‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. Cline
Identifieur interne : 000542 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000541; suivant : 000543‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. Cline
Auteurs : Manfred BietakSource :
- The Annual of the British School at Athens [ 0068-2454 ] ; 2000-11.
Abstract
In his article in BSA 93 (1998) 199–219, Eric Cline comments on the recent discoveries at the site of Tell el-Dabca, where palatial quarters of the late Hyksos Period and the early 18th Dynasty have been discovered. For Aegean scholars the most spectacular finds from these excavations were numerous fragments of wall paintings which were identified as Minoan by experts working at the excavations and visiting colleagues. Cline particularly criticises the change of dating given to the paintings which were attributed by the excavators originally to the Hyksos period (1992) and afterwards to the Early 18th Dynasty (1995). Doubts have also been expressed about the validity of the new date and the identification of the paintings as Minoan or Aegean. This response tries to show: (1) the context of the paintings in the 18th Dynasty palace quarters in the light of recent research, (2) why a dating to the Hyksos period was originally considered, (3) why the paintings should be identified as Minoan and (4) that Cline failed to make himself knowledgeable enough about the archaeology of the site of Tell el-Dabca to give a serious opinion on the excavations and material.
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DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400004639
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Cline</title><author><name sortKey="Bietak, Manfred" sort="Bietak, Manfred" uniqKey="Bietak M" first="Manfred" last="Bietak">Manfred Bietak</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo and Institute of Egyptology, University of Vienna</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:AFA088E52F2494FCB3E3C86E0EC4351FF6AEFD92</idno><date when="2000" year="2000">2000</date><idno type="doi">10.1017/S0068245400004639</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/AFA088E52F2494FCB3E3C86E0EC4351FF6AEFD92/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000542</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000542</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. 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This response tries to show: (1) the context of the paintings in the 18th Dynasty palace quarters in the light of recent research, (2) why a dating to the Hyksos period was originally considered, (3) why the paintings should be identified as Minoan and (4) that Cline failed to make himself knowledgeable enough about the archaeology of the site of Tell el-Dabca to give a serious opinion on the excavations and material.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>cambridge</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Manfred Bietak</name><affiliations><json:string>Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo and Institute of Egyptology, University of Vienna</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>00463</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6GQ-77XNN1RL-0</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><qualityIndicators><score>9.304</score><pdfWordCount>10635</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>57343</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>24</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>540 x 691.2 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>192</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1174</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>0</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. 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Cline</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Manfred</forename><surname>Bietak</surname></persName><affiliation>Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo and Institute of Egyptology, University of Vienna</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">AFA088E52F2494FCB3E3C86E0EC4351FF6AEFD92</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-77XNN1RL-0</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1017/S0068245400004639</idno><idno type="PII">S0068245400004639</idno><idno type="article-id">00463</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Annual of the British School at Athens</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</title><idno type="pISSN">0068-2454</idno><idno type="eISSN">2045-2403</idno><idno type="publisher-id">ATH</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2000-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">95</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="185">185</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="205">205</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract style="normal"><p>In his article in BSA 93 (1998) 199–219, Eric Cline comments on the recent discoveries at the site of Tell el-Dabca, where palatial quarters of the late Hyksos Period and the early 18th Dynasty have been discovered. For Aegean scholars the most spectacular finds from these excavations were numerous fragments of wall paintings which were identified as Minoan by experts working at the excavations and visiting colleagues. Cline particularly criticises the change of dating given to the paintings which were attributed by the excavators originally to the Hyksos period (1992) and afterwards to the Early 18th Dynasty (1995). Doubts have also been expressed about the validity of the new date and the identification of the paintings as Minoan or Aegean. This response tries to show: (1) the context of the paintings in the 18th Dynasty palace quarters in the light of recent research, (2) why a dating to the Hyksos period was originally considered, (3) why the paintings should be identified as Minoan and (4) that Cline failed to make himself knowledgeable enough about the archaeology of the site of Tell el-Dabca to give a serious opinion on the excavations and material.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="gr" style="translated"><p></p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article dtd-version="2.2" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ATH</journal-id><journal-title>The Annual of the British School at Athens</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0068-2454</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2403</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0068245400004639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S0068245400004639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00463</article-id><title-group><article-title>‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. Cline<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">MANFRED BIETAK</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">TELL EL-DAB<sup>c</sup>A AND THE AEGEAN WORLD</alt-title><fn-group><fn id="fn01" symbol="1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>For editing my English I am indebted to Adrian Melman, for reading and commenting on the manuscript I would like to thank Peter Warren. All mistakes remain, however, mine. The source for the illustrations and colour plates, when not stated otherwise, is the archive of the Austrian Areheologieal Insitutc Cairo.</p><p>Abbreviations:</p><p>Bietak, <italic>Avaris</italic> = M. Bietak, <italic>Avaris, The Capital of the Hyksos—Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup> a</italic> (The First Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Distinguished Lecture in Egyptology; London, 199b).