Novel pegylated silver coated carbon nanotubes kill Salmonella but they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells.
Identifieur interne : 000763 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000762; suivant : 000764Novel pegylated silver coated carbon nanotubes kill Salmonella but they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells.
Auteurs : Atul A. Chaudhari ; Shanese L. Jasper ; Ejovwoke Dosunmu ; Michael E. Miller ; Robert D. Arnold ; Shree R. Singh ; Shreekumar PillaiSource :
- Journal of nanobiotechnology [ 1477-3155 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Anti-Bacterial Agents (chemistry), Anti-Bacterial Agents (pharmacology), Cell Line (drug effects), Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial (drug effects), Humans (MeSH), Mice (MeSH), Microbial Sensitivity Tests (MeSH), Microscopy, Electron, Scanning (MeSH), Nanotubes, Carbon (chemistry), Nanotubes, Carbon (toxicity), Polyethylene Glycols (chemistry), Salmonella typhimurium (drug effects), Salmonella typhimurium (genetics), Salmonella typhimurium (growth & development), Silver (chemistry), Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (MeSH), Toxicity Tests (methods).
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Nanotubes, Carbon, Polyethylene Glycols, Silver.
- chemical , pharmacology : Anti-Bacterial Agents.
- drug effects : Cell Line, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Salmonella typhimurium.
- genetics : Salmonella typhimurium.
- growth & development : Salmonella typhimurium.
- methods : Toxicity Tests.
- chemical , toxicity : Nanotubes, Carbon.
- Animals, Humans, Mice, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Resistance of food borne pathogens such as Salmonella to existing antibiotics is of grave concern. Silver coated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-Ag) have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and may be a good treatment alternative. However, toxicity to human cells due to their physico-chemical properties is a serious public health concern. Although pegylation is commonly used to reduce metal nanoparticle toxicity, SWCNTs-Ag have not been pegylated as yet, and the effect of pegylation of SWCNTs-Ag on their anti-bacterial activity and cell cytotoxicity remains to be studied. Further, there are no molecular studies on the anti-bacterial mechanism of SWCNTs-Ag or their functionalized nanocomposites.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study we created novel pegylated SWCNTS-Ag (pSWCNTs-Ag), and employed 3 eukaryotic cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxicity as compared to plain SWCNTS-Ag. Simultaneously, we evaluated their antibacterial activity on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) by the MIC and growth curve assays. In order to understand the possible mechanisms of action of both SWCNTs-Ag and pSWCNTs-Ag, we used electron microscopy (EM) and molecular studies (qRT-PCR).
RESULTS
pSWCNTs-Ag inhibited Salmonella Typhimurium at 62.5 μg/mL, while remaining non-toxic to human cells. By comparison, plain SWCNTs-Ag were toxic to human cells at 62.5 μg/mL. EM analysis revealed that bacteria internalized either of these nanocomposites after the outer cell membranes were damaged, resulting in cell lysis or expulsion of cytoplasmic contents, leaving empty ghosts. The expression of genes regulating the membrane associated metabolic transporter system (artP, dppA, and livJ), amino acid biosynthesis (trp and argC) and outer membrane integrity (ompF) protiens, was significantly down regulated in Salmonella treated with both pSWCNTs-Ag and SWCNTs-Ag. Although EM analysis of bacteria treated with either SWCNTs-Ag or pSWCNTs-Ag revealed relatively similar morphological changes, the expression of genes regulating the normal physiological processes of bacteria (ybeF), quorum sensing (sdiA), outer membrane structure (safC), invasion (ychP) and virulence (safC, ychP, sseA and sseG) were exclusively down regulated several fold in pSWCNTs-Ag treated bacteria.
CONCLUSIONS
Altogether, the present data shows that our novel pSWCNTs-Ag are non-toxic to human cells at their bactericidal concentration, as compared to plain SWCNTS-Ag. Therefore, pSWCNTs-Ag may be safe alternative antimicrobials to treat foodborne pathogens.
