The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)
Identifieur interne : 000518 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000517; suivant : 000519The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)
Auteurs : Vladimir D. Kuznetsov ; Mikhail G. AbramzonSource :
- Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia [ 0929-077X ] ; 2011.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Abramzon, Amisos, Anokhin, Apollo laur, Appian, Artemis, Bosporan, Bosporan coins, Bosporan kingdom, Bosporos, Bowcase, Bronze coins, Burachkov, Callata, Coin, Coinage, Dionysus, Drachm, Eupator, First half, Frolova, Golenko, Gorgippia, Gorlov, Hemidrachms, Hoard, Ibid, Istorii, Kerch, Klad, Klad monet, Krushkol, Kuznetsov, Mithr, Mithradates, Mithradates reign, Mithradatic, Mithradatic epoch, Monet, Monogram, Nesterenko, Obverse, Obverse type, Panticapaion, Patraeus, Pegasus, Phanagoria, Phanagorian, Phanagorian acropolis, Pomegranate, Pomegranate flower, Pontic, Pontic coins, Pontos, Rhodian, Same time, Scythia, Shelov, Silver coins, Sinope, Stancomb, Such coins, Tetrachalk, Tetrachalks, Tetradrachm, Tetradrachms, Tetrobols, Viii, Xlii, Yellow bronze, Zograf.
- Teeft :
- Abramzon, Amisos, Anokhin, Apollo laur, Appian, Artemis, Bosporan, Bosporan coins, Bosporan kingdom, Bosporos, Bowcase, Bronze coins, Burachkov, Callata, Coin, Coinage, Dionysus, Drachm, Eupator, First half, Frolova, Golenko, Gorgippia, Gorlov, Hemidrachms, Hoard, Ibid, Istorii, Kerch, Klad, Klad monet, Krushkol, Kuznetsov, Mithr, Mithradates, Mithradates reign, Mithradatic, Mithradatic epoch, Monet, Monogram, Nesterenko, Obverse, Obverse type, Panticapaion, Patraeus, Pegasus, Phanagoria, Phanagorian, Phanagorian acropolis, Pomegranate, Pomegranate flower, Pontic, Pontic coins, Pontos, Rhodian, Same time, Scythia, Shelov, Silver coins, Sinope, Stancomb, Such coins, Tetrachalk, Tetrachalks, Tetradrachm, Tetradrachms, Tetrobols, Viii, Xlii, Yellow bronze, Zograf.
Url:
DOI: 10.1163/092907711X575340
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title><author><name sortKey="Kuznetsov, Vladimir D" sort="Kuznetsov, Vladimir D" uniqKey="Kuznetsov V" first="Vladimir D." last="Kuznetsov">Vladimir D. Kuznetsov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abramzon, Mikhail G" sort="Abramzon, Mikhail G" uniqKey="Abramzon M" first="Mikhail G." last="Abramzon">Mikhail G. Abramzon</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3</idno><date when="2011" year="2011">2011</date><idno type="doi">10.1163/092907711X575340</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000518</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000518</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title><author><name sortKey="Kuznetsov, Vladimir D" sort="Kuznetsov, Vladimir D" uniqKey="Kuznetsov V" first="Vladimir D." last="Kuznetsov">Vladimir D. Kuznetsov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abramzon, Mikhail G" sort="Abramzon, Mikhail G" uniqKey="Abramzon M" first="Mikhail G." last="Abramzon">Mikhail G. Abramzon</name></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</title><title level="j" type="sub">An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">ACSS</title><idno type="ISSN">0929-077X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1570-0577</idno><imprint><publisher>BRILL</publisher><pubPlace>The Netherlands</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011">2011</date><biblScope unit="volume">17</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="75">75</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="110">110</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0929-077X</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0929-077X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Abramzon</term><term>Amisos</term><term>Anokhin</term><term>Apollo laur</term><term>Appian</term><term>Artemis</term><term>Bosporan</term><term>Bosporan coins</term><term>Bosporan kingdom</term><term>Bosporos</term><term>Bowcase</term><term>Bronze coins</term><term>Burachkov</term><term>Callata</term><term>Coin</term><term>Coinage</term><term>Dionysus</term><term>Drachm</term><term>Eupator</term><term>First half</term><term>Frolova</term><term>Golenko</term><term>Gorgippia</term><term>Gorlov</term><term>Hemidrachms</term><term>Hoard</term><term>Ibid</term><term>Istorii</term><term>Kerch</term><term>Klad</term><term>Klad monet</term><term>Krushkol</term><term>Kuznetsov</term><term>Mithr</term><term>Mithradates</term><term>Mithradates reign</term><term>Mithradatic</term><term>Mithradatic epoch</term><term>Monet</term><term>Monogram</term><term>Nesterenko</term><term>Obverse</term><term>Obverse type</term><term>Panticapaion</term><term>Patraeus</term><term>Pegasus</term><term>Phanagoria</term><term>Phanagorian</term><term>Phanagorian acropolis</term><term>Pomegranate</term><term>Pomegranate flower</term><term>Pontic</term><term>Pontic coins</term><term>Pontos</term><term>Rhodian</term><term>Same time</term><term>Scythia</term><term>Shelov</term><term>Silver coins</term><term>Sinope</term><term>Stancomb</term><term>Such coins</term><term>Tetrachalk</term><term>Tetrachalks</term><term>Tetradrachm</term><term>Tetradrachms</term><term>Tetrobols</term><term>Viii</term><term>Xlii</term><term>Yellow bronze</term><term>Zograf</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Abramzon</term><term>Amisos</term><term>Anokhin</term><term>Apollo laur</term><term>Appian</term><term>Artemis</term><term>Bosporan</term><term>Bosporan coins</term><term>Bosporan kingdom</term><term>Bosporos</term><term>Bowcase</term><term>Bronze coins</term><term>Burachkov</term><term>Callata</term><term>Coin</term><term>Coinage</term><term>Dionysus</term><term>Drachm</term><term>Eupator</term><term>First half</term><term>Frolova</term><term>Golenko</term><term>Gorgippia</term><term>Gorlov</term><term>Hemidrachms</term><term>Hoard</term><term>Ibid</term><term>Istorii</term><term>Kerch</term><term>Klad</term><term>Klad monet</term><term>Krushkol</term><term>Kuznetsov</term><term>Mithr</term><term>Mithradates</term><term>Mithradates reign</term><term>Mithradatic</term><term>Mithradatic epoch</term><term>Monet</term><term>Monogram</term><term>Nesterenko</term><term>Obverse</term><term>Obverse type</term><term>Panticapaion</term><term>Patraeus</term><term>Pegasus</term><term>Phanagoria</term><term>Phanagorian</term><term>Phanagorian acropolis</term><term>Pomegranate</term><term>Pomegranate flower</term><term>Pontic</term><term>Pontic coins</term><term>Pontos</term><term>Rhodian</term><term>Same time</term><term>Scythia</term><term>Shelov</term><term>Silver coins</term><term>Sinope</term><term>Stancomb</term><term>Such coins</term><term>Tetrachalk</term><term>Tetrachalks</term><term>Tetradrachm</term><term>Tetradrachms</term><term>Tetrobols</term><term>Viii</term><term>Xlii</term><term>Yellow bronze</term><term>Zograf</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></TEI><istex><corpusName>brill-journals</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>phanagoria</json:string><json:string>panticapaion</json:string><json:string>abramzon</json:string><json:string>mithradates</json:string><json:string>shelov</json:string><json:string>hoard</json:string><json:string>phanagorian</json:string><json:string>bosporan</json:string><json:string>kuznetsov</json:string><json:string>frolova</json:string><json:string>zograf</json:string><json:string>ibid</json:string><json:string>scythia</json:string><json:string>pontic</json:string><json:string>bosporos</json:string><json:string>drachm</json:string><json:string>stancomb</json:string><json:string>amisos</json:string><json:string>anokhin</json:string><json:string>coinage</json:string><json:string>silver coins</json:string><json:string>golenko</json:string><json:string>krushkol</json:string><json:string>burachkov</json:string><json:string>sinope</json:string><json:string>patraeus</json:string><json:string>tetrachalks</json:string><json:string>klad</json:string><json:string>mithr</json:string><json:string>hemidrachms</json:string><json:string>xlii</json:string><json:string>tetrachalk</json:string><json:string>pontos</json:string><json:string>tetradrachm</json:string><json:string>tetradrachms</json:string><json:string>tetrobols</json:string><json:string>obverse</json:string><json:string>viii</json:string><json:string>bronze coins</json:string><json:string>yellow bronze</json:string><json:string>nesterenko</json:string><json:string>mithradatic</json:string><json:string>monogram</json:string><json:string>callata</json:string><json:string>gorlov</json:string><json:string>rhodian</json:string><json:string>gorgippia</json:string><json:string>bowcase</json:string><json:string>coin</json:string><json:string>eupator</json:string><json:string>mithradatic epoch</json:string><json:string>pomegranate</json:string><json:string>pegasus</json:string><json:string>istorii</json:string><json:string>kerch</json:string><json:string>bosporan kingdom</json:string><json:string>mithradates reign</json:string><json:string>pomegranate flower</json:string><json:string>such coins</json:string><json:string>pontic coins</json:string><json:string>bosporan coins</json:string><json:string>first half</json:string><json:string>dionysus</json:string><json:string>obverse