</p><p>Davies and Sehotield, <italic>Interconnections</italic> = W. V. Davics and L. Schofield (eds), <italic>Egypt the Aegean and the Levant, Interconnections</italic>, (London, 1996).</p><p>Bietak, <italic>BSFE</italic> 135 = M. Bietak, ‘Le debut de la XVIII<sup>e</sup> Dynastie et les Minoens à Avaris’, <italic>Bulletin de la Société Français d'Égyptologie</italic>, 135 (1996), 11–44.</p><p>Bietak, <italic>House and Palace</italic> = M. Bietak (ed.), <italic>House and Palace in Ancient Egypt. International Symposium in Cairo, April 8 to 11 1992</italic> (UZK 14; Vienna, 1996).</p><p>Bietak, Hyksos Rule = M. Bietak, ‘The center of the Hyksos rule: Avaris (Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a)’, in E. D. Oren (ed), <italic>The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives</italic> (University Museum Symposium Series; Philadelphia, 1997).</p><p>Bietak, Une citadclle royale = M. Bietak, ‘Une eitadelle royale à Avaris de la première moitié de la XVHI e dynastie et ses liens avec lc monde minoen’, in <italic>L'Acrobate an taureau, les découvertes de Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a (Égyple) el l'archéologie de la Méditerranée onenlale (1800–1400 av. J.-C.), Actes du colloqu, Musée du Louvre/1994</italic> (Pans, 1999), 29–81.</p><p>Bietak, Hein, <italic>et al.</italic>, Exhibition catalogue- = M. Bietak, I. Hein, <italic>et al., Pharaonen und Fremde, Dynastien im Dunkel</italic> (Exhibition catalogue; Vienna, 1994).</p><p><italic>E&L = Egypt and the Levant, International Journal for Egyptian Archaeology and Related Disciplines</italic> (Vienna, 1990).</p><p>UZK = M Bietak (ed), <italic>Unlersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts</italic> (Vienna, 1975).</p><p><italic>CCEM</italic> = M. Bietak and H. Hunger (eds.), <italic>Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean</italic> (Vienna, 2000). Evans, <italic>PM</italic> I–IV = A. Evans, <italic>The Palace of Minos</italic>, 4 vols. (London, 1921–1935).</p></fn></fn-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>Manfred</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo and Institute of Egyptology</addr-line>, <institution>University of Vienna</institution></aff><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2000</year></pub-date><volume>95</volume><fpage seq="10">185</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2000</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2000</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Council, British School at Athens</copyright-holder></permissions><abstract abstract-type="normal"><p>In his article in <italic>BSA</italic> 93 (1998) 199–219, Eric Cline comments on the recent discoveries at the site of Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a, where palatial quarters of the late Hyksos Period and the early 18th Dynasty have been discovered. For Aegean scholars the most spectacular finds from these excavations were numerous fragments of wall paintings which were identified as Minoan by experts working at the excavations and visiting colleagues. Cline particularly criticises the change of dating given to the paintings which were attributed by the excavators originally to the Hyksos period (1992) and afterwards to the Early 18th Dynasty (1995). Doubts have also been expressed about the validity of the new date and the identification of the paintings as Minoan or Aegean. This response tries to show: (1) the context of the paintings in the 18th Dynasty palace quarters in the light of recent research, (2) why a dating to the Hyksos period was originally considered, (3) why the paintings should be identified as Minoan and (4) that Cline failed to make himself knowledgeable enough about the archaeology of the site of Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a to give a serious opinion on the excavations and material.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="translated" xml:lang="GR"><p><inline-graphic mime-subtype="gif" xlink:href="S0068245400004639_inline1"></inline-graphic></p></abstract><counts><page-count count="21"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S0068245400004639a.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>dispart</meta-name><meta-value>Articles</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><fn-group><fn id="fn02" symbol="2"><label><sup>2</sup></label><p>Some more recent publications; Bietak, <italic>Avaris</italic>; id., ‘Dab<sup>c</sup>a, Tell ed-’, in E. M. Myers <italic>et al.</italic> (eds.), <italic>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</italic> vol. 2. (New York- Oxford, 1997 99–101; id., ‘The Late Cypriot While Slip I-Ware as an obstacle to the high Aegean chronology: an abstract’, in M. S. Balmuth and R. H. Tykot (eds.), <italic>Sardinian and Aegean Chronology: Towards the Resolution of Relative and Absolute Dating in the Mediterranean, Proceedings of an International Colloquium, Sardinian Stratigraphy and Mediterranean Chronology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 17–19 March 1995</italic> (Studies in Sardinian Archaeology, v; Oxford, 1998), 321–2: id., ‘Une citadelle royale’; M. Bietak and J. Dorner, ‘Ägypten’, ‘Tell cl-Dab<sup>c</sup>a’, ÖJh 67 (1998) Beiheft, ‘Grabungen 1997’, 1–5; eid., <citation id="ref001" citation-type="journal">‘<article-title>Ägypten’, ‘Ausgrabungcn Tell cl-Dab<sup>c</sup>a–<sup>c</sup>Ezbet Helmi</article-title>’, <source>ÖJh</source>
<volume>68</volume> (<year>1999</year></citation>), Beiheft, ‘Grabungen 1998’, 5–12; J. Dorner, ‘Zur Lage des Palastes und des Haupttempels der Ramscsstadt’, in Bietak, <italic>House and Palace</italic>, 69–71; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">id.</xref>, ‘Die Topographie von Piramcsse’, <italic>E&L</italic> 9 (1999), 77–83 (with two coloured topographical maps); <citation id="ref002" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Fuscaldo</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A preliminary report on the pottery from the Late Hyksos Period settlement at <sup>c</sup>Ezbet Helmi (Area H/III, Strata D/3 and D/2)</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>7</volume> (<year>1998</year>), <fpage>59</fpage>–<lpage>69</lpage></citation>; ead., <citation id="ref003" citation-type="book"><source>Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a X, The Citadel of Avaris, Area H/III, The Pottery of the Hyksos Period</source>, Part I: <italic>Locus 66</italic> (<publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <year>2000</year></citation>), Part II: <citation id="ref004" citation-type="book"><source>The Offering and Execration Pits</source>, (<publisher-name>UZK</publisher-name>
<volume>XVI</volume>; <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <italic>c.</italic>
<year>2001</year></citation>); <citation id="ref005" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hein</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, ‘<sup>c</sup>Ezbet Helmi–Tell cl-Dab<sup>c</sup>a: chronological aspects of pottery’, in <name><surname>Eyre</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3–9 September 1995</source>, (<publisher-loc>Louvain</publisher-loc>, <year>1998</year>), <fpage>547</fpage>–54</citation> (with rhyta shown on figs. 1 and 2); <citation id="ref006" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hein</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Jánosi</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, <source>Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a XI Areal A/V, Siedlungsrelikte der späten Hyksoszeit</source> (<publisher-name>UZK</publisher-name>
