NissirosV1, PascalFrancis, Curation, bibRecord, 000032

Characterization of tephra deposits with limited exposure: the example of the two largest explosive eruptions at Nisyros volcano (Greece)

Identifieur interne : 000032 ( PascalFrancis/Curation ); précédent : 000031; suivant : 000033

Characterization of tephra deposits with limited exposure: the example of the two largest explosive eruptions at Nisyros volcano (Greece)

Auteurs : Celine Longchamp [Suisse] ; C. Bonadonna [Suisse] ; O. Bachmann [États-Unis] ; A. Skopelitis [Suisse]

Source :

Bulletin of volcanology : (Print) [ 0258-8900 ] ; 2011.

RBID : Pascal:12-0003934

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Téphra, Eruption explosive, Volcan, Durée, Modèle, Qualité, Ponce, Event, Carte isoplèthe, Caldeira, Niveau mer, Vent, Vitesse, Problème inverse, Advection, Diffusion, Eruption type plinien, Panache, Affleurement, Grain, Claste, Retombée, Fraction fine, Epaisseur, Ile, Grèce.
Wicri :
- geographic : Grèce.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Greece, advection, calderas, clasts, diffusion, duration, explosive eruptions, fallout, fine-grained materials, grains, inverse problem, islands, isopleth maps, models, outcrops, plinian-type eruptions, plumes, pumice, quality, sea level, tephra, thickness, velocity, vents, volcanoes, winds.

Abstract

Explosive eruptions associated with tephra deposits that are only exposed in proximal areas are difficult to characterize. In fact, the determination of physical parameters such as column height, mass eruption rate, erupted volume, and eruption duration is mainly based on empirical models and is therefore very sensitive to the quality of the field data collected. We have applied and compared different modeling approaches for the characterization of the two main tephra deposits, the Lower Pumice (LP) and Upper Pumice (UP) of Nisyros volcano, Greece, which are exposed only within 5 km of the probable vent. Isopach and isopleth maps were compiled for two possible vent locations (on the north and on the south rim of the caldera), and different models were applied to calculate the column height, the erupted volume, and the mass eruption rate. We found a column height of about 15 km above sea level and a mass eruption rate of about 2×10⁷ kg/s for both eruptions regardless of the vent location considered. In contrast, the associated wind velocity for both UP and LP varied between 0 and 20 m/s for the north and south vent, respectively. The derived erupted volume for the south vent (considered as the best vent location) ranges between ₂ and 27 × 10⁸ m³ for the LP and between 1 and 5×10⁸ m³ for the UP based on the application of four different methods (integration of exponential fit based on one isopach line, integration of exponential and power-law fit based on two isopach lines, and an inversion technique combined with an advection-diffusion model). The eruption that produced the UP could be classified as sub-plinian. Discrepancies associated with different vent locations are smaller than the discrepancies associated with the use of different models for the determination of erupted mass, plume height, and mass eruption rate. Proximal outcrops are predominantly coarse grained with >90 wt% of the clasts ranging between -6φ and 0φ. The associated total grainsize distribution is considered to result from a combination of turbulent fallout from both the plume margins and the umbrella region, and as a result, it is fines-depleted. Given that primary deposit thickness observed on Nisyros for both LP and UP is between 1 and 8 m, if an event of similar scale were to happen again, it would have a significant impact on the entire island with major damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism. Neighboring islands and the continent could also be significantly affected.