type</json:string><json:string>apollo laur</json:string><json:string>phanagorian acropolis</json:string><json:string>klad monet</json:string><json:string>same time</json:string><json:string>monet</json:string><json:string>artemis</json:string><json:string>appian</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Vladimir D. Kuznetsov</name></json:item><json:item><name>Mikhail G. Abramzon</name></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Pontos</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Acropolis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Bosporos</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Phanagoria</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mithradates VI Eupator</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Coins</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Revolt of 63 BC</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><qualityIndicators><score>5.012</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>453.6 x 680.4 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><keywordCount>7</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>0</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>10699</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>61657</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>36</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>1</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0929-077X</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1570-0577</json:string></eissn><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>75</first><last>110</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><publicationDate>2011</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2011</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1163/092907711X575340</json:string></doi><id>1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title><respStmt><resp>Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID</resp><name resp="ISTEX-API">ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)</name></respStmt></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">BRILL</publisher><pubPlace>The Netherlands</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>© 2011 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-56W3KPD5-3">brill-journals</p></availability><date>2011</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Vladimir D.</forename><surname>Kuznetsov</surname></persName></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Mikhail G.</forename><surname>Abramzon</surname></persName></author><idno type="istex">1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/JKT-PJW9SN1F-V</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1163/092907711X575340</idno><idno type="href">15700577_017_01_s005_text.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</title><title level="j" type="sub">An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">ACSS</title><idno type="pISSN">0929-077X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1570-0577</idno><imprint><publisher>BRILL</publisher><pubPlace>The Netherlands</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011"></date><biblScope unit="volume">17</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="75">75</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="110">110</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Pontos</term></item><item><term>Acropolis</term></item><item><term>Bosporos</term></item><item><term>Phanagoria</term></item><item><term>Mithradates VI Eupator</term></item><item><term>Coins</term></item><item><term>Revolt of 63 BC</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011">Created</change><change when="2011">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2017-10-2">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus brill-journals not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.3/journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="e-issn">15700577</journal-id>
<journal-title>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</journal-title>
<journal-subtitle>An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology</journal-subtitle>
<abbrev-journal-title>ACSS</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0929-077X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1570-0577</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>BRILL</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>The Netherlands</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1163/092907711X575340</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kuznetsov</surname>
<given-names>Vladimir D.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abramzon</surname>
<given-names>Mikhail G.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>75</fpage>
<lpage>110</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2011 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="15700577_017_01_s005_text.pdf"></self-uri>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pontos</kwd>
<kwd>Acropolis</kwd>
<kwd>Bosporos</kwd>
<kwd>Phanagoria</kwd>
<kwd>Mithradates VI Eupator</kwd>
<kwd>Coins</kwd>
<kwd>Revolt of 63 BC</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-wrap>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>version</meta-name>
<meta-value>header</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-wrap>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011 DOI: 10.1163/092907711X575340 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 brill.nl/acss The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence) Mikhail G. Abramzon, Vladimir D. Kuznetsov * Abstract The authors publish the coins found in excavations at Phanagoria in 2007-2008, conducted by the Taman Archeological Mission of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. This unique numismatic material allows the authors to clarify a number of important events in the history of the Bosporan Kingdom under Mithradates VI Eupator. The most significant finds of the two archaeological seasons are a so-called “hoard” and two purses containing Bosporan and Pontic coins, many isolated silver coins of Panticapaion and Phanagoria, a tetradrachm of Mithradates VI and a golden piece of jewellery found in a large burnt building situated on the acropolis. These finds are thought to be connected not just with the general historical context of the epoch but specifically with the events of 63 BC. Keywords Bosporos, Pontos, Phanagoria, Acropolis, Mithradates VI Eupator, Revolt of 63 BC, Coins Numismatic sources on the time of Mithradates VI Eupator’s reign (the coins found in excavations at Phanagoria in 2007-2008, conducted by the Taman Archeological Mission of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences) allow us to clarify a number of important events in the history of the Bosporan Kingdom that are connected with the name of the great Pontic King. The most significant finds of the two archaeological seasons are a so-called “hoard” and two purses containing Bosporan and Pontic coins, 1 many isolated silver coins of Panticapaion and Phanagoria, 2 a tetradrachm of Mithradates VI * Mikhail Abramzon: Historical Faculty, Magnitogorsk State University, Lenina, 114, Mag- nitogorsk, 455038, Russia, Email history@masu.ru; Vladimir Kuznetsov: Department of Classi- cal Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of sciences, Dmitriya Ul’yanova, 19, Moscow, 117036, Russia, Email phanagor@mail.ru. 1 The finds of 2007 were published in our article: Abramzon, Kuznetsov 2008, 184-194. 2 The 2009 season yielded five more purses containing bronze and silver coins of Panticapaion and Phanagoria and tetrachalks from Amisos, Gaziura, Sinope and Pharnaceia. Among isolated finds there is a silver Panticapaion drachm and a hemidrachm, 8 silver Phanagorian tetrobols, many bronze Pontic and Bosporan coins.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 76 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 and a golden piece of jewellery found in a large burnt building situated on the acropolis. These finds are thought to be connected not just with the general historical context of the epoch but specifically with the events of 63 BC. 1. Historical Context of the Epoch and Bosporan Coin Hoards The Bosporos had a hard time during the reign of Mithradates VI Eupator. The Pontic King always considered the Bosporos as an economic base for the wars with Rome; he was constantly exploiting its people and material resources. As far back as the First Mithradatic War (88-85 BC) the Bosporos tried to regain independence. Local people suffered from excessive taxes and recruiting and, facing utter devastation, started to hide their treasures. Significant hoards of Bosporan and Pontic coins from the villages of Kumatÿr’ (1976) and Fadeevo (1977) on the outskirts of Gorgippia dating to the 80s BC, 3 and also hoards from different parts of the Bosporan Kingdom 4 testify to troubles at that time. Phanagoria was also involved in turbulent events. In 1948 a hoard of Bos- poran coins was found in the western part of the settlement. It was buried either circa 110 BC, just before the Bosporos passed under the rule of Mithra- dates VI, or during the first years of his reign, in the late 2 nd -early 1 st century BC. 5 Another small hoard of Bosporan coins suggests its provenance from the out- skirts of Phanagoria 6 and also dates to the beginning of the 1 st century BC, or probably to the time of the First War. During the Second Mithradatic War (83-81 BC) the Bosporos restored its independence, so once again the Pontic King had to win the country back. Mithradates VI made peace with the Romans and began to consolidate his Kingdom; he subdued Colchis and was preparing for a campaign against the Bosporos. Appian reports that Mithradates VI raised a large army and fleet to fight against the Bosporans (App. Mithr . 