<volume>17</volume>; <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <year>2001</year></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn03" symbol="3"><label><sup>3</sup></label><p>See also <citation id="ref007" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Niemeier</surname><given-names>W.-D.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Niemeier</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, ‘Minoan frescoes in the eastern Mediterranean’, in <name><surname>Cline</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Harris-Clinc</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name> (eds), <source>The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, University of Cincinnati, 18–20 April 1997</source> (<publisher-loc>Liège</publisher-loc>, <year>1998</year>), <fpage>69</fpage>–<lpage>98</lpage></citation>. Niemeieris unhappy about the laic date of the Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a paintings. He is a supporter of the high chronology. A dating of the paintings at the site of Kabri to the time before 1628 BC is, however, hard to support. The context is a palace at the end of the Middle Bronze Age and nobody, not even William Dcvcr, dates this phase a hundred years earlier into the 17th c. BC. Among the datable finds of this phase is White Painted VI ware which appears in Egypt at the end of the Hyksos Period and lasts till the first part of the 18th Dynasty (after 1600, more probably <italic>c.</italic> 1550–1450 BC) and in Canaan till LB IA (FIG. 1). Also Chocolatc-on-White Ware, a marker of the MB/LB transition, was found within this context. About the chronological position of Late Cypriot pottery within the stratigraphy of Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a sec <citation id="ref008" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Hein</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, ‘The context of White Slip wares in the stratigraphy of Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a and some conclusions on Aegean chronology’, in <name><surname>Karagcorghis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name> (ed), <source>White Slip Ware. Proceedings of an International Conference Organized by the A. G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, in Honour of M. Wiener, Nicosia 20th–30th October</source> 1998 (<publisher-name>CCEM</publisher-name>
<volume>II</volume>; <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <year>2001</year></citation>). The new publication by <citation id="ref009" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Manning</surname><given-names>S. W.</given-names></name>, <source>A Test of Time</source> (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>2000</year></citation>), which I consulted only on the internet, offers no convincing evidence for an occurrence of WS I ware 100 years earlier in northern Cyprus than in the south-east. Nowhere has WS I been found within a typical Middle Cypriot contexts, e.g. together with WP III–IV wares.</p></fn><fn id="fn04" symbol="4"><label><sup>4</sup></label><p><citation id="ref010" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dorner</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Janosi</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Die Stratigraphie des Palastarcals</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>11</volume> (<year>2001</year>)</citation>; <citation id="ref011" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, in <name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, and <name><surname>Palyvou</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Taureador Scenes at Avaris and Knossos</source> (<publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <italic>c.</italic>
<year>2001</year></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn05" symbol="5"><label><sup>5</sup></label><p>In area H/I this stratum was given the local designation V, in areas H/II-H/VI the designation e/2.</p></fn><fn id="fn06" symbol="6"><label><sup>6</sup></label><p>Above (n. 2).</p></fn><fn id="fn07" symbol="7"><label><sup>7</sup></label><p>Fuscaldo (n. 2).</p></fn><fn id="fn08" symbol="8"><label><sup>8</sup></label><p><citation id="ref012" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Eine Stele des ältesten Königssohnes des Hyksos Chajan</article-title>’, <source>Fs Labib Ilabachi Mitt. Kairo</source>
<volume>37</volume> (<year>1981</year>), <fpage>63</fpage>–<lpage>71</lpage></citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref012">id.</xref>, in Bietak, Hein, <italic>et al.</italic>, Exhibition catalogue, no. 133; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref012">id.</xref>, <italic>Avaris</italic>, fig. 52; <citation id="ref013" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Görg</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Nachtrag, zur Erklärung des Namens des Hyksosprinzen</article-title>’, <source>Mitt. Kairo</source>, <volume>37</volume> (<year>1981</year>), <fpage>71</fpage>–3</citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref013">id.</xref>, <italic>Biblische Notizen</italic>, 70 (1993), 5–8; <citation id="ref014" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <source>Lexikon da Pharaonen</source> (<publisher-loc>Zurich</publisher-loc>, <year>1994</year>), <fpage>137</fpage></citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref014">id.</xref>, <italic>Ausländer in Ägypten</italic>, I (Ägypten und Altes Testament, 42; Wiesbaden 1998), 53–5; <citation id="ref015" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Ryholt</surname><given-names>K. S. B.</given-names></name>, <source>The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 BC</source> (<publisher-name>Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications</publisher-name>, <volume>20</volume>; <publisher-loc>Copenhagen</publisher-loc>
<year>1997</year>), 120–1, <fpage>128</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn09" symbol="9"><label><sup>9</sup></label><p><citation id="ref016" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>W. K.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Hyksos princess Tany</article-title>’ <source>chronique d'Égypte</source>, <volume>34</volume> (<year>1959</year>), <fpage>233</fpage>–9</citation>; <citation id="ref017" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hein</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Satzinger</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Stelen des Mittleren Reiches</source>, <volume>II</volume> (<publisher-name>CAA</publisher-name> Vienna 7; <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>