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A11	`02`	`1`		`@1 BONADONNA (C.)`
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A14	`03`			`@1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Mailstop 351310 @2 Seattle, WA 98195-1310 @3 USA @Z 3 aut.`
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C01	`01`		`ENG`	@0 Explosive eruptions associated with tephra deposits that are only exposed in proximal areas are difficult to characterize. In fact, the determination of physical parameters such as column height, mass eruption rate, erupted volume, and eruption duration is mainly based on empirical models and is therefore very sensitive to the quality of the field data collected. We have applied and compared different modeling approaches for the characterization of the two main tephra deposits, the Lower Pumice (LP) and Upper Pumice (UP) of Nisyros volcano, Greece, which are exposed only within 5 km of the probable vent. Isopach and isopleth maps were compiled for two possible vent locations (on the north and on the south rim of the caldera), and different models were applied to calculate the column height, the erupted volume, and the mass eruption rate. We found a column height of about 15 km above sea level and a mass eruption rate of about 2×10⁷ kg/s for both eruptions regardless of the vent location considered. In contrast, the associated wind velocity for both UP and LP varied between 0 and 20 m/s for the north and south vent, respectively. The derived erupted volume for the south vent (considered as the best vent location) ranges between ₂ and 27 × 10⁸ m³ for the LP and between 1 and 5×10⁸ m³ for the UP based on the application of four different methods (integration of exponential fit based on one isopach line, integration of exponential and power-law fit based on two isopach lines, and an inversion technique combined with an advection-diffusion model). The eruption that produced the UP could be classified as sub-plinian. Discrepancies associated with different vent locations are smaller than the discrepancies associated with the use of different models for the determination of erupted mass, plume height, and mass eruption rate. Proximal outcrops are predominantly coarse grained with >90 wt% of the clasts ranging between -6φ and 0φ. The associated total grainsize distribution is considered to result from a combination of turbulent fallout from both the plume margins and the umbrella region, and as a result, it is fines-depleted. Given that primary deposit thickness observed on Nisyros for both LP and UP is between 1 and 8 m, if an event of similar scale were to happen again, it would have a significant impact on the entire island with major damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism. Neighboring islands and the continent could also be significantly affected.
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Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Skopelitis, A" sort="Skopelitis, A" uniqKey="Skopelitis A" first="A." last="Skopelitis">A. Skopelitis</name>
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<series><title level="j" type="main">Bulletin of volcanology : (Print)</title>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Greece</term>
<term>advection</term>
<term>calderas</term>
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<term>diffusion</term>
<term>duration</term>
<term>explosive eruptions</term>
<term>fallout</term>
<term>fine-grained materials</term>
<term>grains</term>
<term>inverse problem</term>
<term>islands</term>
<term>isopleth maps</term>
<term>models</term>
<term>outcrops</term>
<term>plinian-type eruptions</term>
<term>plumes</term>
<term>pumice</term>
<term>quality</term>
<term>sea level</term>
<term>tephra</term>
<term>thickness</term>
<term>velocity</term>
<term>vents</term>
<term>volcanoes</term>
<term>winds</term>
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<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Téphra</term>
<term>Eruption explosive</term>
<term>Volcan</term>
<term>Durée</term>
<term>Modèle</term>
<term>Qualité</term>
<term>Ponce</term>
<term>Event</term>
<term>Carte isoplèthe</term>
<term>Caldeira</term>
<term>Niveau mer</term>
<term>Vent</term>
<term>Vitesse</term>
<term>Problème inverse</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Diffusion</term>
<term>Eruption type plinien</term>
<term>Panache</term>
<term>Affleurement</term>
<term>Grain</term>
<term>Claste</term>
<term>Retombée</term>
<term>Fraction fine</term>
<term>Epaisseur</term>
<term>Ile</term>
<term>Grèce</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Explosive eruptions associated with tephra deposits that are only exposed in proximal areas are difficult to characterize. In fact, the determination of physical parameters such as column height, mass eruption rate, erupted volume, and eruption duration is mainly based on empirical models and is therefore very sensitive to the quality of the field data collected. We have applied and compared different modeling approaches for the characterization of the two main tephra deposits, the Lower Pumice (LP) and Upper Pumice (UP) of Nisyros volcano, Greece, which are exposed only within 5 km of the probable vent. Isopach and isopleth maps were compiled for two possible vent locations (on the north and on the south rim of the caldera), and different models were applied to calculate the column height, the erupted volume, and the mass eruption rate. We found a column height of about 15 km above sea level and a mass eruption rate of about 2×10<sup>7</sup>
 kg/s for both eruptions regardless of the vent location considered. In contrast, the associated wind velocity for both UP and LP varied between 0 and 20 m/s for the north and south vent, respectively. The derived erupted volume for the south vent (considered as the best vent location) ranges between <sub>2</sub>
 and 27 × 10<sup>8</sup>
 m<sup>3</sup>
 for the LP and between 1 and 5×10<sup>8</sup>
 m<sup>3</sup>
 for the UP based on the application of four different methods (integration of exponential fit based on one isopach line, integration of exponential and power-law fit based on two isopach lines, and an inversion technique combined with an advection-diffusion model). The eruption that produced the UP could be classified as sub-plinian. Discrepancies associated with different vent locations are smaller than the discrepancies associated with the use of different models for the determination of erupted mass, plume height, and mass eruption rate. Proximal outcrops are predominantly coarse grained with >90 wt% of the clasts ranging between -6φ and 0φ. The associated total grainsize distribution is considered to result from a combination of turbulent fallout from both the plume margins and the umbrella region, and as a result, it is fines-depleted. Given that primary deposit thickness observed on Nisyros for both LP and UP is between 1 and 8 m, if an event of similar scale were to happen again, it would have a significant impact on the entire island with major damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism. Neighboring islands and the continent could also be significantly affected.</div>
</front>
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<fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Characterization of tephra deposits with limited exposure: the example of the two largest explosive eruptions at Nisyros volcano (Greece)</s1>
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<fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>LONGCHAMP (Celine)</s1>
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</fA11>
<fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>BACHMANN (O.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>SKOPELITIS (A.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA14 i1="01"><s1>IGAR, Université de Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Amphipôle 338</s1>
<s2>1015 Lausanne</s2>
<s3>CHE</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="02"><s1>Section des sciences de la Terre et de l'environnement, Université de Geneve, 13, rue des Maraichers</s1>
<s2>1205 Geneva</s2>
<s3>CHE</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Mailstop 351310</s1>
<s2>Seattle, WA 98195-1310</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA20><s1>1337-1352</s1>
</fA20>
<fA21><s1>2011</s1>
</fA21>
<fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0>
</fA23>
<fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1>
<s2>2715</s2>
<s5>354000505591530170</s5>
</fA43>
<fA44><s0>0000</s0>
<s1>© 2012 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
</fA44>
<fA45><s0>1 p.1/4</s0>
</fA45>
<fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>12-0003934</s0>
</fA47>
<fA60><s1>P</s1>
</fA60>
<fA61><s0>A</s0>
</fA61>