64). When the war was over, the King conquered the Bosporos and installed his son Machares as governor in 79 BC (App. Mithr . 67). In Golenko’s opinion, a significant hoard of silver didrachms found near the Fontalovskoe fortress was connected with the 3 Shelov 1982, 48; Nesterenko 1987, 74; Alekseeva 1997, 49; Abramzon, Frolova, Gorlov 1999, 326-343; 2002, 145-152; 2002a, 158-209; 210-220; Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 209-241. 4 For a list of hoards of the Mithradatic epoch see Abramzon, Kuznetsov 2008, 188-189. 5 Kharko 1968, 94-95; IGCH 1127; Shelov 1962, 121-122; 1982, 45-46; Abramzon, Frol- ova, Gorlov 2002a, 136-140; Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 170-172. 6 Lagos 2000, 268-270; Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 207-209.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 77 rebellion of Bosporan cities against Mithradates. It was a considerable sum of money, which was probably intended to be paid as remuneration to the gar- rison of the Fontalovskoe settlement. The hoard was buried under some extraordinary circumstances circa 79 BC. 7 In 74 BC the Third War began. After several defeats of Mithradates VI, Machares betrayed his father and in 70 BC made a separate friendship treaty with Lucullus (App. Mithr . 83). The last years of Mithradates VI’s reign were particularly hard for the region because the King was forced by the Romans to leave the country of his ancestors and fled to the Bosporos (Strab. XI, 2, 13). In 65 BC Mithradates VI came from Dioscurias and occupied Panticapaion, making the city his stronghold (App. Mithr . 101-102; 107). Machares fled to Chersonessos and committed suicide (App. Mithr . 102). By the order of Pom- peius the Roman fleet blocked the Bosporos, aiming to starve the army of Mithradates VI (Plut. Pomp . 38). Appian informs us that while in Panticapa- ion, Mithradates VI tried to make a treaty with the Romans once again, he did not succeed in coming to an agreement with Pompeius and began desperate preparations for a new stage of war. He quickly recruited troops from Bospo- ran free men and slaves and equipped them with weapons and military engines, sparing neither wood nor oxen to make strings from their tendons. He forced everyone, even the poor, to pay taxes. His tax-collectors were merciless (App. Mithr . 107). Exceeding requisitions caused a rising wave of popular discon- tent leading to the rebellion of 63 BC, which started in Phanagoria and quickly spread to other cities of the Bosporan Kingdom and Chersonessos. Appian says that under the influence of Phanagoria Chersonessos, Theodosia, Nymphaion and all Pontic coastal cities capable in military respect revolted against Mithradates VI (App. Mithr . 108). The 1950 and 1998 hoards from Patraeus 8 and the 2007-2008 coin finds from Phanagoria may well be linked with these events. 2. The “Hoard”, “Purses” and Isolated Coin Finds from a Burnt Building on the Acropolis of Phanagoria In 1999, some badly preserved remains of a large building destroyed by a conflagration were found in the “Upper City” excavation trench (its total area is 1800 m 2 ). Three parallel lines composed of several limestone blocks, together 7 Golenko 1965, 154. 8 Krushkol 1952, 137-147; 1956, 116; Abramov, Boldÿrev 2001, 144.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 78 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 with small fragments of the foundations for the walls, were the only remains of the house. All the other stones had been dismantled in ancient times. Nev- ertheless, it was obvious that the remains belonged to a large building, the most part of which was located outside the southern and the eastern walls of the trench. The house had burnt down in a huge fire. In 2007, a few fragments of the foundation covered with a conflagration layer were found in a new trench, adjoining the previous one in the west. The stratigraphy indicates that the traces of both fires belong to the same level; therefore, they are synchro- nous. The finds also confirm this conclusion. The location of the burnt layer testifies that the building was fairly large and occupied an area of several hun- dred square meters. Unfortunately, not only had it been almost completely demolished in ancient times, but it was also largely destroyed by the pits of later times (mainly of the 2 nd -3 rd centuries AD). The size of the building and some finds indicate that the house was unusual. Two big golden rings deco- rated with carved stones (melted in fire) and two golden earrings in the shape of Eros (also partly damaged by fire) were found at the site (Fig. 1). 9 They might have been kept in a wooden box together with the other jewellery, which transformed into drops of gold. Fine carved bone plates of one more box were found in another part of the building. Apart from the jewellery, small clusters of coins were discovered in different parts of the building. Since the coins were not buried but either lost by the inhabitants of the house or not retrieved in the panic caused by the fire, we would refer to most of the finds as “purses” rather than “hoards”. High concentrations of separate silver and bronze coins of larger denominations instantly attract attention. All the coins date to 125-65 BC, i.e. the last years of the Spartokids’ reign and the Mithra- datic epoch. The finds were concentrated on a small space. Among them we would like to single out a “hoard” and two “purses” containing Bosporan and Pontic coins. Two groups of coins were found during the field season of 2007. 10 1) Purse No. 1. This is undoubtedly the contents of a purse – a rouleau of soldered Panticapaion chalks with the types of Apollo (Dionysus?)/thyrsus and tripod, , ΠΑΝΤΙΚΑΠΑΙΤΩΝ dating from 100-75 BC or even 96/95- 66/65 BC. 11 It should be noted that the 1950 Patraeus hoard was also found in a burnt Hellenistic building and was probably kept in a soft container. 12 9 The earrings date from the 2 nd century BC. See Jackson 2006, 187, cat. 22, 15 . 10 See Abramzon, Kuznetsov 2008, 184-194. 11 SNG BM I 1993, No. 937-940; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 593-596. 12 Krushkol 1952, 137.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 79 Fig. 1. Golden jewellery found in the burnt building at acropolis of Phanagoria. 2) A “hoard”. The second group of coins was found in the same place, in one of the rooms of the house. The coins lay in a plate and were covered by a layer of soot; a part of them fused together. The “hoard” consisted of 11 tetra- chalks of Bosporan cities (Panticapaion and Phanagoria) and 8 obols of Pontic cities (Amisos, Gaziura, Taulara, Amastris and uncertain centers). Bosporan tetrachalks date either to 100-75, 13 or 90-80 BC, 14 or 96/95-66/65 BC. 15 Since there is no answer to the question concerning the final date of this coinage, one can appeal to the traditional dating – 100-75 BC. 16 Pontic obols with Zeus/eagle were issued circa 100-85 BC. 17 13 Zograf 1951, pl. XLIII, 10, 15, 17 . 14 Shelov 1983, 45. 15 Frolova, Ireland 1999, 234. 16 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 20-23, pls. IX, 5-19 ; X, 1-6 . 17 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1048-1050 (Amaseia), 1144-1146 (Amisos), 1249, 1266-1267, 1270, 1288-1289, 1350-1351, 1526-1527; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 674-675, 717, 746, 794.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 80 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 3) Purse No. 2. During the excavations of 2008, one more purse contain- ing 67 coins was found in square 51, not far from the place where the two above mentioned groups of coins had been discovered. This purse suffered less from the fire than the previous ones, most of the coins being well-preserved. Having obviously been put into a soft package (probably made of textile), 18 the coins fused with each other into such a compact group that it was rather difficult to separate them (Fig. 2). Four most burnt small bronze coins (prob- ably with the types of Apollo/bowcase 19 or Pan/bow and arrow) 20 were com- pletely destroyed during the cleaning. Thus, 63 coins remained. There were two silver Phanagorian coins among them; all the rest were of bronze. 53 coins belonged to the mint of Panticapaion, 8 to that of Phanagoria, 2 were from Amisos. The contents of the purse are the following: I. Bosporos 1) Panticapaion, Apollo/bowcase, ΠΑΝ 21 – 18 coins (Nos. 1-18); 2) Panticapaion, Apollo/bow and arrow, ΠΑΝ 22 – 1 coin (No. 19); 3) Panticapaion, Pan/cornucopia between pilei , Π ΑΝΤΙ 23 – 29 coins (Nos. 20-48); 4) Panticapaion, tripod/star, Π ΑΝΤΙΚΑΠ 24 – 5 coins (Nos. 49-53); 5) Phanagoria, Pan/bow and arrow, ΦΑ 25 – 6 coins (Nos. 54-59); 6) Phanagoria, Artemis/pomegranate flower, ΦΑNΓΟΡΙTΩN 26 – 2 coins (Nos. 60-61); II. Pont 7) Amisos, Zeus/eagle on thunderbolt, AMIΣOY 27 – 1 coin (No. 62); 8) Amisos, Ares/sword in sheath, AMIΣOY 28 – 1 coin (No. 63). 