<year>1993</year>), <fpage>162</fpage>–4</citation>; M. Bietak, in M. Bietak, I. Hein <italic>et al.</italic>, Exhibition catalogue, nos. 130, 131; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref017">idem</xref>, <italic>Avaris</italic>, fig. 53.</p></fn><fn id="fn10" symbol="10"><label><sup>10</sup></label><p>Bietak, in Bietak, Hein <italic>et al.</italic>, Exhibition catalogue, no. 126; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref017">id.</xref>, <italic>Avaris</italic>, fig. 54, Schneider 1994 (n. 8), 274; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref017">id.</xref>, 1998 (n. 8), 40–3; Ryholt, (n. 8), 127–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn11" symbol="11"><label><sup>11</sup></label><p>In area H/III and H/VI where this stratum alone was found, the local stratum designation is e/1.2.</p></fn><fn id="fn12" symbol="12"><label><sup>12</sup></label><p>P. Fuscaldo, <italic>c.</italic> 2001 (n. 2).</p></fn><fn id="fn13" symbol="13"><label><sup>13</sup></label><p>In area H/III and H/VI the local stratum designation is e/1.1.</p></fn><fn id="fn14" symbol="14"><label><sup>14</sup></label><p>K. Groflsehmidt, ‘Anthropologische Untersuchungen am Skelettmaterial von Areal H/I VI’, <italic>E&L</italic>. 11 (forthcoming).</p></fn><fn id="fn15" symbol="15"><label><sup>15</sup></label><p>Bietak, Hein <italic>et al.</italic> Exhibition catalogue, nos. 348. 349; I. Hein, in <italic>Fs S. Wenig</italic> (forthcoming).</p></fn><fn id="fn16" symbol="16"><label><sup>16</sup></label><p>In area H/I this stratum was given the local designation IV. in areas H/II–VI the designations e and d were given.</p></fn><fn id="fn17" symbol="17"><label><sup>17</sup></label><p>I. Hein, <italic>E&L</italic> 11 (in preparation)</p></fn><fn id="fn18" symbol="18"><label><sup>18</sup></label><p>Bietak, <italic>Avaris</italic>, 68–70; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref017">id.</xref>, <italic>BSFE</italic> 135, 8–11; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref017">id.</xref>, Une citadelle royale, 37–40.</p></fn><fn id="fn19" symbol="19"><label><sup>19</sup></label><p><citation id="ref018" citation-type="thesis"><name><surname>Lacovara</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘State and Settlement: Deir el Ballas and the Development, Structure, and Function of the New Kingdom Royal City’ (Ph.D. diss., <publisher-name>Univ. Chicago</publisher-name>, <year>1993</year>), <fpage>27</fpage></citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref018">id.</xref>, <italic>The New Kingdom Royal City</italic> (Studies in Egyptology; London, 1997), 81.</p></fn><fn id="fn20" symbol="20"><label><sup>20</sup></label><p>A date after the 18th year has been postulated because of epigraphical reasons which are, however, not cogent: <citation id="ref019" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Hodjah</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Berlev</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Objets royaux du Musée de Beaux-Arts Pouchkine à Moscou</article-title>’, <source>Chronique d'Égypte</source>, <volume>52</volume> (<year>1977</year>), <fpage>22</fpage>–<lpage>39</lpage></citation>; D. Franke, ‘Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches 12. 18. Dynastic, Teil II. <citation id="ref020" citation-type="journal">Die sogenannte “<article-title>Zweite Zwischenzeit Altä’gyptens</article-title>”, <source>Orientalia</source>, NS <volume>57</volume> (<year>1988</year>), <fpage>264</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref021" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Vandersleyen</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>L'Égypte et la vallée du Nil II. De la fin de l'Ancien Empire à la fin da Nouvel Empire</source> (<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>, <year>1995</year>), <fpage>216</fpage>–17</citation>. See, however, <citation id="ref022" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Redford</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name>, <source>History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</source> (<publisher-loc>Toronto</publisher-loc>, <year>1967</year>), <fpage>48</fpage>–9</citation>, and Ryholt (n. 8), 186, who argues for dating the fall of Avaris at latest to the 17th year of Ahmose.</p></fn><fn id="fn21" symbol="21"><label><sup>21</sup></label><p><citation id="ref023" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>Egyptian Archaeology</source>, <volume>2</volume> (<year>1992</year>), <fpage>26</fpage>–8</citation>; <citation id="ref024" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Janosi</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a <sup>c</sup>Ezbet Helmi, Vorbericht über den Grabungsplatz H/I (1989–1992)</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>20</fpage>–<lpage>38</lpage></citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref024">id.</xref>, ‘Die stratigraphische Position und Verteilung der minoischen Wandfragmente in den Grabungsplätzen H/I und H/IV von Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a.’, <italic>E&L</italic> 5 (1995), 63–71; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref024">id.</xref> ‘Die Fundamentplattform eines Palastes (?) der späten Hyksoszeil in <sup>c</sup>Ezbet Helmi (Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a)’, in Bietak, <italic>House and Palace</italic>, 93–106.</p></fn><fn id="fn22" symbol="22"><label><sup>22</sup></label><p>Investigations were made independently by M. Bichler (Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten) with NAA and petrography and by P. Fischer (Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg) with SIMS. <citation id="ref025" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Peltz</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bichler</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <article-title>INAA of Aegean pumices for the classification of archaeological findings</article-title>’, <source>Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry</source>, <volume>242</volume>/<issue>2</issue> (<year>1999</year>), <fpage>361</fpage>–77</citation>; C. Peltz, P. Schmidt, M. Bichler, V.M.F. Hammer, E. Halwax, T. Ntaflos, and P. Nagl, ‘Separation and analysis of Theran volcanic glass by INAA, XRF and EPMA’ (forthcoming).</p></fn><fn id="fn23" symbol="23"><label><sup>23</sup></label><p>I should like to thank Péter Jánosi for his assessment of the stratigraphy of this compound.</p></fn><fn id="fn24" symbol="24"><label><sup>24</sup></label><p><citation id="ref026" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Minoan wall paintings from Avaris</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>5</volume> (<year>1995</year>), <fpage>62</fpage></citation> post scriptum.</p></fn><fn id="fn25" symbol="25"><label><sup>25</sup></label><p><citation id="ref027" citation-type="thesis"><name><surname>Hein</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, Keramik der frühen 18. Dynastie aus Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a (Habil thesis, <publisher-name>Univ. Vienna</publisher-name> in preparation)</citation>. For preliminary reports see <citation id="ref028" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Hein</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Die Keramik aus 'Ezbet Helmi—erste Eindrücke</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>39</fpage>–<lpage>43</lpage></citation>; ead., (n. 2); and ead., in <italic>E&L</italic> 11 (in preparation).</p></fn><fn id="fn26" symbol="26"><label><sup>26</sup></label><p>B. Knapp himself states, however, in connection with Keftiu and Aegean traders, that the evidence of the Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a frescoes indicates that ‘contacts between Egypt and the Aegean went beyond the purely commercial’, in Myers (n. 2), <italic>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</italic>, 1. 21.</p></fn><fn id="fn27" symbol="27"><label><sup>27</sup></label><p>P. Betancourt, ‘Relations between the Aegean and the Hyksos at the end of the Middle Bronze Age’, in <italic>Hyksos</italic>, Oren, <italic>Hyksos</italic> 429–32; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref028">id.</xref>, ‘Crete’, in Myers (n. 2), ii. 71.</p></fn><fn id="fn28" symbol="28"><label><sup>28</sup></label><p><citation id="ref029" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Niemeier</surname><given-names>W.-D.