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0085-5
PubMed: 25888864
PubMed Central: PMC4377206
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:25888864Le document en format XML
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Jasper</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. shanese.jasper@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dosunmu, Ejovwoke" sort="Dosunmu, Ejovwoke" uniqKey="Dosunmu E" first="Ejovwoke" last="Dosunmu">Ejovwoke Dosunmu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. ememu83@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Michael E" sort="Miller, Michael E" uniqKey="Miller M" first="Michael E" last="Miller">Michael E. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Instrumentation Facility, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. MILLEM1@auburn.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arnold, Robert D" sort="Arnold, Robert D" uniqKey="Arnold R" first="Robert D" last="Arnold">Robert D. Arnold</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. rda0007@auburn.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Shree R" sort="Singh, Shree R" uniqKey="Singh S" first="Shree R" last="Singh">Shree R. Singh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. ssingh@alasu.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pillai, Shreekumar" sort="Pillai, Shreekumar" uniqKey="Pillai S" first="Shreekumar" last="Pillai">Shreekumar Pillai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. spillai@alasu.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25888864</idno><idno type="pmid">25888864</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12951-015-0085-5</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC4377206</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000763</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000763</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Novel pegylated silver coated carbon nanotubes kill Salmonella but they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells.</title><author><name sortKey="Chaudhari, Atul A" sort="Chaudhari, Atul A" uniqKey="Chaudhari A" first="Atul A" last="Chaudhari">Atul A. Chaudhari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. atulvet@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jasper, Shanese L" sort="Jasper, Shanese L" uniqKey="Jasper S" first="Shanese L" last="Jasper">Shanese L. Jasper</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. shanese.jasper@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dosunmu, Ejovwoke" sort="Dosunmu, Ejovwoke" uniqKey="Dosunmu E" first="Ejovwoke" last="Dosunmu">Ejovwoke Dosunmu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. ememu83@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Michael E" sort="Miller, Michael E" uniqKey="Miller M" first="Michael E" last="Miller">Michael E. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Instrumentation Facility, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. MILLEM1@auburn.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arnold, Robert D" sort="Arnold, Robert D" uniqKey="Arnold R" first="Robert D" last="Arnold">Robert D. Arnold</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. rda0007@auburn.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Shree R" sort="Singh, Shree R" uniqKey="Singh S" first="Shree R" last="Singh">Shree R. Singh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. ssingh@alasu.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pillai, Shreekumar" sort="Pillai, Shreekumar" uniqKey="Pillai S" first="Shreekumar" last="Pillai">Shreekumar Pillai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. spillai@alasu.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of nanobiotechnology</title><idno type="eISSN">1477-3155</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (chemistry)</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Cell Line (drug effects)</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial (drug effects)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Mice (MeSH)</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests (MeSH)</term><term>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning (MeSH)</term><term>Nanotubes, Carbon (chemistry)</term><term>Nanotubes, Carbon (toxicity)</term><term>Polyethylene Glycols (chemistry)</term><term>Salmonella typhimurium (drug effects)</term><term>Salmonella typhimurium (genetics)</term><term>Salmonella typhimurium (growth & development)</term><term>Silver (chemistry)</term><term>Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (MeSH)</term><term>Toxicity Tests (methods)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Nanotubes, Carbon</term><term>Polyethylene Glycols</term><term>Silver</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Cell Line</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial</term><term>Salmonella typhimurium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Salmonella typhimurium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Salmonella typhimurium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Toxicity Tests</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="toxicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Nanotubes, Carbon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mice</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</term><term>Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Resistance of food borne pathogens such as Salmonella to existing antibiotics is of grave concern. Silver coated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-Ag) have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and may be a good treatment alternative. However, toxicity to human cells due to their physico-chemical properties is a serious public health concern. Although pegylation is commonly used to reduce metal nanoparticle toxicity, SWCNTs-Ag have not been pegylated as yet, and the effect of pegylation of SWCNTs-Ag on their anti-bacterial activity and cell cytotoxicity remains to be studied. Further, there are no molecular studies on the anti-bacterial mechanism of SWCNTs-Ag or their functionalized nanocomposites.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b></p><p>In this study we created novel pegylated SWCNTS-Ag (pSWCNTs-Ag), and employed 3 eukaryotic cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxicity as compared to plain SWCNTS-Ag. Simultaneously, we evaluated their antibacterial activity on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) by the MIC and growth curve assays. In order to understand the possible mechanisms of action of both SWCNTs-Ag and pSWCNTs-Ag, we used electron microscopy (EM) and molecular studies (qRT-PCR).