18 The traces of such textile remained on the coins from the 1970 Hermonassa hoard. See Golenko 1972, 239. 19 Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 95 . 20 Ibid. , pl. IX, 112 . 21 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 920-922. 22 SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 569. 23 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 924-925. 24 Ibid. , Nos. 941-944. 25 Ibid. , Nos. 990-994. 26 Ibid. , No. 999. 27 Ibid. , Nos. 1144-1146. 28 Ibid. , Nos. 1147-1149.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 81 Fig. 2. The purse No. 2 found in the burnt building on the acropolis of Phanagoria. a b c</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 82 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 So, the purse containing bronze and silver coins is solid evidence for the mon- etary circulation in the Bosporos during that epoch. The earliest group of coins is composed of small bronze Panticapaion coins (Fig. 3, 1-19 ). Their common obverse type is the head of Apollo; reverse types are a bowcase, ΠΑΝ (Nos. 1-18) and a bow with an arrow, ΠΑΝ (No. 19). A. N. Zograf dated the coins with the head of Apollo and a bowcase to 200-110 BC. 29 Following D. B. Shelov, 30 K. V. Golenko 31 and N. D. Nesterenko 32 considered that these extremely numerous coins were being issued for a long period of time: the coinage began in the early 2 nd century BC, and the type was still in circulation in 150-125 BC. An enormous number of coins and later types struck from the previous ones were discovered in hoards and as isolated finds. Their weight and stylistic degradation also testify to a long-term emission. 33 The samples from the Phanagorian purse are remarkable for their small size – only 9-10 mm in diameter, and for the low weight. These facts testify to their later issue, in comparison with well-known samples struck on large blanks, whose thickness sometimes was about 5 mm and whose weight was about 4.5-3 g. The long duration of the coinage Apollo/bowcase is also proved by the fact that a part of them were made not of red, but of yellow bronze. This kind of bronze is typical of Pontic coinage under the rule of Mithradates VI. Nesterenko con- sidered that the group of yellow bronze coins was the final one in the series Apollo/bowcase. The analysis of the 1976 Kumatÿr’ and 1977 Fadeevo hoards allowed him to date the group of yellow bronze to 150-125 BC. 34 The purse found in 2008 in Phanagoria contained both groups. The coins with Apollo/ bowcase form a little less than one third of the purse. They constituted the most numerous groups in the 1964 Raevskaya, 35 1977 Fadeevo, 36 1976 Kumatÿr’ 37 hoards, etc . The types of Apollo/bowcase and Apollo/bow and arrow 38 circulated on the Bosporan market simultaneously. They were struck in a crude manner; a lot of specimens were often re-struck from previous types. The head of Apollo was the regular obverse image in the bronze Panti- capaion coinage of the 2 nd century BC. Besides the dominating reverse type of 29 Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 9 . 30 Shelov 1956, 168. 31 Golenko 1952, 148. 32 Nesterenko 1987, 79-80. 33 Golenko 1952, 153, No. 35. 34 Nesterenko 1987, 79-80. 35 Abramzon, Frolova, Gorlov 2002a, 147-157; Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 175-180. 36 Abramzon, Frolova, Gorlov 2002a, 158-209; Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 209-235. 37 Abramzon, Frolova, Gorlov 2002, 145-152; Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 235-242. 38 SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 569.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 83 Fig. 3. Coins from the purse No. 2 (Panticapaion).</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 84 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 a bow, the other reverse types were a bow and arrow, a dolphin, 39 an ear, 40 a wreath. 41 Presumably, the coinage Apollo/bowcase ceased to exist circa 120 BC. After that, it was replaced by a new series of bronze coins which con- sisted of two denominations. The larger of them is the tetrachalk bearing a head of the bearded Pan on the obverse and a cornucopia between pilei, ∏ANTI on the reverse, 42 the smaller one was the dichalk with beardless Pan/ caps of Dioscouroi. 43 The chronological proximity of both series is proven by the fact that the types with Apollo/bowcase (and some other reverse types) and coins of the new series were found together in a number of hoards in Phana- goria (1948) 44 and its outskirts (late 20 th century), 45 Sudak (1959), 46 Vinogradnÿï (1964), 47 Raevskaya (1964), Kumatÿr’ (1976), Fadeevo (1977), Kerch (1996) 48 and Bolshoï Utrish (1998). 49 The next chronological group of coins from the purse consists of Panticapa- ion tetrachalks with the reverse type of the cornucopia between caps of Dioscouroi (Nos. 20-49). They constitute a little less than half the purse (Figs. 3, 20-25 ; 4, 26-45 ; 5, 46-49 ). Shelov dated this type first to 125-100 BC, 50 and then to 120-110 BC. 51 He followed F. Imhoof-Blumer who dated the coins of Amisos, Amaseia and Sinope with the same reverse type (a cornucopia between the pilei) to the first years of Mithradates VI’s reign, i.e . 120-110 BC. 52 M. Price dates such types of Amaseia and Sinope to 120-100 BC, but the same type of Amisos to 125-100 BC. 53 In Nesterenko’s opinion, the emission of the type of Pan/caps of Dioscouroi, ΠANTI took place in 120-113 BC, 54 after that a new type of Athena/prow 55 appeared. This date is doubtful. 39 Ibid. , No. 568. 40 Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, No. 98. 41 Ibid. , No. 99. 42 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 924-925. 43 Ibid., No. 926. 44 Kharko 1968, 94-95; IGCH 1127; Shelov 1962, 121-122, Abramzon, Frolova 2007-2008, 170-172. 45 Lagos 2000, 268-270. 46 Kazamanova 1964, 144-151. 47 Salov 1974, 94-98. 48 Frolova 1998, 23-26. 49 Aptekarev 2002, 72-77. 50 Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 100 . 51 Ibid. , 171; Shelov 1962, 60. 52 Imhoof-Blumer 1912, taf. I, 1, 3, 5 . 53 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1046-1047 (Amaseia), 1129-1133 (Amisus), 1521-1522 (Sinope). 54 Nesterenko 1987, 83. 55 SNG BM I 1993, No. 927.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 85 Fig. 4. Coins from the purse No. 2 (Panticapaion).</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 86 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 The final group of Panticapaion coins from the purse is composed of 5 chalks with the types of tripod/star 56 (Nos. 49-53) (Fig. 5, 49-53 ). These coins fall into two subgroups, differing in style, the color of metal and the quality of the blank. The first group contains usual red bronze coins; the blanks always have traces of re-coinage. The second group consists of yellow bronze coins; the blanks have an accurate round shape, and specimens made from Pontic coins also occur in the group. Yellow chalks were issued later than the red bronze ones. 57 Four of the five coins from the purse were made of yellow bronze. Zograf dated this type to 100-75 BC, 58 Shelov to the end of the 2 nd century BC, regarding this issue as a commemoration of the important event which had occurred in the history of the Bosporos, when the rule passed from Pairisades V to Mithradates VI after the second Scythian campaign of Diophantes. 59 Golenko dated that type to the 90s-80s BC. 60 In Frolova’s and Ireland’s opinion, the obverse type of an astral symbol – the star – could appear in 96/95 BC, after the emission of the first Mithradates VI’s silver coins bear- ing the dynastic emblem – a star and a crescent on the reverse. Therefore, the scholars attributed these chalks first to the time soon after 96/95 BC 61 but then they extended the date to the end of the 2 nd – the beginning of the 1 st century BC. 62 Phanagorian coinage is represented in the purse by six tiny bronze coins with a head of Pan on the obverse and a bow with an arrow on the reverse 63 (Nos. 54-59) (Fig. 5, 54-59 ), and also by two silver coins with Artemis/pome- granate flower 64 (Nos. 60-61) (Fig. 5, 60-61 ). The issue of Phanagorian bronze started at the end of the 3 rd century BC or at the beginning of the 2 nd century BC and continued for at least the whole century. 65 Phanagorian bronze is discovered in many hoards of the Mithradatic epoch together with Panticapa- ion and Pontic bronze. Phanagorian coins were often re-struck from the previ- ous Bosporan or Pontic types. The purse contains just one coin struck from the Panticapaion type Apollo/bowcas (No. 59). The purse also includes 56 Ibid., Nos. 941-944. 57 Nesterenko 1987, 81-82. 58 Zograf 1951, 187. 59 Shelov 1965, 44. 60 Golenko 1964, 63. 61 Frolova, Ireland 1999, 232, 238, pl. I, 26 . 62 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 11. 63 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994. 64 Ibid. , No. 999; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 623. 