Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system
Identifieur interne : 000003 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000002; suivant : 000004Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system
Auteurs : Andrea Luca Rizzo [Italie] ; Antonio Caracausi [Italie] ; Valèrie Chavagnac [France] ; Paraskevi Nomikou [Grèce] ; Paraskevi N. Polymenakou [Grèce] ; Manolis Mandalakis [Grèce] ; Georgios Kotoulas [Grèce] ; Antonios Magoulas [Grèce] ; Alain Castillo [France] ; Danai Lampridou [Grèce]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Submarine volcanism represents ~80% of the volcanic activity on Earth and is an important source of mantle-derived gases. These gases are of basic importance for the comprehension of mantle characteristics in areas where subaerial volcanism is missing or strongly modified by the presence of crustal/atmospheric components. Though, the study of submarine volcanism remains a challenge due to their hazardousness and sea-depth. Here, we report 3He/4He measurements in CO2–dominated gases discharged at 500 m below sea level from the high-temperature (~220 °C) hydrothermal system of the Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece), located 7 km northeast off Santorini Island in the central part of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). We highlight that the mantle below Kolumbo and Santorini has a 3He/4He signature of at least 7.0 Ra (being Ra the 3He/4He ratio of atmospheric He equal to 1.39×10−6), 3 Ra units higher than actually known for gases-rocks from Santorini. This ratio is also the highest measured across the HVA and is indicative of the direct degassing of a Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalts (MORB)-like mantle through lithospheric faults. We finally highlight that the degassing of high-temperature fluids with a MORB-like 3He/4He ratio corroborates a vigorous outgassing of mantle-derived volatiles with potential hazard at the Kolumbo submarine volcano.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep28013
PubMed: 27311383
PubMed Central: 4911562
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type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911562</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4911562</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep28013</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000003</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000003</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000003</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000003</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system</title><author><name sortKey="Rizzo, Andrea Luca" sort="Rizzo, Andrea Luca" uniqKey="Rizzo A" first="Andrea Luca" last="Rizzo">Andrea Luca Rizzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caracausi, Antonio" sort="Caracausi, Antonio" uniqKey="Caracausi A" first="Antonio" last="Caracausi">Antonio Caracausi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chavagnac, Valerie" sort="Chavagnac, Valerie" uniqKey="Chavagnac V" first="Valèrie" last="Chavagnac">Valèrie Chavagnac</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>CNRS, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse</institution>, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nomikou, Paraskevi" sort="Nomikou, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Nomikou P" first="Paraskevi" last="Nomikou">Paraskevi Nomikou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polymenakou, Paraskevi N" sort="Polymenakou, Paraskevi N" uniqKey="Polymenakou P" first="Paraskevi N." last="Polymenakou">Paraskevi N. Polymenakou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture</institution>, Heraklion Crete,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mandalakis, Manolis" sort="Mandalakis, Manolis" uniqKey="Mandalakis M" first="Manolis" last="Mandalakis">Manolis Mandalakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture</institution>, Heraklion Crete,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotoulas, Georgios" sort="Kotoulas, Georgios" uniqKey="Kotoulas G" first="Georgios" last="Kotoulas">Georgios Kotoulas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture</institution>, Heraklion Crete,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magoulas, Antonios" sort="Magoulas, Antonios" uniqKey="Magoulas A" first="Antonios" last="Magoulas">Antonios Magoulas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture</institution>, Heraklion Crete,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castillo, Alain" sort="Castillo, Alain" uniqKey="Castillo A" first="Alain" last="Castillo">Alain Castillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>CNRS, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse</institution>, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lampridou, Danai" sort="Lampridou, Danai" uniqKey="Lampridou D" first="Danai" last="Lampridou">Danai Lampridou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Submarine volcanism represents ~80% of the volcanic activity on Earth and is an important source of mantle-derived gases. These gases are of basic importance for the comprehension of mantle characteristics in areas where subaerial volcanism is missing or strongly modified by the presence of crustal/atmospheric components. Though, the study of submarine volcanism remains a challenge due to their hazardousness and sea-depth. Here, we report <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He measurements in CO<sub>2</sub>–dominated gases discharged at 500 m below sea level from the high-temperature (~220 °C) hydrothermal system of the Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece), located 7 km northeast off Santorini Island in the central part of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). We highlight that the mantle below Kolumbo and Santorini has a <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He signature of at least 7.0 Ra (being Ra the <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratio of atmospheric He equal to 1.39×10<sup>−6</sup>), 3 Ra units higher than actually known for gases-rocks from Santorini. This ratio is also the highest measured across the HVA and is indicative of the direct degassing of a Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalts (MORB)-like mantle through lithospheric faults. We finally highlight that the degassing of high-temperature fluids with a MORB-like <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratio corroborates a vigorous outgassing of mantle-derived volatiles with potential hazard at the Kolumbo submarine volcano.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crisp, J A" uniqKey="Crisp J">J. A. Crisp</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chavagnac, V" uniqKey="Chavagnac V">V. Chavagnac</name></author><author><name sortKey="German, C R" uniqKey="German C">C. R. German</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, R N" uniqKey="Taylor R">R. N. Taylor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brewer, P G" uniqKey="Brewer P">P. G. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27311383</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4911562</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep28013</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep28013</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rizzo</surname><given-names>Andrea Luca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caracausi</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chavagnac</surname><given-names>Valèrie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nomikou</surname><given-names>Paraskevi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Polymenakou</surname><given-names>Paraskevi N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mandalakis</surname><given-names>Manolis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kotoulas</surname><given-names>Georgios</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magoulas</surname><given-names>Antonios</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castillo</surname><given-names>Alain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lampridou</surname><given-names>Danai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>CNRS, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse</institution>, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou,<country>Greece</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture</institution>, Heraklion Crete,<country>Greece</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>andrea.rizzo@ingv.