Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards
Identifieur interne : 000011 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000010; suivant : 000012Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards
Auteurs : John Lowe ; Nick Barton ; Simon Blockley ; Christopher Bronk Ramsey ; Victoria L. Cullen ; William Davies ; Clive Gamble ; Katharine Grant ; Mark Hardiman ; Rupert Housley ; Christine S. Lane ; Sharen Lee ; Mark Lewis ; Alison Macleod ; Martin Menzies ; Wolfgang Müller ; Mark Pollard ; Catherine Price ; Andrew P. Roberts ; Eelco J. Rohling ; Chris Satow ; Victoria C. Smith ; Chris B. Stringer ; Emma L. Tomlinson ; Dustin White ; Paul Albert ; Ilenia Arienzo ; Graeme Barker ; Dušan Bori ; Antonio Carandente ; Lucia Civetta ; Catherine Ferrier ; Jean-Luc Guadelli ; Panagiotis Karkanas ; Margarita Koumouzelis ; Ulrich C. Müller ; Giovanni Orsi ; Jörg Pross ; Mauro Rosi ; Ljiljiana Shalamanov-Korobar ; Nikolay Sirakov ; Polychronis C. TzedakisSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Marked changes in human dispersal and development during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition have been attributed to massive volcanic eruption and/or severe climatic deterioration. We test this concept using records of volcanic ash layers of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption dated to
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204579109
PubMed: 22826222
PubMed Central: 3427068
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards</title><author><name sortKey="Lowe, John" sort="Lowe, John" uniqKey="Lowe J" first="John" last="Lowe">John Lowe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, Nick" sort="Barton, Nick" uniqKey="Barton N" first="Nick" last="Barton">Nick Barton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blockley, Simon" sort="Blockley, Simon" uniqKey="Blockley S" first="Simon" last="Blockley">Simon Blockley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsey, Christopher Bronk" sort="Ramsey, Christopher Bronk" uniqKey="Ramsey C" first="Christopher Bronk" last="Ramsey">Christopher Bronk Ramsey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cullen, Victoria L" sort="Cullen, Victoria L" uniqKey="Cullen V" first="Victoria L." last="Cullen">Victoria L. Cullen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, William" sort="Davies, William" uniqKey="Davies W" first="William" last="Davies">William Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamble, Clive" sort="Gamble, Clive" uniqKey="Gamble C" first="Clive" last="Gamble">Clive Gamble</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Katharine" sort="Grant, Katharine" uniqKey="Grant K" first="Katharine" last="Grant">Katharine Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Ocean and Earth Science,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, Hampshire SO14 3ZH,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardiman, Mark" sort="Hardiman, Mark" uniqKey="Hardiman M" first="Mark" last="Hardiman">Mark Hardiman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Housley, Rupert" sort="Housley, Rupert" uniqKey="Housley R" first="Rupert" last="Housley">Rupert Housley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lane, Christine S" sort="Lane, Christine S" uniqKey="Lane C" first="Christine S." last="Lane">Christine S. Lane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sharen" sort="Lee, Sharen" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sharen" last="Lee">Sharen Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Mark" sort="Lewis, Mark" uniqKey="Lewis M" first="Mark" last="Lewis">Mark Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Palaeontology Department,<institution>Natural History Museum</institution>, London SW7 5BD,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alison" sort="Macleod, Alison" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alison" last="Macleod">Alison Macleod</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, Martin" sort="Menzies, Martin" uniqKey="Menzies M" first="Martin" last="Menzies">Martin Menzies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Wolfgang" sort="Muller, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Muller W" first="Wolfgang" last="Müller">Wolfgang Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollard, Mark" sort="Pollard, Mark" uniqKey="Pollard M" first="Mark" last="Pollard">Mark Pollard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Catherine" sort="Price, Catherine" uniqKey="Price C" first="Catherine" last="Price">Catherine Price</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Andrew P" sort="Roberts, Andrew P" uniqKey="Roberts A" first="Andrew P." last="Roberts">Andrew P. Roberts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Research School of Earth Sciences,<institution>Australian National University</institution>, Acton ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rohling, Eelco J" sort="Rohling, Eelco J" uniqKey="Rohling E" first="Eelco J." last="Rohling">Eelco J. Rohling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Ocean and Earth Science,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, Hampshire SO14 3ZH,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Satow, Chris" sort="Satow, Chris" uniqKey="Satow C" first="Chris" last="Satow">Chris Satow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Victoria C" sort="Smith, Victoria C" uniqKey="Smith V" first="Victoria C." last="Smith">Victoria C. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stringer, Chris B" sort="Stringer, Chris B" uniqKey="Stringer C" first="Chris B." last="Stringer">Chris B. Stringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Palaeontology Department,<institution>Natural History Museum</institution>, London SW7 5BD,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomlinson, Emma L" sort="Tomlinson, Emma L" uniqKey="Tomlinson E" first="Emma L." last="Tomlinson">Emma L. Tomlinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Dustin" sort="White, Dustin" uniqKey="White D" first="Dustin" last="White">Dustin White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albert, Paul" sort="Albert, Paul" uniqKey="Albert P" first="Paul" last="Albert">Paul Albert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arienzo, Ilenia" sort="Arienzo, Ilenia" uniqKey="Arienzo I" first="Ilenia" last="Arienzo">Ilenia Arienzo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Graeme" sort="Barker, Graeme" uniqKey="Barker G" first="Graeme" last="Barker">Graeme Barker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,<institution>University of Cambridge</institution>, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge CB2 3ER,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bori, Dusan" sort="Bori, Dusan" uniqKey="Bori D" first="Dušan" last="Bori">Dušan Bori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Cardiff School of History, Ancient History, Archaeology and Religion,<institution>Cardiff University</institution>, Cardiff CF10 3EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carandente, Antonio" sort="Carandente, Antonio" uniqKey="Carandente A" first="Antonio" last="Carandente">Antonio Carandente</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Civetta, Lucia" sort="Civetta, Lucia" uniqKey="Civetta L" first="Lucia" last="Civetta">Lucia Civetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche,<institution>Università Federico II</institution>, 80126 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrier, Catherine" sort="Ferrier, Catherine" uniqKey="Ferrier C" first="Catherine" last="Ferrier">Catherine Ferrier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Palèoenvironnement, Patrimonie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,<institution>Université Bordeaux 1</institution>, 33405 Talence Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guadelli, Jean Luc" sort="Guadelli, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Guadelli J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Guadelli">Jean-Luc Guadelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Palèoenvironnement, Patrimonie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,<institution>Université Bordeaux 1</institution>, 33405 Talence Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karkanas, Panagiotis" sort="Karkanas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Karkanas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Karkanas">Panagiotis Karkanas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology of Southern Greece</institution>, 116 36 Athens,<country>Greece</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koumouzelis, Margarita" sort="Koumouzelis, Margarita" uniqKey="Koumouzelis M" first="Margarita" last="Koumouzelis">Margarita Koumouzelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology of Southern Greece</institution>, 116 36 Athens,<country>Greece</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ulrich C" sort="Muller, Ulrich C" uniqKey="Muller U" first="Ulrich C." last="Müller">Ulrich C. Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Geosciences,<institution>Goethe University Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orsi, Giovanni" sort="Orsi, Giovanni" uniqKey="Orsi G" first="Giovanni" last="Orsi">Giovanni Orsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pross, Jorg" sort="Pross, Jorg" uniqKey="Pross J" first="Jörg" last="Pross">Jörg Pross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Geosciences,<institution>Goethe University Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosi, Mauro" sort="Rosi, Mauro" uniqKey="Rosi M" first="Mauro" last="Rosi">Mauro Rosi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,<institution>Università di Pisa</institution>, 56126 Pisa,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shalamanov Korobar, Ljiljiana" sort="Shalamanov Korobar, Ljiljiana" uniqKey="Shalamanov Korobar L" first="Ljiljiana" last="Shalamanov-Korobar">Ljiljiana Shalamanov-Korobar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>National Institution Museum of Macedonia</institution>, Skopje,<country>Republic of Macedonia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirakov, Nikolay" sort="Sirakov, Nikolay" uniqKey="Sirakov N" first="Nikolay" last="Sirakov">Nikolay Sirakov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff18"><institution>National Institute of Archaeology and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</institution>, Prehistory, Sofia 1000,<country>Bulgaria</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tzedakis, Polychronis C" sort="Tzedakis, Polychronis C" uniqKey="Tzedakis P" first="Polychronis C." last="Tzedakis">Polychronis C. Tzedakis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Department of Geography,<institution>University College London</institution>, London WC1E 6BT,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22826222</idno><idno type="pmc">3427068</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427068</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3427068</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1204579109</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000011</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000011</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards</title><author><name sortKey="Lowe, John" sort="Lowe, John" uniqKey="Lowe J" first="John" last="Lowe">John Lowe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, Nick" sort="Barton, Nick" uniqKey="Barton N" first="Nick" last="Barton">Nick Barton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blockley, Simon" sort="Blockley, Simon" uniqKey="Blockley S" first="Simon" last="Blockley">Simon Blockley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsey, Christopher Bronk" sort="Ramsey, Christopher Bronk" uniqKey="Ramsey C" first="Christopher Bronk" last="Ramsey">Christopher Bronk Ramsey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cullen, Victoria L" sort="Cullen, Victoria L" uniqKey="Cullen V" first="Victoria L." last="Cullen">Victoria L. Cullen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, William" sort="Davies, William" uniqKey="Davies W" first="William" last="Davies">William Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamble, Clive" sort="Gamble, Clive" uniqKey="Gamble C" first="Clive" last="Gamble">Clive Gamble</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Katharine" sort="Grant, Katharine" uniqKey="Grant K" first="Katharine" last="Grant">Katharine Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Ocean