Bhatt, Caso4, Dopant, Dos, Dose characteristics, Dose range, Dosim, Dosimetric, Dosimetry, Dtmax, Electron accelerators, Gamma irradiation facilities, Gamma irradiators, Glow curve, Glow curves, Imax, Kasa, Lakshmanan, Linearity, Luminescence, Medical physics, Nuclear power plants, Optimal grain size, Phys, Prot, Radiat, Radiation dosimetry, Readout, Second series, Simple glow curve, Smallest change, Space dosimetry, Thermoluminescence, Thermoluminescence properties, Thermoluminescence response, Thermoluminescent, Thermoluminescent phosphor, Thermostimulated, Thermostimulated luminescence phosphor, Tmax, Upper limit, Wide range.

Abstract

A new sort of thermoluminescent phosphor has been developed with the purpose of enlarging the range of linear dose–response. The thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu, prepared according to our method, were studied in the dose range of 0.5 Gy–125.0 kGy. The results of the present work show that the CaSO4:Tm,Cu is an excellent new dosimetric material due to its relatively simple glow curve, as a consequence of its simple trap system. Several applications are possible in dosimetry due to its wide range of linearity (2 × 10−6 to 2 × 103 Gy), from environmental and space dosimetry to accidental and high-dose irradiation, e.g. gamma irradiation facilities, electron accelerators, nuclear power plants, radiotherapy, medical physics, and so on.

Url:

https://api.istex.fr/document/12127F9FADCFE05A1E755CA9C54969CCB3439239/fulltext/pdf

DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl088

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:12127F9FADCFE05A1E755CA9C54969CCB3439239

Le document en format XML

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      <article-id pub-id-type="other">ncl088</article-id>

      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/rpd/ncl088</article-id>

      <article-categories>

        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">

          <subject>Articles</subject>

        </subj-group>

      </article-categories>

      <title-group>

        <article-title>Preparation and investigation of thermoluminescence properties of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu</article-title>

      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Kása</surname>

            <given-names>I.</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF1">1</xref>

          <xref rid="COR1">*</xref>

        </contrib>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Chobola</surname>

            <given-names>R.</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF2">2</xref>

        </contrib>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Mell</surname>

            <given-names>P.</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF3">3</xref>

        </contrib>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Szakács</surname>

            <given-names>S.</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF4">4</xref>

        </contrib>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Kerekes</surname>

            <given-names>A.</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF4">4</xref>

        </contrib>

        <aff id="AFF1"><label>1</label>
SOMOS Environmental Protection Ltd, Jókai Mór Street 42, H-1223 Budapest, Hungary</aff>

        <aff id="AFF2"><label>2</label>
Institute of Isotopes, Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 77, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary</aff>

        <aff id="AFF3"><label>3</label>
SSNS Institute for Expert Services, P.O. Box 710/3, H-1399 Budapest, Hungary</aff>

        <aff id="AFF4"><label>4</label>
Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygenie, P.O. Box 101, H-1775 Budapest, Hungary</aff>

      </contrib-group>

      <author-notes>

        <corresp id="COR1"><label>*</label>
Corresponding author: <ext-link xlink:href="ikasa@mail.bme.hu" ext-link-type="email">ikasa@mail.bme.hu</ext-link>
</corresp>

      </author-notes>

      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">

        <month>1</month>

        <year>2007</year>

      </pub-date>

      <pub-date pub-type="epub">

        <day>12</day>

        <month>8</month>

        <year>2006</year>

      </pub-date>

      <volume>123</volume>

      <issue>1</issue>

      <fpage>32</fpage>

      <lpage>35</lpage>

      <history>

        <date date-type="accepted">

          <day>4</day>

          <month>6</month>

          <year>2006</year>

        </date>

        <date date-type="received">

          <day>29</day>

          <month>3</month>

          <year>2006</year>

        </date>

        <date date-type="rev-recd">

          <day>22</day>

          <month>5</month>

          <year>2006</year>

        </date>

      </history>

      <permissions>

        <copyright-statement>© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</copyright-statement>