65 Shelov 1956, 173-175; Golenko 1955, 139-141. Price mistakenly dates it to late 4 th -3 rd centuries BC, Stancomb – to the 3 rd century BC. See SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 622.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 87 Fig. 5. Coins from the purse No. 2 (Panticapaion, Phanagoria, Amisos).</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 88 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 Phanagorian coins made of yellow bronze which should be attributed to the time of Mithradates VI’s reign. 66 The presence of two silver Phanagorian coins with Artemis/pomegranate flower in the purse needs special comments. Zograf determined the denomina- tion of such coins as triobol (hemidrachm) and dated them to 200-120 BC. 67 Shelov ascribed these coins to tetrobols 68 and dated them to 120-110 BC, considering that they were synchronic to the silver Gorgippian type Helios/ cornucopia between two stars, ΓΟΡΓΙΠ . 69 He believed both Phanagoria and Gorgippia struck silver coins during the last decade of the Spartokids’ reign when Pairisades V could not prevent the increased activity of the cities. Exactly in that period Phanagoria and Gorgippia struck good silver coins exceeding in quality synchronous Panticapaion silver. At the same time, they issued unusual types, which testifies to economic isolation of the Asian Bosporan cities and their tendency to oppose themselves to the central authority. 70 V. A. Anokhin also considered these Phanagorian silver coins were tetrobols and dated them to 109-100 BC. 71 Finally, M. Price believed that these coins were hemidrachms (triobols) issued at the end of the 2 nd – the middle of the 1 st century BC. 72 W. Stankomb, who also determined the coins as hemidrachms, mistakenly dated them to the 3 rd century BC. 73 P. O. Burachkov, A. L. Bertie de la Garde and A. N. Zograf identified the obverse type of a female head with Aphrodite-Urania (Apaturos). Zograf linked the reverse type of the pomegranate flower with the obverse type and considered it as an attribute of the goddess. 74 B. V. Köhne, A. M. Podshivalov, V. Ross, B. Head, E. H. Minns and later D. B. Shelov 75 paid closer attention to the object at the goddess’ shoulder, regarding it as a quiver with arrows. They identified the goddess as Artemis, who was often represented on Phana- gorian coins during the reign of Mithradates VI. Studying the iconography of both goddesses in the Bosporan numismatics, Shelov noted that while Artemis in the Phanagorian typology was bare-headed and wearing a fillet (her hair being gathered in rolls), Aphrodite-Urania, who first appeared at the end of the 1 st century BC on the coins of Caesarea (Panticapaion) and Agrippia (Phanagoria), was veiled and wearing a kalathos. Furthermore, there are no 66 Golenko 1955, 139-141; Nesterenko 1987, 80, 83-84. 67 Zograf 1951, 181, pl. XLII, 12 . 68 Shelov 1962, 63, No. 669. 69 Shelov 1956, pl. IX, 115 . 70 Ibid. , 176, 201. 71 Anokhin 1986, 72, 144, No. 193. 72 SNG BM 1993, No. 999. 73 SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 623. 74 Zograf 1951, 181. 75 See Shelov 1956, 201-202.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 89 sources testifying to the connection between the pomegranate flower and the cult of Aphrodite. 76 L. P. Kharko at first also defined the goddess as Artemis. Having interpreted the object at her shoulder as a scepter, however, he changed his point of view and backed Zograf ’s hypothesis about the female head on the obverse being the head of Aphrodite. 77 In his book Anokhin wrote about “tet- robols” with Aphrodite/flower. 78 But in the enclosed catalogue he identified the goddess on the obverse as Artemis and the object at her shoulder as a bow. 79 M. Price and V. Stankomb defined the goddess on the obverse as Artemis, and the flower on the reverse was regarded as a rose. 80 Shelov noted the similarity of that Phanagorian reverse type with the flower depicted on synchronic Rhodian coins and ceramic stamps. A pomegranate flower 81 was also represented on the coins of the cities of Caria (Aphrodisias- Plarasa, 82 Astyra, 83 Megiste, 84 Nisyros) 85 which were closely related to Rhodes. Being influenced by Rhodes, Cythnos also issued the same type of a flower on the reverse. These numismatic parallels allowed Shelov to conclude that Phanagoria had imitated the reverse type of Rhodian coins. In Shelov’s opin- ion, Gorgippia simultaneously borrowed the obverse type of Helios’ head from Rhodian coinage. The scholar believed this did not happen by chance because Phanagoria and Gorgippia were probably involved with the policy of Rhodes – the great marine state of that time – under the circumstances of a growing socio-political crisis in the Bosporos. 86 Shelov compared the quantity of Rhodian amphoral stamps from Phanagoria and the Kuban region with the number of the same stamps discovered in the cities of the European Bos- poros – Panticapaion, Tyritake and Myrmekion. He noted that Phanagoria and the periphery of the Asian Bosporos had much closer trade contacts with Rhodes than the European Bosporos. Phanagorian and Gorgippian coin types may also have reflected this orientation of the Asian Bosporan cities – not towards the Pontic Kingdom, but towards Rhodes. 87 Rhodian coins dating from the end of the 2 nd – the beginning of the 1 st century BC found during 76 Ibid. , 202. On the pomegranate flower as an attribute of Aphrodite Urania see Ustinova 1999, 158. 77 Gaidukevich 1949, 564, No. 39; Shelov 1956, 202. 78 Anokhin 1986, 72. 79 Ibid. , 144, No. 193. 80 SNG BM I 1993, No. 999; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 623. 81 The other scholars consider it as a rose. 82 BMC 19 1897, 25, No. 5. 83 Ibid. , 60, No. 7. 84 Ibid. , 221, Nos. 1-3. 85 SNG von Aulock II 1987, No. 2770. 86 Shelov 1956, 202-203. 87 Ibid. , 204.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 90 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 excavations at some Bosporan city-sites testify to the contacts between the Bosporos and Rhodes. Thus, for example, a silver Rhodian hemidrachm was found in Gorgippia. 88 Two bronze Rhodian coins circa 200 BC were recovered in Phanagoria in 1986 and 1996. 89 An enormous unpublished hoard found in the Phanagorian chora also contained bronze Rhodian coins. A small group of coins in the purse consists of two bronze coins of Amisos dating from 100-85 BC: an obol with types of Zeus/eagle on thunderbolt 90 and a tetrachalk with Ares/sword in sheath 91 (Fig. 5, 62-63 ). So, the latest coins from the purse are represented by Panticapaion chalks with the tripod and the star (the beginning of the 1 st century BC) and coins of Amisos issued in 100-85 BC. 3. Finds of Isolated Silver and Bronze Coins from the Burnt “Royal Residence” (2007-2008) The numismatic context (separate silver and bronze coins found close to the purse in the burnt layer of the same building, as well as synchronous silver coins discovered in the eastern Phanagorian necropolis) is also very important for the accurate dating of the 2007-2008 “hoard” and purses. I. Silver Coins First of all, Bosporan silver of the 2 nd -1 st centuries BC is of great interest as evidence for wealth of the inhabitants of the house. Apart from the two tet- robols from the purse, a Panticapaion drachm and small denominations of Panticapaion and Phanagorian silver were found in 2007-2008. Panticapaion. Circa 120-110 or 109-100 BC. Drachm Obv. Apollo laur. r. Rev. Bowcase and sword, 92 ΠΑNTIΚΑ / ΠAITΩN . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXI, 109-111 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 3 ; Shelov 1956, pl. VII, 87 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 6, 189 ; SNG BM I 1993, No. 929; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 584. 88 Zograf 1945, 60, No. 60. 89 Ashton 2003, 384, No. 53, pl. 48, 53, A. 90 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1145-1146. 91 Ibid. , Nos. 1147-1149. 92 M. Price and W. Stancomb mistakenly consider this symbol as a corn-grain ( SNG Stan- comb 2000, No. 584).</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 91 1) Inv. no. Ph–08-41; 2.77 g (Fig. 6, 1 ). As a matter of fact, Attic-weight drachms made of fine silver were extremely plentiful. The series of drachms with Apollo and the bowcase included sequen- tial issues with the monogram Π · , which sometimes was accompanied with additional emblems – a club or a sword, or sometimes only with a sword, without the monogram. Shelov supposed the series was issued in the first half of the 2 nd century BC by the magistrate who held his post for several consecu- tive terms and carried out his duties for 50 years (!) – till the middle of the 2 nd century BC. At the same time, Shelov noted rightly that the coins without the monogram Π · and only with the sword, which he considered an emblem of the same city magistrate, were the latest ones and reflected the stylistic and weight degradation of the whole series. 93 The specimen found in the burnt layer does not bear such a monogram and belongs to the latest group of drachms. 94 Shelov’s suggestion of such unprec- edented long term coinage by one person can be doubted. Moreover, the same monogram Π · appears on Panticapaion hemidrachms with Dionysus’ 93 Shelov 1956, 162. 