</given-names></name>, ‘Minoan artisans travelling overseas’, in <name><surname>Laffineur</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Basch</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name> (eds.), <source>Thalassa: L'Égée préhistorique et la mer</source> (<publisher-loc>Liège</publisher-loc>, <year>1991</year>), <fpage>189</fpage>–<lpage>210</lpage></citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref029">id.</xref>, ‘Tel Kabri: Aegean fresco paintings in a Canaanite palace’, in <citation id="ref030" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Gitin</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Recent Excavations in Israel: A View to the West</source> (<publisher-loc>Dubuque, Iowa</publisher-loc>, <year>1995</year>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>15</lpage></citation>; W.-D. and B. Niemeier, (n. 3).</p></fn><fn id="fn29" symbol="29"><label><sup>29</sup></label><p><citation id="ref031" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Shaw</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Bull-leaping frescoes at Knossos and their influence on the Tell el Dab<sup>c</sup>a murals</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>5</volume> (<year>1995</year>), <fpage>110</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn30" symbol="30"><label><sup>30</sup></label><p><citation id="ref032" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a paintings: a study in pictorial tradition</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>8</volume> (<year>1998</year>), <fpage>83</fpage>–<lpage>99</lpage></citation>; L. Morgan, ‘Bull sports and the labyrinth’, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, 29–53; Bietak, Marinatos, Palyvou, (n. 4).</p></fn><fn id="fn31" symbol="31"><label><sup>31</sup></label><p>R. Seeber, in Bietak, Marinatos, Palyvou (n. 4), black: carbon, iron oxide; blue: Egyptian blue; white: lime; yellow:</p></fn><fn id="fn32" symbol="32"><label><sup>32</sup></label><p><citation id="ref033" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Doumas</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, ‘Conventions artistiques à Thera et dans la Medilerranée à l'époque préhistorique’, in <name><surname>Darque</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name> et <name><surname>Poursat</surname><given-names>J.-C.</given-names></name> (eds.), <source>L'iconographie minoenne, actes de la table ronde D'Athènes (21–22 Avril 1983)</source> (BCH, Suppl. <volume>XI</volume>; <publisher-loc>Athens and Paris</publisher-loc>
<year>1985</year>), <fpage>29</fpage>–<lpage>34</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn33" symbol="33"><label><sup>33</sup></label><p>For the shaven scalp, painted blue as a sign of youth see <citation id="ref034" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Youth and age in the Thera frescoes</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>90</volume> (<year>1986</year>), <fpage>399</fpage>–<lpage>406</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn34" symbol="34"><label><sup>34</sup></label><p>Exception: <citation id="ref035" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), pl. 19</citation>
<italic>b</italic>, where green is created by a yellow ground colour, covered by a thinned transparent blue, see, however, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref035">ibid.</xref>, pls. 14 <italic>a</italic>, 17 <italic>b</italic>, 19 <italic>a</italic>, 20 <italic>b</italic>, 21 <italic>a</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn35" symbol="35"><label><sup>35</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref035">Ibid.</xref>, 54, pl. 15 <italic>b</italic>, and Marinatos, (n. 30), figs. 24, 26.</p></fn><fn id="fn36" symbol="36"><label><sup>36</sup></label><p>The theory of female leapers, which originated with Sir Arthur Evans, is not unproblematic. Contrary to males we have no evidence that gymnastics and hard physical training for girls were part of Minoan ideals and tradition nor do we have such evidence anywhere in the Mediterranean. Anatomical details as well as the phallus sheath of the white acrobats of the Toreador frescoes are unambiguously male. The female breast of one of those acrobats turned out to be an by over-reconstruction (see the new study of the originals by Marinatos and Palyvou, in Bietak, Marinatos, Palyvou (n. 4). See too <citation id="ref036" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Damiani-Indelicato</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Were Cretan girls playing at bull-leaping?</article-title>’, <source>Cretan Studies</source>, <volume>1</volume> (<year>1988</year>), <fpage>39</fpage>–<lpage>47</lpage></citation>; <citation id="ref037" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, ‘The bull as an adversary: some observations on bull-hunting and bull-leaping’, in: Αφιἑρωμα στο Στυλιανὁ Αλεξἰου, <source>Ariadne</source>, <volume>5</volume> (<publisher-loc>Rethymnon</publisher-loc>, <year>1989</year>), <fpage>23</fpage>–<lpage>32</lpage></citation>; ead., Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol (Columbia (NC), 1993), 219–20). Last detailed discussion of the Aegean skin-colour code in favour of female bull-leapers with the relevant bibliography: <citation id="ref038" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Blakolmer</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Überlegungen zur Inkarnatsfarbe in der frühägäischen Malerei</article-title>’, <source>OJh</source>
<volume>62</volume> (<year>1993</year>), <fpage>5</fpage>–<lpage>18</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn37" symbol="37"><label><sup>37</sup></label><p><citation id="ref039" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Doumas</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>The Wall Paintings of Thera</source> (<publisher-loc>Athens</publisher-loc>, <year>1992</year>), pl 109, 112</citation>. The difference can be seen on the original more distinctly than in the publication.</p></fn><fn id="fn38" symbol="38"><label><sup>38</sup></label><p><citation id="ref040" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), pl. 18</citation>
<italic>b</italic>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref040">id.</xref>, Une citadelle royale, 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn39" symbol="39"><label><sup>39</sup></label><p>e.g. <citation id="ref041" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Evans</surname></name>, <source>PM</source>
<volume>II</volume>, <fpage>590</fpage>–<lpage>606</lpage></citation>, figs. 377–97. Catalogue in <citation id="ref042" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Immerwahr</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <source>Aegean Painting in the Bronze Age</source> (<publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>, <year>1990</year>), 193, 199, <fpage>204</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref043" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Press</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name>, <source>Architektura w Ikonografii Przedgreckiej</source> (<publisher-loc>Warsaw</publisher-loc>, <year>1967</year>), <fpage>101</fpage></citation>, fig. 44; 103, fig. 45, 214, fig. 92. See also the later representations at Pylos: <citation id="ref044" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Lang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>The Palace of Nestor at Pylos</source>
<volume>II</volume> (<publisher-loc>Princeton</publisher-loc>, <year>1969</year>), pl. 139</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn40" symbol="40"><label><sup>40</sup></label><p><citation id="ref045" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), pl. 15</citation>