        <copyright-year>2007</copyright-year>

      </permissions>

      <abstract xml:lang="en">

        <p>A new sort of thermoluminescent phosphor has been developed with the purpose of enlarging the range of linear dose–response. The thermoluminescence properties of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu, prepared according to our method, were studied in the dose range of 0.5 Gy–125.0 kGy. The results of the present work show that the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu is an excellent new dosimetric material due to its relatively simple glow curve, as a consequence of its simple trap system. Several applications are possible in dosimetry due to its wide range of linearity (2 × 10<sup>−6</sup>
 to 2 × 10<sup>3</sup>
 Gy), from environmental and space dosimetry to accidental and high-dose irradiation, e.g. gamma irradiation facilities, electron accelerators, nuclear power plants, radiotherapy, medical physics, and so on.</p>

      </abstract>

      <custom-meta-wrap>

        <custom-meta>

          <meta-name>hwp-legacy-fpage</meta-name>

          <meta-value>32</meta-value>

        </custom-meta>

        <custom-meta>

          <meta-name>cover-date</meta-name>

          <meta-value>January 2007</meta-value>

        </custom-meta>

        <custom-meta>

          <meta-name>hwp-legacy-dochead</meta-name>

          <meta-value>Article</meta-value>

        </custom-meta>

      </custom-meta-wrap>

    </article-meta>

  </front>

  <body>

    <sec>

      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>

      <p>Calcium sulphate doped with dysprosium or thulium are excellent thermoluminescent phosphors for dosimetry of ionising radiations due to their high sensitivity, wide dose range (from 10<sup>−6</sup>
 to 1 Gy), relatively simple trap structure, good chemical, thermal and physical stability and ease of preparation. At present, they are among the most sensitive thermoluminescence (TL) dosemeter materials so that their application to the measurement of small doses (environment, space dosimetry, radiation dosimetry at nuclear power plants, TL-dating, and so on) is extensive.</p>

      <p>Yamashita <italic>et al</italic>
.<sup>(<xref rid="B1">1</xref>
)</sup>
 developed an excellent and relatively simple method for preparing calcium sulphate doped with rare earths (RE). The CaSO<sub>4</sub>
·2H<sub>2</sub>
O and Dy<sub>2</sub>
O<sub>3</sub>
 and/or Tm<sub>2</sub>
O<sub>3</sub>
 were dissolved in hot concentrated sulphuric acid and the acid was slowly evaporated. This method of production of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Dy and CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm was widely applied.</p>

      <p>Later, the method was modified by many researchers and new methods of preparing CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Dy and CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm were developed, which tend to increase the sensitivity on one hand and increase the upper limit (1 Gy) of linearity on the other hand. These modifications involve: the influence of preparation methods<sup>(<xref rid="B2">2</xref>
,<xref rid="B3">3</xref>
)</sup>
; purification of the starting materials and the application of an oxidant<sup>(<xref rid="B4">4</xref>
,<xref rid="B5">5</xref>
)</sup>
; vacuum evaporation<sup>(<xref rid="B6">6</xref>
,<xref rid="B7">7</xref>
)</sup>
; changing of the starting (CaSO<sub>4</sub>
·2H<sub>2</sub>
O) materials: CaCl<sub>2</sub>
·6H<sub>2</sub>
O, Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>
)<sub>2</sub>
·4H<sub>2</sub>
O, CaCO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>(<xref rid="B8">8</xref>
<xref rid="B9"></xref>
<xref rid="B10"></xref>
<xref rid="B11"></xref>
–<xref rid="B12">12</xref>
)</sup>
; and the influence of charge compensator/co-dopant ions: Li, Na<sup>(<xref rid="B13">13</xref>
,<xref rid="B14">14</xref>
)</sup>
; Cu<sup>(<xref rid="B15">15</xref>
,<xref rid="B16">16</xref>
)</sup>
; Ce, P<sup>(<xref rid="B17">17</xref>
)</sup>
; Mo, P, SO<sub>3</sub>
<sup>(<xref rid="B18">18</xref>
)</sup>
; Na, Zr, P<sup>(<xref rid="B19">19</xref>
)</sup>
; Ag<sup>(<xref rid="B20">20</xref>
)</sup>
; Zn and Cd<sup>(<xref rid="B21">21</xref>
)</sup>
.</p>