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>pSWCNTs-Ag inhibited Salmonella Typhimurium at 62.5 μg/mL, while remaining non-toxic to human cells. By comparison, plain SWCNTs-Ag were toxic to human cells at 62.5 μg/mL. EM analysis revealed that bacteria internalized either of these nanocomposites after the outer cell membranes were damaged, resulting in cell lysis or expulsion of cytoplasmic contents, leaving empty ghosts. The expression of genes regulating the membrane associated metabolic transporter system (artP, dppA, and livJ), amino acid biosynthesis (trp and argC) and outer membrane integrity (ompF) protiens, was significantly down regulated in Salmonella treated with both pSWCNTs-Ag and SWCNTs-Ag. Although EM analysis of bacteria treated with either SWCNTs-Ag or pSWCNTs-Ag revealed relatively similar morphological changes, the expression of genes regulating the normal physiological processes of bacteria (ybeF), quorum sensing (sdiA), outer membrane structure (safC), invasion (ychP) and virulence (safC, ychP, sseA and sseG) were exclusively down regulated several fold in pSWCNTs-Ag treated bacteria.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Altogether, the present data shows that our novel pSWCNTs-Ag are non-toxic to human cells at their bactericidal concentration, as compared to plain SWCNTS-Ag. Therefore, pSWCNTs-Ag may be safe alternative antimicrobials to treat foodborne pathogens.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25888864</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>12</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1477-3155</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>13</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>22</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of nanobiotechnology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Nanobiotechnology</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Novel pegylated silver coated carbon nanotubes kill Salmonella but they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>23</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12951-015-0085-5</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Resistance of food borne pathogens such as Salmonella to existing antibiotics is of grave concern. Silver coated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-Ag) have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and may be a good treatment alternative. However, toxicity to human cells due to their physico-chemical properties is a serious public health concern. Although pegylation is commonly used to reduce metal nanoparticle toxicity, SWCNTs-Ag have not been pegylated as yet, and the effect of pegylation of SWCNTs-Ag on their anti-bacterial activity and cell cytotoxicity remains to be studied. Further, there are no molecular studies on the anti-bacterial mechanism of SWCNTs-Ag or their functionalized nanocomposites.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">In this study we created novel pegylated SWCNTS-Ag (pSWCNTs-Ag), and employed 3 eukaryotic cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxicity as compared to plain SWCNTS-Ag. Simultaneously, we evaluated their antibacterial activity on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) by the MIC and growth curve assays. In order to understand the possible mechanisms of action of both SWCNTs-Ag and pSWCNTs-Ag, we used electron microscopy (EM) and molecular studies (qRT-PCR).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">pSWCNTs-Ag inhibited Salmonella Typhimurium at 62.5 μg/mL, while remaining non-toxic to human cells. By comparison, plain SWCNTs-Ag were toxic to human cells at 62.5 μg/mL. EM analysis revealed that bacteria internalized either of these nanocomposites after the outer cell membranes were damaged, resulting in cell lysis or expulsion of cytoplasmic contents, leaving empty ghosts. The expression of genes regulating the membrane associated metabolic transporter system (artP, dppA, and livJ), amino acid biosynthesis (trp and argC) and outer membrane integrity (ompF) protiens, was significantly down regulated in Salmonella treated with both pSWCNTs-Ag and SWCNTs-Ag. Although EM analysis of bacteria treated with either SWCNTs-Ag or pSWCNTs-Ag revealed relatively similar morphological changes, the expression of genes regulating the normal physiological processes of bacteria (ybeF), quorum sensing (sdiA), outer membrane structure (safC), invasion (ychP) and virulence (safC, ychP, sseA and sseG) were exclusively down regulated several fold in pSWCNTs-Ag treated bacteria.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Altogether, the present data shows that our novel pSWCNTs-Ag are non-toxic to human cells at their bactericidal concentration, as compared to plain SWCNTS-Ag. Therefore, pSWCNTs-Ag may be safe alternative antimicrobials to treat foodborne pathogens.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chaudhari</LastName><ForeName>Atul A</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. atulvet@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jasper</LastName><ForeName>Shanese L</ForeName><Initials>SL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. shanese.jasper@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dosunmu</LastName><ForeName>Ejovwoke</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. ememu83@yahoo.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miller</LastName><ForeName>Michael E</ForeName><Initials>ME</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Instrumentation Facility, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. MILLEM1@auburn.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arnold</LastName><ForeName>Robert D</ForeName><Initials>RD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. rda0007@auburn.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Singh</LastName><ForeName>Shree R</ForeName><Initials>SR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. ssingh@alasu.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pillai</LastName><ForeName>Shreekumar</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. spillai@alasu.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R25 GM106995</GrantID><Acronym>GM</Acronym><Agency>NIGMS NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Nanobiotechnology</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101152208</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1477-3155</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000900">Anti-Bacterial Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D037742">Nanotubes, Carbon</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3M4G523W1G</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012834">Silver</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3WJQ0SDW1A</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011092">Polyethylene Glycols</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000900" MajorTopicYN="N">Anti-Bacterial Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002460" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Line</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015964" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008826" MajorTopicYN="N">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008855" MajorTopicYN="N">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D037742" MajorTopicYN="Y">Nanotubes, Carbon</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000633" MajorTopicYN="N">toxicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011092" MajorTopicYN="N">Polyethylene Glycols</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012486" MajorTopicYN="N">Salmonella typhimurium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug 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