94 In 2009 we found a drachm with the monogram Π · (inv. no. Ph-09-1). Fig. 6. Silver coins of Panticapaion and Phanagoria from the burnt building on the acropolis.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 92 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 head/thyrsus 95 dating from 100-75 BC. Anokhin attributed Panticapaion drachms with Apollo/bowcase to the first years of Mithradates VI’s rule in the Bosporos, i.e . to 109-100 BC. He even noted that “the engraver added the portrait features of Mithradates VI to Apollo’s image”. 96 Price also considered that the obverse of the drachms bears the portrait of Mithradates VI like Apollo and dated these coins to the end of the 2 nd – the beginning of the 1 st century BC. 97 We follow Zograf who distinguished several variants of such coins and a great quantity of their series and issues. In his opinion, these drachms were being issued in 200-110 BC till the end of the Spartokids’ epoch and circu- lated in the Bosporos market even during the reign of Mithradates VI. 98 The demand for silver coins in the Mithradatic epoch was partly supplied by the old Panticapaion drachms, which had still been circulating since the previous period, and partly by new city issues. 99 The archaeological context of the drachm from Phanagoria proves Zograf ’s opinions that the late series of such coins had been issued before the Bosporos passed under the rule of Mithra- dates VI and were still circulating during his reign. Thus, one can date the specimen without the monogram Π · to 120-110 BC or 110/109-100 BC. Panticapaion struck other types of drachms in the 2 nd century BC but we shall not touch upon this question. Panticapaion silver of smaller denomina- tions such as tetrobols, diobols, trihemiobols and obols accompanied that plentiful emission of drachms. 100 Two diobols were discovered in burial No. 110 during the excavations at the eastern necropolis of Phanagoria in 2007: Panticapaion. 120-110 BC. Diobols Obv. Apollo laur, r. Rev. Lyre. ΠΑNTIΚΑ / ΠAITΩN . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXI, 105 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 5 ; Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 91 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 5, 168 ; SNG BM I 1993, No. 919. 2) Inv. no. Ph-07-49; 1.30 g (Fig. 6, 2 ). 3) Inv. no. Ph-07-50; 1.0 g (Fig. 6, 3 ). 95 Zograf 1951, pl. XLIII, 12 . 96 Anokhin 1986, 72, 144, No. 189. 97 SNG BM I 1993, No. 929. 98 Zograf 1951, 181. 99 Ibid. , 181, 186; Shelov 1956, 162. 100 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 914-919, 930; Anokhin 1986, Nos. 174, 187a, 187b, 190.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 93 Zograf dated this silver broadly to 200-100 BC, 101 but Shelov attributed it to 200-150 BC, admitting that it could have been issued till the last years of the Spartokids’ time. 102 Price dated it to the 2 nd -1 st centuries BC. 103 As well as drachms with Apollo, these synchronic fractions could also have been circulat- ing in the Mithradatic epoch. We do not have reliable evidence for a link between this burial and the inhabitants of the burnt building on the acropolis. However, it should be noted that silver coins (especially several together) still have not been discov- ered in other synchronic burials in Phanagoria: each burial contained only a single bronze coin. Possibly, the person from burial no. 110 belonged to the wealthy group of population. One more silver coin of the 1 st century BC was found not far from the purses from squares 51 and 53: Panticapaion. 100-75 BC. Hemidrachm (triobol) Obv. Dionysus wreathed in ivy r. Border of dots. Rev. Thyrsus; below Π · ; above and below ∏ANTIΚA / ∏AITΩN . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXI, 101; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII , 12 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 7, 190 ; Frolova, Ireland 2002, 18, pl. VII, 19-25 ; SNG BM I 1993, No. 930. 4) Inv. no. Ph-07-78; 1.60 g. (Fig. 6, 4 ). The Bosporan obverse type of Dionysus dating from the first half of the 1 st century BC reflected Mithradates VI’s policy aimed at emphasizing the unification of the Bosporos and the Pontos. Pontic Dionysus (Mithradates VI Eupator as young Dionysus) was depicted on coins so that he could not be distinguished from the traditional Bosporan Apollo. For the same reason, the attributes of both deities – the thyrsus and the tripod on the reverses of Bosporan silver and bronze – are combined. 104 The regular obverse type of the head of Dionysus on Panticapaion hemidrachms, 105 Phanagorian drachms. 106 and hemidrachms with the thyrsus, 107 didrachms with the wreath and the 101 Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 5 . 102 Shelov 1956, 163-164, pl. VIII, 1. 103 SNG BM I 1993, No. 919. 104 Dyukov 1977, 156-160. 105 SNG BM I 1993, No. 930. 106 Ibid. , No. 998; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 626-627. 107 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 18, pl. VII, 16, 16a .</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 94 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 names of Panticapaion, Phanagoria and Gorgippia 108 and tetrachalks of these cities 109 had the same style. The issue date of the hemidrachms with Dionysus and the thyrsus is still debated. Zograf placed these drachms – and similar Phanagorian ones – in 100-75 BC. 110 Stankomb attributed Phanagorian drachms to the same date. 111 Price dated similar bronze Pontic coins with the head of Dionysus and the thyrsus issued by Amisos, 112 Cabeira, 113 Chabacta, 114 Comana, 115 Laodicea 116 and Sinope 117 to 85-65 BC. Following Price, Frolova and Ireland suggested that the issues of Bosporan silver with the head of Dio- nysus be dated to the same period. 118 In their catalogue, however, they pro- posed a broader dating of Panticapaion hemidrachms and similar Phanagorian drachms and hemidrachms with Dionysus/thyrsus: the first half of the 1 st cen- tury BC. 119 In the next book, continuing to date Phanagorian drachms and hemidrachms with Dionysus/thyrsus to the first half of the 1 st century BC, 120 they dated the same Panticapaion hemidrachms to the end of the 2 nd – the beginning of the 1 st century BC. 121 It does not seem very logical because both issues were probably synchronous. Phanagoria issued silver hemidrachms of the same type 122 as the mentioned Panticapaion coins found in the burnt layer. Their finds in Phanagoria have not been recorded yet (only a drachm with Dionysus’ head and the thyrsus was discovered in 1937). 123 On the other hand, in neighboring Patraeus the small hoard mentioned above was found in 1998. It contained 11 silver Phan- agorian hemidrachms with Dionysus/thyrsus. As far as we know, this find is the only hoard of Phanagorian silver belonging to Mithradates VI’s epoch. Some scholars thought it was probably buried at the same time as the 1950 Patraeus hoard found in the layer of the city’s destruction after 70 BC, 124 but we believe both hoards were buried in 63 BC. 108 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 932-934 (Panticapaion), 997 (Phanagoria); Anokhin 1986, No. 209 (Gorgippia). 109 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 937-940 (Panticapaion), 986 (Gorgippia), 1007 (Phanagoria). 110 Zograf 1951, pl. XLIII, 10 (Phanagorian drachm), 12 (Panticapaion hemidrachm). 111 SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 626-627. 112 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1192-1195. 113 Ibid. , No. 1247. 114 Ibid. , No. 1257. 115 Ibid. , No. 1264. 116 Imhoof-Blumer 1912, taf. II, 11 . 117 SNG BM I 1993, No. 1541. 118 Frolova, Ireland 1999, 235. 119 Ibid. , 242-243, pls. VI, 14a-24 ; VII, 1-27 . 120 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 17-18, pls. VI, 14a-24 ; VII, 1-16a . 121 Ibid. , pl. VII, 17-27 . 122 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 18, pl. VII, 16-16a . 123 Krushkol 1951, No. 22. 124 Abramov, Boldÿrev 2001, 144; Zakharov 2005, 113-114.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 95 The next group of silver coins from the burnt building is represented by Phanagorian coinage: Phanagoria. 120-110 BC. Tetrobols Obv. Artemis diademed r., quiver at shoulder. Rev. Pomegranate flower; below and above ΦANAΓΟ / ΡITΩN . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXIII, 6 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 12 ; Shelov 1956, pl. IX, 114 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 7, 193 ; SNG BM I 1993, No. 999; SNG Stan- comb 2000, No. 623. 5) Inv. no. Ph-08-148; 2.12 g (Fig. 6, 5 ). 6) Inv. no. Ph-08-149 (Fig. 6, 6 ). 7) Inv. no. Ph-08-150 (Fig. 6, 7 ). For a long time silver Phanagorian coins were not discovered in Phanagoria: the sole poorly preserved coin with Artemis/pomegranate flower was acciden- tally found at the city-site in 1953. 125 So, five such coins 126 from the burnt building (two specimens from the purse and three specimens in the same layer from the adjoining squares) are of great importance. One coin from the purse, which chanced to be in its middle, was in good condition; the other one which lay separately next to the fritted mass was badly burnt and preserved much worse. Isolated coins also suffered from fire. A silver coin of Mithradates VI Eupator discovered not far from the purses is a unique find: Pontos. Mithradates VI Eupator (120-63 BC). 