      <p>CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu phosphors were prepared in different dopant–co-dopant concentrations and the effects of the concentration of dopant−co-dopant and delivered dose on the shape of the glow curve, on the TL sensitivity, on the TL response function and the dose characteristics have been studied along with the effect of the high doses on the TL properties.</p>

    </sec>

    <sec>

      <title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>

      <sec>

        <title>Phosphor preparation</title>

        <p>The CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu phosphors have been prepared according to our method<sup>(<xref rid="B4">4</xref>
,<xref rid="B5">5</xref>
)</sup>
. The samples were annealed at 700°C for 2 h. The crystallites were ground to the optimal grain size of 63−200 μm. Before use, the samples were annealed again at 500°C for 30 min.</p>

        <p>Two series of samples were prepared for the experiment. In the first series, the six samples contained the Tm dopant and the Cu co-dopant at the same molar concentration. For the second series of seven samples, the concentration of the Tm dopant was kept constant at 0.15 mol%, whereas that of the Cu co-dopant was varied from 0.00 to 0.30 mol% (<xref rid="TBL1">Table 1</xref>).

<table-wrap id="TBL1" position="float"><label><bold>Table 1.</bold>
</label>
<caption><p><bold>Nominal concentration of thulium and copper in CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm and CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu TL phosphors, and their relative dose–response.</bold>
</p>
</caption>
<table><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Sample no.<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Concentration of Tm (mol%)<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Concentration of Cu (mol%)<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Relative dose–response (INT<sub>60</sub>
) (%)<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Series 1</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">74.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.10</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.10</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">62.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">3</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">76.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.20</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.20</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">63.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">5</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.25</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.25</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">59.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">6</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">64.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Series 2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.00</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">100</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">77.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">3</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.10</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">72.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">76.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">5</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.20</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">55.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">6</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.25</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">51.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">7</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">0.30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">47.2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</p>

        <p>The effective concentrations of dopant and co-dopant were determined with prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA)<sup>(<xref rid="B22">22</xref>
)</sup>
.</p>

      </sec>

      <sec>

        <title>Irradiation and technical apparatus</title>

        <p>Irradiation was carried out using several <sup>60</sup>
Co gamma irradiators. The dose values used for the dose characteristics experiments were selected from 0.5 Gy to 125 kGy.</p>

        <p>Readout of the irradiated thermoluminescent samples was performed by Fimel LTM manual reader. A type 415b blue optical spectral filter in conjunction with either the type D1 or the type D3 optical attenuation filters were used for thermal background or for TL-light-intensity limiting, respectively. All the optical filters are accessory parts of the Fimel LTM TLD-system.</p>

        <p>The maximum readout temperature was mainly at 360°C, with a heating rate of 4°C s<sup>−1</sup>
. The duration of the heating plateau was 5 s. The glow curve consisted of three overlapping peak ranges as a function of temperature (low temperature peak: LTP; dosimetric peak: DP; high-temperature peak: HTP). The TL sensitivities were determined by both integral method of the DP peaks within the region where the amplitudes exceeded 40% of the peak maximum (INT<sub>60</sub>
) and peak method of the TL intensity (<italic>I</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
) belonging to <italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 of the DP. At least three measurements were made for each sample of different compositions and the standard deviations of the TL data were in the range of 0.5–6.5%.</p>

      </sec>

    </sec>

    <sec>

      <title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>

      <sec>

        <title>Glow curves</title>

        <p>The maximum temperatures (<italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
) of DP and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) depends on the dose. Along with the increasing doses the DP decreases relative to the HTP, and the <italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 of the HTP becomes dominant.</p>

        <p>At a dose of ∼32 Gy the shift of the glow peak reached a maximum of Δ<italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 = 50°C (from ∼240 to ∼290°C). At further increasing doses the <italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 decreased gradually and beyond 500 Gy it settled back to its low dose level of ∼240°C (<xref rid="FIG1">Figure 1</xref>).