<italic>b</italic>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref045">id.</xref>, ‘Une citadelle royale’, 30. <citation id="ref046" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name> and <name><surname>Marinatos</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>5</volume> (<year>1995</year>), fig. 4</citation>; Shaw, (n. 29), 105–13, pls. 1, 10.</p></fn><fn id="fn41" symbol="41"><label><sup>41</sup></label><p><citation id="ref047" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>32</fpage>–3</citation>, pl. 21; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref047">id.</xref>, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, 24, pl. 4/3,4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref047">id.</xref>, ‘Hyksos Rule’ (Philadelphia, 1997), fig. 4.31; see C. Palyvou, in <italic>Proceedings of the 8th Cretological Congress, Herakleion 1996</italic> (in press).</p></fn><fn id="fn42" symbol="42"><label><sup>42</sup></label><p>Above, (n. 30); L. Morgan, ‘Minoan paintings and Egypt, the case of Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a’, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, 33–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn43" symbol="43"><label><sup>43</sup></label><p><citation id="ref048" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘The mode of representation in Egyptian art in comparison to Aegean Bronze Age Art’, in <name><surname>Sherrat</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Proceedings of the First International Symposium The Wall Paintings of Thera, Thera Hellas, 30th August – 4th September 1997</source>, vol. <volume>1</volume> (<publisher-loc>Athens</publisher-loc>, <year>2000</year>), <fpage>227</fpage>–33</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn44" symbol="44"><label><sup>44</sup></label><p>Marinatos (n. 28), 86.</p></fn><fn id="fn45" symbol="45"><label><sup>45</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref048">Ibid.</xref>, 96, fig. 22.</p></fn><fn id="fn46" symbol="46"><label><sup>46</sup></label><p><citation id="ref049" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), pls 15, 16</citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref049">id.</xref>, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, col. pl. 1–2, Marinatos (n. 30), fig. 24, Bietak, ‘Une citadelle royale’, 30, 59: Bietak, Marinatos, Palyvou (n. 4).</p></fn><fn id="fn47" symbol="47"><label><sup>47</sup></label><p><citation id="ref050" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>50</fpage></citation>, fig. 17, pl. 17, <italic>b</italic>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref050">id.</xref>, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, col. pl. 3/1; L. Morgan, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, 39.</p></fn><fn id="fn48" symbol="48"><label><sup>48</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref050">Ibid.</xref>, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, M. Bietak, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, col. pl. 4/1, 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn49" symbol="49"><label><sup>49</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref050">Ibid.</xref>, col. pl. 4.1; <citation id="ref051" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>5</volume> (<year>1995</year>), <fpage>55</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn50" symbol="50"><label><sup>50</sup></label><p>Bietak, in Bietak, Hein <italic>et al., Exhibition Catalogue</italic>, cat. no. 227, colour plate.</p></fn><fn id="fn51" symbol="51"><label><sup>51</sup></label><p><citation id="ref052" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name> and <name><surname>Marinatos</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>5</volume> (<year>1995</year>), <fpage>58</fpage>–9</citation>, figs. 12, 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn52" symbol="52"><label><sup>52</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref052">Ibid.</xref>, fig. 13.</p></fn><fn id="fn53" symbol="53"><label><sup>53</sup></label><p><citation id="ref053" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>). pl. 14</citation>
<italic>a</italic>; identification: Morgan, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, 34.</p></fn><fn id="fn54" symbol="54"><label><sup>54</sup></label><p><citation id="ref054" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Rehak</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Interconnections between the Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium BC</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>101</volume> (<year>1997</year>), <fpage>399</fpage>–<lpage>402</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn55" symbol="55"><label><sup>55</sup></label><p>Bietak, <italic>Avaris</italic>, pl. iv–v.</p></fn><fn id="fn56" symbol="56"><label><sup>56</sup></label><p>Bietak, Marinatos, Palyvou (n. 4); eid, ‘The maze tableau from Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a’, in <italic>International Symposium</italic>. See meanwhile <citation id="ref055" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a/Avaris’, in <name><surname>Kandler</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>100 Jahre Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut 1898–1998</source>, (<publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <year>1998</year>), <fpage>201</fpage>–15, col. pl. 25</citation>; Bietak, Une citadelle royale, 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn57" symbol="57"><label><sup>57</sup></label><p>See Marinatos and Palyvou in Bietak, Marinatos and Palyvou (n. 4).</p></fn><fn id="fn58" symbol="58"><label><sup>58</sup></label><p><citation id="ref056" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), pl. 19</citation>
<italic>b</italic>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref056">id.</xref>, in Davies and Schofield (eds.), <italic>Interconnections</italic>, col. pl. 4/2; <citation id="ref057" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Marinatos</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>8</volume> (<year>1998</year></citation>), figs. 1, 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn59" symbol="59"><label><sup>59</sup></label><p><citation id="ref058" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Hirmer</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>Kreta, Thera und das mykenische Hellas<sup>3</sup></source> (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1976</year>), pl. 49, 51</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn60" symbol="60"><label><sup>60</sup></label><p><citation id="ref059" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), pl. 19</citation>
<italic>b</italic>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">id.</xref>, in Davies and Schofield, <italic>Interconnections</italic>, col. pl. 4/2; Marinatos (n. 8) figs. 1, 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn61" symbol="61"><label><sup>61</sup></label><p>Marinatos (n. 58), 88, 98–9, figs. 24–33.</p></fn><fn id="fn62" symbol="62"><label><sup>62</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">Ibid.</xref>, fig. 24.</p></fn><fn id="fn63" symbol="63"><label><sup>63</sup></label><p>Rehak (n. 54), 401.</p></fn><fn id="fn64" symbol="64"><label><sup>64</sup></label><p>Doumas (n. 37), no. 27 (above left without phallus sheath visible); Evans, <italic>PM</italic> II, fig. 516; see also the clearly curved, cut on terracotta reliefs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">ibid.</xref>, fig. 487).</p></fn><fn id="fn65" symbol="65"><label><sup>65</sup></label><p><citation id="ref060" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Rehak</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Aegean breechcloths, kilts, and the Keftiu paintings</article-title>’, <source>AJA</source>