96/95-86/85 BC. Tetradrachm Obv. Portrait diademed r. Rev. Pegasus drinking l.; above l., star and crescent; ΒAΣΙΛΕΩΣ Μ [ ΙΘΡΑΔΑ ] ΤΟΥ ΕΥΠ [ ΑΤΟ ] ΡΟΣ ; all within ivy wreath. SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1029-1036. 8) 12.49 g; inv. no. Ph-08-124 (Fig. 7, 1 ). The reverse of the tetradrachm suffered from fire: a large cavity in the center of the coin seriously damaged Pegasus and a part of the inscription. To the left, remains of the monogram are slightly visible. The year under the royal title and the letter under the epiclesis denoting the month of issue were not preserved (they may not have been put on the coin). The traces of the wreath around Pegasus does not allow ascribing this specimen to the earliest 125 Shelov 1962, 63, 98, No. 669. 126 The 2009 excavation season yielded 10 more tetrobols.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 96 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 tetradrachms, on which this element is absent. 127 The portrait of the King on the obverse is created in a realistic style. The iconography and realistic style of the portrait correspond with those of the tetradrachms issued during the period from 96/95 to 86/85 BC. 128 The tetradrachms of 96/95 BC did not bear any date 129 while on other coins of the group some year of the Pontic- Bithynian (Bosporan) era was put. A stag instead of Pegasus appeared for the first time on the tetradrachms of idealistic style with the date IΣ (210 of Pon- tic era = 88/87 BC). 130 Pegasus appeared once more on the tetradrachms with the date BIΣ (212 of Pontic era = 86/85 BC). Two types of tetradrachms struck in that year are known: the ones with the idealistic portrait on the obverse and a stag on the reverse 131 and the specimens with the King’s portrait made in the realistic manner on the obverse accompanied by Pegasus on the reverse. 132 According to F. de Callataÿ’s catalogue of Mithradates VI’s coins, beginning from 85/84 BC to 66/65 BC the stag was constantly present on tetradrachms; hence, the Phanagorian specimen with Pegasus can be attrib- uted to 96/95-86/85 BC. This dating cannot be doubted but the poor condi- tion of the coin does not allow us to define analogies to the obverse die. As far as we know, only two coins with Mithradates VI’s name and portrait have been recorded in the Bosporos: the silver Phanagorian tetradrachm men- tioned above and the unique golden stater of 69/68 BC from Panticapaion, 127 Callataÿ 1997, Nos. D1-D3. 128 See SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1029-1036; Callataÿ 1997, pls. 1, Nos. D3-R2, D4-R3, D5-R7; 2, No. D-17-R 8a; 4, Nos. D40-2a, D41-4a; 5, Nos. D45-R1, D46-R3, D-47-R5, D48-R9, D49-R11, D53-R8 etc .; Frolova 2001, 442-444, pl. I, 1-10 . 129 SNG BM I 1993, No. 1029; Callataÿ 1997, pl. 2, Nos. D17-R8a. 130 Callataÿ 1997, pl. 7, Nos. D1-R2; Frolova, Ireland 1999, 234. 131 Callataÿ 1997, pl. 7, Nos. D2-R1a, D3-R4c, D4-R1a; Frolova, Ireland 1999, pl. XIII, 6 . 132 SNG BM I 1993, No. 1036. Fig. 7. 1. Tetradrachm of Mithradates VI from the burnt building on the acropolis of Phanagoria; 2. Golden stater of 69/68 BC from Panticapaion. Kerch Museum.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 97 presently kept in the Kerch Museum (fig. 7, 2 ). 133 It should be noted that the coins of the largest denominations were struck in both capitals of the Bospo- ran Kingdom. Meanwhile, to our knowledge, the nearest find of Mithradates VI’s tetradrachm is recorded on the outskirts of Sukhum (with the date ΓΚΣ – 223 of Pontic era = 74/74 BC). 134 The catalogue of a well-known Kerch collector of the 19 th century, Burachkov, contains five tetradrachms and a stater, 135 but nothing can prove their Bosporan provenances. What is more, the collector admitted that there was no information about Kerch finds of Mithradates VI’s “medals”. 136 Zograf noted that golden and silver coins with Mithradates VI’s portrait and name, which were intended for circulation in the provinces of Asia Minor, did not spread in the Bosporos: the finds of tetradrachms and staters in the Crimea and Caucasus are singular. 137 Golden staters and silver tetradrachms (drachms are discovered very rarely) served, first of all, as payment for the long and extensive military campaigns of Mithradates VI. Abundant city issues of Pontic bronze were also intended to cover military expenses. It is proven by the prevalence of larger denominations of bronze coins such as obols and tet- rachalks (hemiobols) in the coinage of Amisos, Sinope and other cities of Pontos and Paphlagonia. Extensive issue of anonymous Bosporan obols and numerous tetrachalks of Panticapaion, Phanagoria and Gorgippia also covered Mithradates VI’s needs. 138 The contents of the above mentioned purses and “hoard” in the plate, as well as the substantial number of isolated finds of Pontic and Bosporan coins in Phanagoria (and, of course, in other Bosporan cities) confirm Zograf ’s conclusion. Thus, with addition of the two Phanagorian tetrobols from the purse recovered in the burnt building, a total of 10 silver coins, including the tetradrachm and drachm, were found in Phanagoria in 2007-2008. 139 It should be noted that previously silver coins of the Mithradatic epoch had been very rare in Phanago- ria. To our knowledge, only five silver coins had been found at the settlement: 133 Inv. no. Z-16, Κ N-5386, diameter 18 mm, weight 8.49 g. See Zin’ko, Avetikov 1996, 72, No. 30; Zin’ko 2000, 219-220, fig. 2. 134 Zograf 1945, 64, No. 78. 135 Burachkov 1884, pl. XXV, 33-36, 38-39 . 136 Ibid ., 19. 137 Zograf 1951, 186. 138 Ibid ., 185-187. 139 See note 2. In 2007-2009 the following silver coins were found in Phanagoria: 1) Pantica- paion – 2 drachms, 2 diobols and 2 hemidrachms; 2) Phanagoria – 15 tetrobols; 3) Pontos – 1 tetradrachm. A total of 22 silver coins were concentrated on a small square.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 98 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 in 1936 140 – a drachm of Amisos (end of the 2 nd century BC); in 1937 141 – a Panticapaion drachm with Artemis/stag, ∏AΝΤΙΚA∏AΙΤΩΝ 142 (100-75 BC) and a Phanagorian drachm with Dionysus/thyrsus, ΦANAΓΟΡITΩN 143 (100- 75 BC); in 1953 144 – one more Panticapaion drachm with Artemis/stag, ∏AΝΤΙΚA∏AΙΤΩΝ 145 (100-75 BC) and a Phanagorian tetrobol of Artemis/ pomegranate flower (120-110 BC). II. Bronze Coins Bronze coins dating from the second half of the 2 nd century BC and Mithra- dates VI’s reign found in the burnt building are represented by Bosporan and 140 Zograf 1945, 60, No. 62. 141 Krushkol 1951, Nos. 21-22. 142 Burachkov 1884, pl. XXII, 168 . 143 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 17, pl. VI, 14a-23 ; VII, 1-15 . 144 Shelov 1962, 61, 63, Nos. 390, 669. 145 SNG BM I 1993, No. 935. Table 1. Separate Silver Coins from the Excavations 2007–2008 No. Inv. no. Center and denomination Reference Dating Weight Place of find 1. Ph-08-41 Panticapaion, drachm SNG BM I 1993, No. 929 120-110 BC 2.77 sq. 54, layer 8 2. Ph -07-49 Panticapaion, diobol SNG BM I 1993, No. 919 120-110 BC 1.3 Eastern necropolis, burial no. 110 3. Ph -07-50 Panticapaion, diobol SNG BM I 1993, No. 919 120-110 BC 1.0 Eastern necropolis, burial no. 110 4. Ph -07-78 Panticapaion, hemidrachm SNG BM I 1993, No. 930 100-75 BC 1.6 sq. 53, layer 8 5. Ph -08-148 Phanagoria, tetrobol SNG BM I 1993, No. 999 120-110 BC 2.12 sq. 52, layer 8 6. Ph -08-149 Phanagoria, tetrobol SNG BM I 1993, No. 999 120-110 BC broken sq. 51, layer 8 7. Ph -08-150 Phanagoria, tetrobol SNG BM I 1993, No. 999 120-110 BC broken sq. 51, layer 8 8. Ph -08-124 Pontos, Mithradates VI, tetradrachm SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1029- 1036 96/95- 86/85 AD 12.49 sq. 51, layer 8</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 99 Fig. 8. Bronze Bosporan coins of the 2 nd century BC and Mithradates VI’s reign found in the burnt building on the acropolis. Pontic types. Bosporan coins belong to the Panticapaion and Phanagorian mints; however, the coinage of Panticapaion dominates. Panticapaion coins duplicate the types from the “hoard” and the second purse found in the burnt layer: there are coins with the head of Apollo on the obverse and the bowcase on the reverse (Fig. 8, 1 ), burnt tetrachalks with Pan/cornucopia between pilei (Fig. 8, 2-3 ), a chalk with star/tripod dating from the beginning of the 1 st century BC (Fig. 8, 4 ). An anonymous obol 146 dating from the 2 nd century-63 BC (Fig. 8, 6 ) is also among the finds. Phanagorian coinage is represented by several small coins dating from the 2 nd century BC with Pan/ bow and arrow and Dionysus/bunch of grapes; and also by a tetrachalk dating from 96/95-66/65 BC with Apollo (Dionysus)/thyrsus leaning against the tripod, ΦANAΓΟΡITΩN (Fig. 8, 5 ). Six bronze Pontic coins of the Mithradatic epoch belong to Amisos and Sinope. Amisos tetrachalks with Ares/sword in sheath 147 date from 100-85 BC (Fig. 9, 1-2 ). The coinage of Sinope is represented by an obol with Zeus/eagle on thunderbolt 148 (Fig. 9, 4 ) dating from the same time and tetrachalks of the same type 149 issued in 85 – 65 BC (Fig. 9, 5 ). 146 Frolova, Ireland 2002, 24, pl. XIII, 1-14 ; SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 946-949. 