<fig id="FIG1" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption><p>TL glow curves of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm phosphor (<bold>2</bold>
/1 sample in <xref rid="TBL1">Table 1</xref>
) with different doses. The peak values normalised to 10,000 counts.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ncl088f1"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>

        <p>In the presence of the copper co-dopant, the value of Δ<italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 is reduced substantially. In the case of equal dopant concentrations, an increase in co-dopant concentration in the second sample series (<xref rid="TBL1">Table 1</xref>
) induced a significant decrease of ∼70% in value of <italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 (Δ<italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 ≅ 16°C) depending on the dose, compared with the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm phosphor. The smallest change (Δ<italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 ≅ 5°C) arose from the <bold>2</bold>
/7 sample (<xref rid="FIG2">Figure 2</xref>).

<fig id="FIG2" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label>
<caption><p>TL glow curves of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu phosphors (<bold>2</bold>
/7 sample in <xref rid="TBL1">Table 1</xref>
 measured at the same parameters as <xref rid="FIG1">Figure 1</xref>
.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ncl088f2"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>

        <p>The increasing FWHM of the glow curves can be attributed to the increase of HTPs. The FWHM of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm sample increased substantially, by ∼75 AU to ∼32 Gy, then decreased with dose progressively. In the dose range from 0.5 to 125 kGy it behaved almost similar to the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu samples, whereas the maximum values of the glow curve FWHMs decreased with 67–85%, in good agreement with the glow curves and the <italic>T</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 positions (<xref rid="FIG1">Figures 1</xref>
 and 2). The smallest change arose with sample <bold>2</bold>
/7.</p>

      </sec>

      <sec>

        <title>Dose–response</title>

        <p>The optimal grain size (63–200 μm, taken as 100%) was selected based on an earlier study of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm. The relative dose–responses of the finer grain fractions decayed to 82% for 0–63 μm, 31% for 5.1–10.3 μm and 11% for 0–5.1 μm<sup>(<xref rid="B5">5</xref>
)</sup>
.</p>

        <p>The relative dose–responses based on INT<sub>60</sub>
 and <italic>I</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 of the samples of the first series (containing equimolar concentrations of Tm and Cu) showed no significant deviation on the sample set, at 0.5 Gy absorbed dose. Nevertheless in the case of the second series, with increasing concentrations of Cu the value of the relative dose–response based both on INT<sub>60</sub>
 and <italic>I</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
 slightly decreased (<xref rid="TBL1">Table 1</xref>
). The overall decrease in the dose–response of the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu series compared with the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm phosphor averaged at ∼60% at 500 mGy.</p>

      </sec>

      <sec>

        <title>Dose characteristics</title>

        <p>The linearity of the dose–response of the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu phosphor (samples <bold>2</bold>
/2 and <bold>2</bold>
/7 in <xref rid="FIG3">Figures 3</xref>
 and <xref rid="FIG4">4</xref>), measured using both the integral and peak methods, showed a correlation of 0.998–0.999 up to 2 kGy.

<fig id="FIG3" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label>
<caption><p>Dose characteristics of the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu (<bold>2</bold>
/2 and <bold>2</bold>
/7) TL materials (INT<sub>60</sub>
).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ncl088f3"></graphic>
</fig>

<fig id="FIG4" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label>
<caption><p>Dose characteristics of the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu (<bold>2</bold>
/2 and <bold>2</bold>
/7) TL materials (<italic>I</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ncl088f4"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>

        <p>It can be stated that the Cu co-dopant increased the upper limit of detection of the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm phosphor up to 2 kGy. Above 2 kGy, the curves of all the investigated CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm and CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu samples turned into saturation. Hence, the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu TL phosphors are suitable for high-dose measurement.</p>