<volume>100</volume> (<year>1996</year>), <fpage>40</fpage></citation>, n. 63. However, Rehak did not draw the consequences from this difference, but suggested that the manufacture of the Chieftain Cup was unfinished.</p></fn><fn id="fn66" symbol="66"><label><sup>66</sup></label><p><citation id="ref061" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Evans</surname></name>, <source>PM</source>
<volume>III</volume>, fig. 313</citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref061">ibid.</xref>, suppl. pl. XXXIX.</p></fn><fn id="fn67" symbol="67"><label><sup>67</sup></label><p>See n. 41.</p></fn><fn id="fn68" symbol="68"><label><sup>68</sup></label><p>Doumas (n. 37), figs 122, 128.</p></fn><fn id="fn69" symbol="69"><label><sup>69</sup></label><p>However, even a date of the paintings to the late Hyksos period (<italic>c.</italic> 1550 BC) would not support a high chronology which would put the Theran paintings, with the close iconographic relationship of some of their typical features to the Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a paintings, before 1628 BC.</p></fn><fn id="fn70" symbol="70"><label><sup>70</sup></label><p>Cline and Harris-Cline (n. 3).</p></fn><fn id="fn71" symbol="71"><label><sup>71</sup></label><p>Bietak, <italic>Avaris</italic>, 67.</p></fn><fn id="fn72" symbol="72"><label><sup>72</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref061">Ibid.</xref>, 82.</p></fn><fn id="fn73" symbol="73"><label><sup>73</sup></label><p>Bietak, <italic>Hyksos Rule</italic>, 125.</p></fn><fn id="fn74" symbol="74"><label><sup>74</sup></label><p>D. O'Connor, ‘The Hyksos Period in Egypt’, in Oren, <italic>Hyksos</italic>, 45, 53, fig. 2.6, 56.</p></fn><fn id="fn75" symbol="75"><label><sup>75</sup></label><p><citation id="ref062" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bietak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a II, Der Fundort im Rahmen einer archäologisch-geographischen Unlersuchung über das ägyptische Ostdelta</source>, (<publisher-name>UZK</publisher-name>
<volume>I</volume>; <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>, <year>1975</year></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn76" symbol="76"><label><sup>76</sup></label><p><citation id="ref063" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Pusch</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Becker</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, and <name><surname>Fassbender</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Wohnen und Leben, oder: weitere Schritte zu einem Stadtplan in der Ramsesstadt</article-title>’, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>9</volume> (<year>1999</year>), <fpage>155</fpage>–70</citation>, figs. 1–2 (lower right section), figs. 3–4 (lower left section), and new areas not yet published.</p></fn><fn id="fn77" symbol="77"><label><sup>77</sup></label><p><citation id="ref064" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>57</fpage>–8.</citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref064">id.</xref>, <italic>Avaris</italic>, 70. I speak in connection with the pottery unmistakably of ‘mercantile connections’.</p></fn><fn id="fn78" symbol="78"><label><sup>78</sup></label><p>Only in the very first announcement about the paintings does the editor of my article in <citation id="ref065" citation-type="journal"><source>Egyptian Archaeology</source>, <volume>2</volume> (<year>1992</year>), <fpage>26</fpage></citation>, mention in an abstract the suggestion about a Minoan community in the Delta. I may expect Cline to have also read later preliminary reports. In his n. 7 Cline complains that the results of Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a appear in several publications simultaneously (what Cline himself and many colleagues do themselves). I would personally prefer to publish once only but one is asked again and again to contribute written versions of lectures given at seminars and congresses in many different countries. Liza Giddy, Vivian Davies. Eliezer Oren, and others can certainly testify that I produce such manuscripts only very reluctantly and under much pressure. Certainly there is justification in providing information in different versions and languages, especially to colleagues who have difficulties with the German language.</p></fn><fn id="fn79" symbol="79"><label><sup>79</sup></label><p><citation id="ref066" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bietak</surname></name>, <source>E&L</source>
<volume>4</volume> (<year>1994</year>), <fpage>58</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn80" symbol="80"><label><sup>80</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref066">Id.</xref>, ‘Connections between Egypt and the Minoan world. New results from Tell el-Dab<sup>c</sup>a-Avaris’, in Davies and Schofield (eds). <italic>Interconnections</italic>, 26.</p></fn><fn id="fn81" symbol="81"><label><sup>81</sup></label><p>Bietak, <italic>Hyksos Rule</italic>, 124.</p></fn><fn id="fn82" symbol="82"><label><sup>82</sup></label><p><citation id="ref067" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Hankey</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A Theban “battle axe”</article-title>’, <source>Minerva</source>, <volume>4</volume>/<issue>3</issue> (<year>1993</year>). <fpage>13</fpage></citation>. See <citation id="ref068" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Meyer</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, <source>Geschiehte des Altertums</source>, <volume>II</volume> (<publisher-loc>Berlin and Stuttgart</publisher-loc>, <year>1928</year>), <fpage>54</fpage>–5</citation>, who also suggested a dynastic, connection, however of a different kind and going certainly too far. His reasons are: (i) the Aegean motives on weaponry of king Ahmose; (ii) the strange title ol the mother of this king, queen Ahhotep, as <italic>nbt idbw H3w-nbwt</italic> ‘Mistress of the shores of Hau-nebut’ a region considered at that time in general as the Aegean. As opposed to this identification, which was accepted by many Egyptologists (e.g. <citation id="ref069" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Gardiner</surname><given-names>A. H.</given-names></name>, <source>Ancient Egyptian Onomastica</source>
<volume>I</volume> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>. <year>1948</year>), <fpage>206</fpage>–8</citation>) see <citation id="ref070" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Vandersleyen</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Les Guerres d'Amosis</source> (<publisher-loc>Brussels</publisher-loc>, <year>1971</year>), <fpage>167</fpage>–74</citation>; <citation id="ref071" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Vercoutter</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Les haou-nebout</article-title>’, <source>Bulletin de l' Inslitut française d'archéologie orientale</source>, <volume>46</volume> (<year>1946</year>), <fpage>125</fpage>–58</citation>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref071">id.</xref>, <italic>Bulletin de l'Inslitut fraçaise d'archéologie orientale</italic>, 48 (1948), 107–209.</p></fn><fn id="fn83" symbol="83"><label><sup>83</sup></label><p>Morgan (n. 42), 44.</p></fn><fn id="fn84" symbol="84"><label><sup>84</sup></label><p><citation id="ref072" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Reusch</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, ‘Zum Wandsehmuek des Thronsaales in Knossos’, in <name><surname>Grumach</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Minoica: Festschüft zum 80. Geburstag von Johannes Sundwall</source> (<publisher-loc>Berlin</publisher-loc>, <year>1958</year>), <fpage>334</fpage>–58</citation>; <citation id="ref073" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Niemeier</surname><given-names>W.-D.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Zur Deutung des Thronraumes im Palast von Knossos</article-title>’, <source>Ath. Mil.</source>