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>28013</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Submarine volcanism represents ~80% of the volcanic activity on Earth and is an important source of mantle-derived gases. These gases are of basic importance for the comprehension of mantle characteristics in areas where subaerial volcanism is missing or strongly modified by the presence of crustal/atmospheric components. Though, the study of submarine volcanism remains a challenge due to their hazardousness and sea-depth. Here, we report <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He measurements in CO<sub>2</sub>–dominated gases discharged at 500 m below sea level from the high-temperature (~220 °C) hydrothermal system of the Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece), located 7 km northeast off Santorini Island in the central part of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). We highlight that the mantle below Kolumbo and Santorini has a <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He signature of at least 7.0 Ra (being Ra the <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratio of atmospheric He equal to 1.39×10<sup>−6</sup>), 3 Ra units higher than actually known for gases-rocks from Santorini. This ratio is also the highest measured across the HVA and is indicative of the direct degassing of a Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalts (MORB)-like mantle through lithospheric faults. We finally highlight that the degassing of high-temperature fluids with a MORB-like <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratio corroborates a vigorous outgassing of mantle-derived volatiles with potential hazard at the Kolumbo submarine volcano.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Simplified map of the present day geodynamic structure of the HVA, showing the modern volcanic arc developed behind the Hellenic trench, the Peloponnese–Crete island arc and the Cretan back-arc basin. The study area is located in the center of the HVA (modified from ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref>). (<bold>b</bold>) Swath bathymetric map of Christianna-Santorini-Kolumbo (CSK) volcanic fields (modified from ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>). The location of the NE-SW profile of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref> is also reported (purple dotted line), as well as CSK tectonic alignment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep28013-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) 3D Bathymetric map of Kolumbo submarine volcano, showing the shape of the crater in whose bottom are located the hydrothermal chimneys; (<bold>b</bold>) High resolution swath bathymetric map of Kolumbo crater bottom (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1c</xref>) with the location of the sampled hydrothermal chimneys as labeled in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1.</xref> (<bold>c</bold>) Active hydrothermal vent discharging both gases (>99% CO<sub>2</sub>) and high-temperature fluids collected in this work.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep28013-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Cross section along ~40 km NE–SW profile (reported in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1b</xref>) moving from the Kolumbo area towards Santorini Island showing a sketch of the distinct plumbing systems beneath the two volcanoes.</title><p>The depth of the magmatic chambers (dimensions not to scale) and the main volcanological, seismic and petrologic features characterizing Santorini and Kolumbo volcanic systems are also reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55">55</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">57</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep28013-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Along-arc variations of (<bold>a</bold>) <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref> and (<bold>b</bold>) <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios in the HVA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">46</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">47</xref>. Solid black rectangle in plot 4a reproduces the range of He isotope ratios of Kolumbo gases. In the insert diagram of plot 4b we report a binary mixing between a MORB-like mantle (<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He = 8.0 Ra; <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr = 0.7020) and a hypothetical Aegean continental crust (<sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He = 0.03 Ra; <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr = 0.7150)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50">50</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">51</xref>. See text for further details. Based on this mixing, the secondary y axis of plot 4b reports the expected <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratios (red coloured) corresponding to the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios reported in the left y axis.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep28013-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Analyses of major gaseous components, helium and neon in gases from Kolumbo hydrothermal vents.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Depth (m)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Latitude</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longitude</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><sup>4</sup>He (ppm)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><sup>20</sup>Ne (ppm)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">O<sub>2</sub> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N<sub>2</sub> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CO<sub>2</sub> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">R/Ra</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><sup>4</sup>He/<sup>20</sup>Ne</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rc/Ra</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Error (+/−)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">A2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">497</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5700′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2110′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">98.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">270.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">V2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5700′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2050′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">88.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.017</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">V3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5843′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2046′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">98.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">248.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.011</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">V4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5846′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2378′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">91.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.012</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">V5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">500</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5790′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2060′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">95.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">48.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.016</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">V6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5824′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2012′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">97.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">234.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.018</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">V7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5580′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2160′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">96.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">139.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.015</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">NA007-081<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">502</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36°31.5735′N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25°29.2034′E</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">99.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">990.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">–</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p><sup>*</sup>Sample from ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction system
}}
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