      </sec>

      <sec>

        <title>The effect of high dose on TL properties</title>

        <p>The effect of high-dose irradiations (from 0.1 to 100.0 kGy) on TL properties was investigated with sample <bold>1</bold>
/1. Before every irradiation, samples were prepared by annealing at 400°C for 2 h. The samples were readout after 0.5 Gy irradiation, then were irradiated again at 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 kGy and after the readout were annealed again at 400°C for 2 h. Blank, that is, prepared and unirradiated crystallite powder samples are colourless, scattering white light. During high-dose irradiations the crystallite powder became slightly darker of red nuance, regaining its original white colourless state through readout or anneal.</p>

        <p>In order to assess the high-dose effect on the sensitivity of the phosphor, following the high-dose irradiation and reannealing, the samples were irradiated again at 0.5 Gy, and were then readout again. Based on the measurements it can be stated that there was no significant alteration in the character of the glow curves. Meanwhile the TL sensitivity increased by a factor of 2, above the dose of ∼10 kGy, although the samples were chemically stable.</p>

        <p>The gamma-ray-induced sensitisation in case of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm phosphor has been studied by Lakshmanan and Bhatt<sup>(<xref rid="B23">23</xref>
)</sup>
 with a resulting sensitivity increase factor of 4 after a pre-exposure of 1.3 × 10<sup>5</sup>
 <italic>R</italic>
.</p>

      </sec>

    </sec>

    <sec>

      <title>CONCLUSION</title>

      <p>The Cu co-dopant has different effects on the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Dy,Cu and CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu phosphors. The characteristic dose–response curve in the case of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Dy,Cu is linear up to, and supralinear above ∼25 Gy<sup>(<xref rid="B16">16</xref>
)</sup>
.</p>

      <p>In the case of CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu dose–response curve is linear up to ∼2000 Gy, i.e. two orders of magnitude greater. Above ∼2000 Gy the dose characteristic curves turn into saturation. Therefore, the CaSO<sub>4</sub>
:Tm,Cu seems to be an excellent dose material since it has a relatively simple glow curve and consequently a dose linearity of about nine orders of magnitude (from 10<sup>−6</sup>
 Gy to 2 × 10<sup>3</sup>
 Gy), which makes it suitable for a wide range of applications in dosimetry: from environmental and space dosimetry to accidental and high-dose irradiation, e.g. gamma irradiation facilities, electron accelerators, nuclear power plants, radiotherapy, medical physics, and so on.</p>

    </sec>

  </body>

  <back>

    <ack>

      <p>The authors wish to express their thanks to Andras Bergkessel (OKK-OSSKI, Budapest, Hungary) for his efforts around the gamma irradiators and to Dr Sandor Pellet (OKK-OSSKI, Budapest, Hungary) for his kind advice and support to this work.</p>

    </ack>

    <ref-list>

      <title>REFERENCES</title>

      <ref id="B1">

        <label>1.</label>

        <citation>Yamashita, T., Nada, N., Onishi, H. and Kitamura, S. <italic>Calcium sulphate phosphor activated by thulium or dysprosium for thermoluminescence dosimetry</italic>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Kása</namePart>
<affiliation>SOMOS Environmental Protection Ltd, Jókai Mór Street 42, H-1223 Budapest, Hungary</affiliation>
<affiliation>Corresponding author: ikasa@mail.bme.hu</affiliation>
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<namePart type="family">Kerekes</namePart>
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<abstract lang="en">A new sort of thermoluminescent phosphor has been developed with the purpose of enlarging the range of linear dose–response. The thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu, prepared according to our method, were studied in the dose range of 0.5 Gy–125.0 kGy. The results of the present work show that the CaSO4:Tm,Cu is an excellent new dosimetric material due to its relatively simple glow curve, as a consequence of its simple trap system. Several applications are possible in dosimetry due to its wide range of linearity (2 × 10−6 to 2 × 103 Gy), from environmental and space dosimetry to accidental and high-dose irradiation, e.g. gamma irradiation facilities, electron accelerators, nuclear power plants, radiotherapy, medical physics, and so on.</abstract>
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Preparation and investigation of thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu

Preparation and investigation of thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu

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