and Earth Science,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, Hampshire SO14 3ZH,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardiman, Mark" sort="Hardiman, Mark" uniqKey="Hardiman M" first="Mark" last="Hardiman">Mark Hardiman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Housley, Rupert" sort="Housley, Rupert" uniqKey="Housley R" first="Rupert" last="Housley">Rupert Housley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lane, Christine S" sort="Lane, Christine S" uniqKey="Lane C" first="Christine S." last="Lane">Christine S. Lane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sharen" sort="Lee, Sharen" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sharen" last="Lee">Sharen Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Mark" sort="Lewis, Mark" uniqKey="Lewis M" first="Mark" last="Lewis">Mark Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Palaeontology Department,<institution>Natural History Museum</institution>, London SW7 5BD,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alison" sort="Macleod, Alison" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alison" last="Macleod">Alison Macleod</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, Martin" sort="Menzies, Martin" uniqKey="Menzies M" first="Martin" last="Menzies">Martin Menzies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Wolfgang" sort="Muller, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Muller W" first="Wolfgang" last="Müller">Wolfgang Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollard, Mark" sort="Pollard, Mark" uniqKey="Pollard M" first="Mark" last="Pollard">Mark Pollard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Catherine" sort="Price, Catherine" uniqKey="Price C" first="Catherine" last="Price">Catherine Price</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Andrew P" sort="Roberts, Andrew P" uniqKey="Roberts A" first="Andrew P." last="Roberts">Andrew P. Roberts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Research School of Earth Sciences,<institution>Australian National University</institution>, Acton ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rohling, Eelco J" sort="Rohling, Eelco J" uniqKey="Rohling E" first="Eelco J." last="Rohling">Eelco J. Rohling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Ocean and Earth Science,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, Hampshire SO14 3ZH,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Satow, Chris" sort="Satow, Chris" uniqKey="Satow C" first="Chris" last="Satow">Chris Satow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Victoria C" sort="Smith, Victoria C" uniqKey="Smith V" first="Victoria C." last="Smith">Victoria C. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stringer, Chris B" sort="Stringer, Chris B" uniqKey="Stringer C" first="Chris B." last="Stringer">Chris B. Stringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Palaeontology Department,<institution>Natural History Museum</institution>, London SW7 5BD,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomlinson, Emma L" sort="Tomlinson, Emma L" uniqKey="Tomlinson E" first="Emma L." last="Tomlinson">Emma L. Tomlinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Dustin" sort="White, Dustin" uniqKey="White D" first="Dustin" last="White">Dustin White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albert, Paul" sort="Albert, Paul" uniqKey="Albert P" first="Paul" last="Albert">Paul Albert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arienzo, Ilenia" sort="Arienzo, Ilenia" uniqKey="Arienzo I" first="Ilenia" last="Arienzo">Ilenia Arienzo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Graeme" sort="Barker, Graeme" uniqKey="Barker G" first="Graeme" last="Barker">Graeme Barker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,<institution>University of Cambridge</institution>, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge CB2 3ER,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bori, Dusan" sort="Bori, Dusan" uniqKey="Bori D" first="Dušan" last="Bori">Dušan Bori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Cardiff School of History, Ancient History, Archaeology and Religion,<institution>Cardiff University</institution>, Cardiff CF10 3EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carandente, Antonio" sort="Carandente, Antonio" uniqKey="Carandente A" first="Antonio" last="Carandente">Antonio Carandente</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Civetta, Lucia" sort="Civetta, Lucia" uniqKey="Civetta L" first="Lucia" last="Civetta">Lucia Civetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche,<institution>Università Federico II</institution>, 80126 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrier, Catherine" sort="Ferrier, Catherine" uniqKey="Ferrier C" first="Catherine" last="Ferrier">Catherine Ferrier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Palèoenvironnement, Patrimonie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,<institution>Université Bordeaux 1</institution>, 33405 Talence Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guadelli, Jean Luc" sort="Guadelli, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Guadelli J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Guadelli">Jean-Luc Guadelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Palèoenvironnement, Patrimonie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,<institution>Université Bordeaux 1</institution>, 33405 Talence Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karkanas, Panagiotis" sort="Karkanas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Karkanas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Karkanas">Panagiotis Karkanas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology of Southern Greece</institution>, 116 36 Athens,<country>Greece</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koumouzelis, Margarita" sort="Koumouzelis, Margarita" uniqKey="Koumouzelis M" first="Margarita" last="Koumouzelis">Margarita Koumouzelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology of Southern Greece</institution>, 116 36 Athens,<country>Greece</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ulrich C" sort="Muller, Ulrich C" uniqKey="Muller U" first="Ulrich C." last="Müller">Ulrich C. Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Geosciences,<institution>Goethe University Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orsi, Giovanni" sort="Orsi, Giovanni" uniqKey="Orsi G" first="Giovanni" last="Orsi">Giovanni Orsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pross, Jorg" sort="Pross, Jorg" uniqKey="Pross J" first="Jörg" last="Pross">Jörg Pross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Geosciences,<institution>Goethe University Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosi, Mauro" sort="Rosi, Mauro" uniqKey="Rosi M" first="Mauro" last="Rosi">Mauro Rosi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,<institution>Università di Pisa</institution>, 56126 Pisa,<country>Italy</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shalamanov Korobar, Ljiljiana" sort="Shalamanov Korobar, Ljiljiana" uniqKey="Shalamanov Korobar L" first="Ljiljiana" last="Shalamanov-Korobar">Ljiljiana Shalamanov-Korobar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>National Institution Museum of Macedonia</institution>, Skopje,<country>Republic of Macedonia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirakov, Nikolay" sort="Sirakov, Nikolay" uniqKey="Sirakov N" first="Nikolay" last="Sirakov">Nikolay Sirakov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff18"><institution>National Institute of Archaeology and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</institution>, Prehistory, Sofia 1000,<country>Bulgaria</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tzedakis, Polychronis C" sort="Tzedakis, Polychronis C" uniqKey="Tzedakis P" first="Polychronis C." last="Tzedakis">Polychronis C. Tzedakis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Department of Geography,<institution>University College London</institution>, London WC1E 6BT,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Marked changes in human dispersal and development during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition have been attributed to massive volcanic eruption and/or severe climatic deterioration. We test this concept using records of volcanic ash layers of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption dated to <italic>ca.</italic> 40,000 y ago (40 ka B.P.). The distribution of the Campanian Ignimbrite has been enhanced by the discovery of cryptotephra deposits (volcanic ash layers that are not visible to the naked eye) in archaeological cave sequences. They enable us to synchronize archaeological and paleoclimatic records through the period of transition from Neanderthal to the earliest anatomically modern human populations in Europe. Our results confirm that the combined effects of a major volcanic eruption and severe climatic cooling failed to have lasting impacts on Neanderthals or early modern humans in Europe. We infer that modern humans proved a greater competitive threat to indigenous populations than natural disasters.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22826222</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3427068</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201204579</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1204579109</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>From the Cover</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Paleolithic hominins resilient to natural hazards</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lowe</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barton</surname><given-names>Nick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blockley</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramsey</surname><given-names>Christopher Bronk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cullen</surname><given-names>Victoria L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davies</surname><given-names>William</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gamble</surname><given-names>Clive</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grant</surname><given-names>Katharine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hardiman</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Housley</surname><given-names>Rupert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lane</surname><given-names>Christine S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Sharen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alison</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Menzies</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pollard</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>Catherine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>Andrew P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rohling</surname><given-names>Eelco J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Satow</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Victoria C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stringer</surname><given-names>Chris B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tomlinson</surname><given-names>Emma L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>Dustin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Albert</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arienzo</surname><given-names>Ilenia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>Graeme</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borić</surname><given-names>Dušan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carandente</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Civetta</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferrier</surname><given-names>Catherine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guadelli</surname><given-names>Jean-Luc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karkanas</surname><given-names>Panagiotis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koumouzelis</surname><given-names>Margarita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>Ulrich