<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Bulletin of volcanology : (Print)</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>DEU</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Explosive eruptions associated with tephra deposits that are only exposed in proximal areas are difficult to characterize. In fact, the determination of physical parameters such as column height, mass eruption rate, erupted volume, and eruption duration is mainly based on empirical models and is therefore very sensitive to the quality of the field data collected. We have applied and compared different modeling approaches for the characterization of the two main tephra deposits, the Lower Pumice (LP) and Upper Pumice (UP) of Nisyros volcano, Greece, which are exposed only within 5 km of the probable vent. Isopach and isopleth maps were compiled for two possible vent locations (on the north and on the south rim of the caldera), and different models were applied to calculate the column height, the erupted volume, and the mass eruption rate. We found a column height of about 15 km above sea level and a mass eruption rate of about 2×10<sup>7</sup>
 kg/s for both eruptions regardless of the vent location considered. In contrast, the associated wind velocity for both UP and LP varied between 0 and 20 m/s for the north and south vent, respectively. The derived erupted volume for the south vent (considered as the best vent location) ranges between <sub>2</sub>
 and 27 × 10<sup>8</sup>
 m<sup>3</sup>
 for the LP and between 1 and 5×10<sup>8</sup>
 m<sup>3</sup>
 for the UP based on the application of four different methods (integration of exponential fit based on one isopach line, integration of exponential and power-law fit based on two isopach lines, and an inversion technique combined with an advection-diffusion model). The eruption that produced the UP could be classified as sub-plinian. Discrepancies associated with different vent locations are smaller than the discrepancies associated with the use of different models for the determination of erupted mass, plume height, and mass eruption rate. Proximal outcrops are predominantly coarse grained with >90 wt% of the clasts ranging between -6φ and 0φ. The associated total grainsize distribution is considered to result from a combination of turbulent fallout from both the plume margins and the umbrella region, and as a result, it is fines-depleted. Given that primary deposit thickness observed on Nisyros for both LP and UP is between 1 and 8 m, if an event of similar scale were to happen again, it would have a significant impact on the entire island with major damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism. Neighboring islands and the continent could also be significantly affected.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="2"><s0>001E01F01</s0>
</fC02>
<fC02 i1="02" i2="2"><s0>001E01O02</s0>
</fC02>
<fC02 i1="03" i2="2"><s0>222A01</s0>
</fC02>
<fC02 i1="04" i2="2"><s0>226B02</s0>
</fC02>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Téphra</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>tephra</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Eruption explosive</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>explosive eruptions</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Volcan</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>volcanoes</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Volcán</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Durée</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>duration</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>models</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Qualité</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>quality</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Calidad</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Ponce</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>pumice</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Piedra pómez</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Event</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>vents</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Respiradero</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Carte isoplèthe</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>isopleth maps</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Caldeira</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>calderas</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Caldera</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Niveau mer</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>sea level</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Vent</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>winds</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Viento</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Vitesse</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>velocity</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Velocidad</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Problème inverse</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>inverse problem</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Problema inverso</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Advection</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>advection</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Diffusion</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>diffusion</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Difusión</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Eruption type plinien</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>plinian-type eruptions</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Panache</s0>
<s5>18</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>plumes</s0>
<s5>18</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Penacho</s0>
<s5>18</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Affleurement</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>outcrops</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Afloramiento</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Grain</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>grains</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Grano</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Claste</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>clasts</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Clasto</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Retombée</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>fallout</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Lluvia radioactiva</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Fraction fine</s0>
<s5>23</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>fine-grained materials</s0>
<s5>23</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Fracción fina</s0>
<s5>23</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Epaisseur</s0>
<s5>24</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>thickness</s0>
<s5>24</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Espesor</s0>
<s5>24</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Ile</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>islands</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Isla</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Grèce</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>61</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Greece</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>61</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Grecia</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>61</s5>
</fC03>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Pyroclastite</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>pyroclastics</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Roche volcanique</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>volcanic rocks</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Roca volcánica</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Roche ignée</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>igneous rocks</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Roca ignea</s0>
<s2>NV</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Europe Sud</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Southern Europe</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Europa Sur</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Europe</s0>
<s2>564</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Europe</s0>
<s2>564</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Europa</s0>
<s2>564</s2>
</fC07>
<fN21><s1>002</s1>
</fN21>
<fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN44>
<fN82><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN82>
</pA>
</standard>
</inist>
</record>

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Characterization of tephra deposits with limited exposure: the example of the two largest explosive eruptions at Nisyros volcano (Greece)

Characterization of tephra deposits with limited exposure: the example of the two largest explosive eruptions at Nisyros volcano (Greece)

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