<volume>101</volume> (<year>1986</year>), <fpage>63</fpage>–6</citation>; <citation id="ref074" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Marinatos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, <source>Minoan Religion, Ritual, Image and Symbol</source> (<publisher-loc>Columbia</publisher-loc>, <year>1993</year>), <fpage>151</fpage>–5</citation>, figs. 122, 128 31, 134; ead., <citation id="ref075" citation-type="book">‘Divine kingship/queenship in Minoan Crete’, in <name><surname>Rehak</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name> (ed.). <source>The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean</source> (<publisher-name>Aegeum</publisher-name>
<volume>11</volume>; <publisher-loc>Liège</publisher-loc>, <year>1995</year>), <fpage>37</fpage>–<lpage>48</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn85" symbol="85"><label><sup>85</sup></label><p>Summary and Egyptological literature in <citation id="ref076" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Seipel</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, ‘Heiratspolitik’, <source>Lexikon der Ägyptologie</source>
<volume>II</volume> (<publisher-loc>Wiesbaden</publisher-loc>, <year>1977</year>), <fpage>1104</fpage>–7</citation>; <citation id="ref077" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Schulman</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Diplomatic marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom</article-title>’, <source>JNES</source>
<volume>38</volume> (<year>1979</year>), <fpage>177</fpage>–93</citation>. We also have evidence that already Tuthmosis III had several foreign wives from Syria (<citation id="ref078" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Winlock</surname><given-names>H. E.</given-names></name>, <source>The Treasure of Three Egyptian Princesses</source> (<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>, <year>1948</year></citation>); <citation id="ref079" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Sethe</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, ‘Urkunden der 18. Dynastic IV/9 10’, in <name><surname>Steindorff</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Urkunden des Ägyptischen Altertums</source>, <volume>iv</volume> (<publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc>, <year>1907</year>), <fpage>669</fpage>–1</citation>). We have also some evidence that from the dawn of Egyptian history marriage was used as a political instrument in the unification process. For the ancient Near East see: <citation id="ref080" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Liverani</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘Three Amarn a essays’, in <source>Monographs on the Ancient Near East</source>
<volume>1</volume>/5 (<publisher-loc>Malibu</publisher-loc>, <year>1979</year>), <fpage>21</fpage>–<lpage>33</lpage></citation>, <citation id="ref081" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Pintorc</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <source>Lo scambio dei doni nel Vicino Oriente durante i Secoli XV–XIII</source> (<publisher-loc>Rome</publisher-loc>, <year>1973</year>), <fpage>12</fpage>–<lpage>32</lpage></citation>, <citation id="ref082" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Zaccagnini</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, ‘On Late Bronze Age marriages’, in <name><surname>Bondi</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pernigotti</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>(eds.), <source>Studi in onore di Edda Bresciani</source>, (<publisher-loc>Pisa</publisher-loc>, <year>1985</year>), <fpage>593</fpage>–<lpage>605</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn86" symbol="86"><label><sup>86</sup></label><p>So Rehak (n. 54), 402.</p></fn><fn id="fn87" symbol="87"><label><sup>87</sup></label><p>Marinatos (n. 30), 99.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. Cline</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>MANFRED BIETAK</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. Cline 1</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Manfred</namePart><namePart type="family">Bietak</namePart><affiliation>Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo and Institute of Egyptology, University of Vienna</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract type="normal">In his article in BSA 93 (1998) 199–219, Eric Cline comments on the recent discoveries at the site of Tell el-Dabca, where palatial quarters of the late Hyksos Period and the early 18th Dynasty have been discovered. For Aegean scholars the most spectacular finds from these excavations were numerous fragments of wall paintings which were identified as Minoan by experts working at the excavations and visiting colleagues. Cline particularly criticises the change of dating given to the paintings which were attributed by the excavators originally to the Hyksos period (1992) and afterwards to the Early 18th Dynasty (1995). Doubts have also been expressed about the validity of the new date and the identification of the paintings as Minoan or Aegean. This response tries to show: (1) the context of the paintings in the 18th Dynasty palace quarters in the light of recent research, (2) why a dating to the Hyksos period was originally considered, (3) why the paintings should be identified as Minoan and (4) that Cline failed to make himself knowledgeable enough about the archaeology of the site of Tell el-Dabca to give a serious opinion on the excavations and material.</abstract><abstract type="translated" lang="gr"></abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Annual of the British School at Athens</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Annu. Br. Sch. Athens</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0068-2454</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2045-2403</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ATH</identifier><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>95</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>185</start><end>205</end><total>21</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">AFA088E52F2494FCB3E3C86E0EC4351FF6AEFD92</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-77XNN1RL-0</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1017/S0068245400004639</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0068245400004639</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">00463</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2000</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2000</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AFA088E52F2494FCB3E3C86E0EC4351FF6AEFD92/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><annexes><json:item><extension>gif</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>image/gif</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AFA088E52F2494FCB3E3C86E0EC4351FF6AEFD92/annexes/gif</uri></json:item></annexes><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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