C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Orsi</surname><given-names>Giovanni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pross</surname><given-names>Jörg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosi</surname><given-names>Mauro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>p</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shalamanov-Korobar</surname><given-names>Ljiljiana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>q</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sirakov</surname><given-names>Nikolay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tzedakis</surname><given-names>Polychronis C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>s</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Department of Geography,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Institute of Archaeology,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 2PG,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,<institution>Oxford University</institution>, Oxford OX1 3QY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Archaeology Department,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO17 1BF,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>School of Ocean and Earth Science,<institution>University of Southampton</institution>, Hampshire SO14 3ZH,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Palaeontology Department,<institution>Natural History Museum</institution>, London SW7 5BD,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Department of Earth Sciences,<institution>Royal Holloway University of London</institution>, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Research School of Earth Sciences,<institution>Australian National University</institution>, Acton ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup><institution>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli</institution>, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup>McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,<institution>University of Cambridge</institution>, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge CB2 3ER,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup>Cardiff School of History, Ancient History, Archaeology and Religion,<institution>Cardiff University</institution>, Cardiff CF10 3EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche,<institution>Università Federico II</institution>, 80126 Naples,<country>Italy</country>;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>m</sup>De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Palèoenvironnement, Patrimonie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,<institution>Université Bordeaux 1</institution>, 33405 Talence Cedex,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>n</sup><institution>Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology of Southern Greece</institution>, 116 36 Athens,<country>Greece</country>;</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>o</sup>Institute of Geosciences,<institution>Goethe University Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff16"><sup>p</sup>Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,<institution>Università di Pisa</institution>, 56126 Pisa,<country>Italy</country>;</aff><aff id="aff17"><sup>q</sup><institution>National Institution Museum of Macedonia</institution>, Skopje,<country>Republic of Macedonia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff18"><sup>r</sup><institution>National Institute of Archaeology and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</institution>, Prehistory, Sofia 1000,<country>Bulgaria</country>; and</aff><aff id="aff19"><sup>s</sup>Department of Geography,<institution>University College London</institution>, London WC1E 6BT,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>j.lowe@rhul.ac.uk</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved June 18, 2012 (received for review March 17, 2012)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: J.L., N.B., S.B., C.B.R., W.D., C.G., M.M., M.P., A.P.R., E.J.R., C.B.S., and D.W. designed research; S.B., V.L.C., K.G., M.H., R.H., C.S.L., S.L., M.L., A.M., E.J.R., C.S., V.C.S., E.L.T., D.W., P.A., G.B., M.K., and P.C.T. performed research; N.B., C.B.R., V.L.C., C.G., K.G., M.H., R.H., C.S.L., S.L., M.L., A.M., M.M., W.M., M.P., C.P., A.P.R., E.J.R., C.S., V.C.S., C.B.S., E.L.T., D.W., P.A., I.A., G.B., D.B., A.C., L.C., C.F., J.-L.G., P.K., U.C.M., G.O., J.P., M.R., L.S.-K., N.S., and P.C.T. analyzed data; M.H., C.S.L., and D.W. created figures; R.H. updated the program database; C.S.L. and E.L.T. compiled <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1204579109/-/DCSupplemental/pnas.201204579SI.pdf?targetid=nameddest=ST2" xlink:show="new">Tables S2</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1204579109/-/DCSupplemental/pnas.201204579SI.pdf?targetid=nameddest=ST5" xlink:show="new">S5</ext-link>; and D.W. gained access to protected archaeological sites in southeast and east Europe; and J.L., C.B.R., W.D., C.G., M.M., A.P.R., E.J.R., C.B.S., and D.W. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>21</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>109</volume><issue>34</issue><fpage>13532</fpage><lpage>13537</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201204579.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Marked changes in human dispersal and development during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition have been attributed to massive volcanic eruption and/or severe climatic deterioration. We test this concept using records of volcanic ash layers of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption dated to <italic>ca.</italic> 40,000 y ago (40 ka B.P.). The distribution of the Campanian Ignimbrite has been enhanced by the discovery of cryptotephra deposits (volcanic ash layers that are not visible to the naked eye) in archaeological cave sequences. They enable us to synchronize archaeological and paleoclimatic records through the period of transition from Neanderthal to the earliest anatomically modern human populations in Europe. Our results confirm that the combined effects of a major volcanic eruption and severe climatic cooling failed to have lasting impacts on Neanderthals or early modern humans in Europe. We infer that modern humans proved a greater competitive threat to indigenous populations than natural disasters.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards
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