147 SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1147-1165. 148 Ibid ., No. 1527. 149 Ibid ., Nos. 1543-1544.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 100 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 Table 2. Isolated Bronze Coins Found in the Burnt Building (2007–2008) No. Inv. No. Center and denomination Reference Dating Weight Place of find 1. The Bosporos 1. Ph-07-58 The Bosporos, anonymous obol SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 946-949 The end of the 2 nd century-63 BC 14.6 sq. 54, layer 8 2. Ph-07-28 Panticapaion SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 920-922 200-120 BC 2.5 sq. 69, layer 5 3. Ph-07-31 Panticapaion SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 920-922 200-120 BC 1.6 sq. 51, layer 7 4. Ph-08-154 Panticapaion SNG BM I 1993, No. 931 175-125 BC 5.38 sq. 56, layer 8 5. Ph-07-25 Panticapaion SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 924-925 120-110 BC 1.6 sq. 53, layer 5 6. Ph-08-165 Panticapaion, chalk SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 941-9943 The early 1 st cen- tury BC 1.63 sq. 51, layer 8 7. Ph-07-11 Phanagoria SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994 The 2 nd century BC 1.9 sq. 53, layer 7 8. Ph-07-21 Phanagoria SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994 The 2 nd century BC 1.6 sq. 54, layer 5 9. Ph-07-26 Phanagoria SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994 The 2 nd century BC 2.9 sq. 53, layer 7 10. Ph-07-39 Phanagoria SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994 The 2 nd century BC 2.0 sq. 54, layer 5 11. Ph-08-163 Phanagoria SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994 The 2 nd century BC 1.76 sq. 53, layer 8 12. Ph-08-156 Phanagoria Anokhin 1986, No. 177 The middle of the 2 nd century BC 1.12 sq. 56, layer 8 13. Ph-07-13 Phanagoria, tetrachalk SNG BM I 1993, No. 1007 95-65 BC 4.3 sq. 69, layer 6 2. Pontos and Paphlagonia 14. Ph-07-16 Amisos, tetrachalk Ares/sword SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1147-1165. 100-85 BC 4.1 sq. 52, layer 8 15. Ph-07-22 Amisos, tetrachalk Ares/sword SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1147-1165. 100-85 BC 5.4 sq. 69, layer 6 16. Ph-08-125 Sinope, obol Zeus/eagle SNG BM I 1993, No. 1527. 100-85 BC 17.49 sq. 51, layer 8 17. Ph-08-146 Sinope, tetrachalk Zeus/eagle SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1543-1544. 85-65 BC 3.60 sq. 55, layer 8 18. Ph-08-14 Sinope, tetrachalk Zeus/eagle SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1543-1544. 85-65 BC 4.24 sq. 57, layer 8 19. Ph-08-23 Uncertain centre, tetrachalk aegis/Nike 85-65 BC 3.64 sq. 69, layer 7</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 101 The tetrachalk with aegis/Nike (No. 19) (Fig. 9, 3 ) suffered from fire; the name of the city cannot be read. Such coins were issued in 85-65 BC in Amisos, 150 Chabakta, 151 Komana, 152 Laodiceia, 153 Amastris, 154 Sinope. 155 Since all Pontic tetrachalks of usual types of Ares/sword, Zeus/eagle and aegis/Nike found in Phanagoria are attributed to the coinage of Amisos and Sinope, 156 the specimen most likely belongs to the same mints. The large number of bronze Paphlagonian and Pontic coins of Mithradates VI’s reign is the feature of mon- etary circulation in the Asian Bosporos of that period. 157 Such coins were dis- covered in excavations at nearly all the settlements (including Phanagoria) and Asian Bosporan necropolises, 158 and also in the hoards from Patraeus (1950), 150 Ibid. , Nos. 1177-1191. 151 Ibid. , Nos. 1243-1244. M. Price dates such coins to 100-85 BC. 152 Ibid. , Nos. 1263-1264. 153 Ibid. , Nos. 1272-1273. 154 Ibid. , Nos. 1315-1318. 155 Ibid. , Nos. 1536-1540. 156 Krushkol 1951, 263; Shelov 1962, 66; Frolova 1981, 103. 157 Golenko 2003, 64-68. 158 See Abramzon, Kuznetsov 2008, 190, note 41. Fig. 9. Bronze Pontic coins of the Mithradates VI’s reign found in the burnt building on the acropolis.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 102 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 Kumatÿr’ (1976), Fadeevo (1977) and Phanagoria (2007-2008). As mentioned above, coinages of Sinope and Amisos dominate in Phanagoria. Apart from these coins, a “hoard” containing obols of Amisos, Sinope, Gaziura, Taulara, Amastris and uncertain Pontic centres was found in Phanagoria in 2007. 159 Coins of Komana are recorded in Patraeus, 160 tetrachalks of Pharnaceia – in Nymphaion 161 and Phanagoria. 162 The predominance of Amisian and Sino- pian tetrachalks is typical of the finds on the outskirts of Phanagoria. Thus, for example, Amisian and Sinopian coins were recovered in a burial mound near the village of Sennoi during the 1852 excavations headed by K. R. Begichev. 163 Coins of Amisos were found at Maïskaya Mount south of Phanagoria. 164 Apart from the bronze, some silver coins of Amisos were also found in Phanagoria: a silver drachm dating from the end of the 2 nd century BC was discovered in 1936. 165 Such Amisian drachms played a significant role in Pontic trade and were found in Phanagoria, Tyritake, Nikonion, Chersonessos, Western Geor- gia and other places. 166 The chronology of Pontic bronze issues under Mithradates VI and their possible use for dating archaeological context and synchronous Bosporan coinage was recently examined in a special article by F. de Callataÿ. 167 It is based on the analysis of Pontic and Paphlagonian coin finds from Bosporan hoards and several city-sites, including Phanagoria. The question concerning the dating of the 2007-2008 Phanagorian “hoard” and purses should be considered not only in the context of other finds from the burnt building on the acropolis, but also in the context of the Patraeus hoards discovered in 1950 and 1998. The similar archaeological context of the “hoards” and purses found in the burnt buildings in Patraeus and Phanagoria allows us to assume that they may have been synchronous and connected with the same events. The latest coins from the burnt buildings in Phanagoria and Patraeus date from 85-65 BC. As we know, under the reign of Machares (79- 65 BC) the Bosporos was tranquil and destructions of the cities did not occur because the son of the Pontic King had concluded a treaty with Rome in 70 BC. Since Mithradates VI fled to the Bosporos only in 65 BC, disastrous con- flagrations could have occurred in Phanagoria and Patraeus only after this 159 Ibid. , 184-194. 160 Akimov 2005, 99-110. 161 Golenko 1974, 81, 87, Nos. 180, 338. 162 Purses found in 2009 contained coins of Amisos, Sinope, Gaziura and Pharnaceia. 163 Zograf 1945, 82, No. 187. 164 Shelov 1963, 89-94. 165 Zograf 1945, 60, No. 62. 166 Saprykin 2007, 198. 167 Callataÿ 2005, 119-136.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 103 date, at the end of Mithradates VI’s rule, namely when the Phanagorian revolt began. U. S. Krushkol believed that the 1950 Patraeus hoard should be dated to the end of the reign of Mithradates VI, 168 or even to the time soon after his death, when his son Pharnaces besieged Phanagoria and her neighbors (App. Mithr . 120). The 1998 hoard is also dated to 65-63 BC. 169 Commenting on Appian’s passage about these events (App. Mithr . 120), Krushkol concluded that Patraeus could have been burnt in 63-62 BC. 170 However, in light of the new Phanagorian numismatic and epigraphic evidence we can propose the exact date of destructions of Phanagoria and Patraeus – that is 63 BC. We cannot connect the fire on the Phanagorian acropolis with the siege of the city by Pharnaces. Appian ( Mithr . 120) reports that Pharnaces lay siege to Phana- goria and other Bosporan cities ( Φαρνάκης δʼ ἐπολιόρκει Φαναγόρεας καὶ τὰ περίοικα τοῦ Βοσπόρου ), but did not seize them. Because of hunger in the besieged city, the Phanagorians had to leave it and fight with Pharnaces in the battle, which they lost ( μέχρι τῶν Φαναγορέων διὰ λίμον ἐς μάχην προελθόντων ἐκράτει τῇ μάχῃ ). Consequently, the city was not seized and destroyed. Appian himself testifies to this saying that Pharnaces did not inflict any damage on the city ( βλάψας οὐδέν ), and even signed a treaty of friendship with the Phanagorians. Appian emphasizes the role of Phanagoria as the leader of the Asian Bospo- ran cities in their confrontation – first with Mithradates VI and later with his son Pharnaces. Therefore, not only Phanagoria, but also other cities (including Patraeus) could not have been destroyed then. The destructions happened at another time. Phanagoria was an important outpost for Mithradates VI on the Asian side of the Bosporos. As Appian says (App. Mithr . 108), the King’s garrison was situated in the city, and Mithradates VI sent a part of his troops to reinforce it. The Phanagorians – headed by Castor, whom Orosius called the prefect of Mithradates VI (Oros. VI. 5, 2) – revolted against the King. Six of Mithra- dates’ children of different ages were on the Phanagorian acropolis at that time. The insurgents put some wood around the acropolis and set it on fire. Apparently, the fire was so fierce and dangerous that Artaphernes, the eldest son, surrendered himself in order to save his younger brothers and sister ( ἕως ὁ μὲν Ἀρταφέρνης καὶ ∆αρεῖος καὶ Ξέρξες καὶ Ὀξάθρης καὶ Εὐπάτρα , παῖδες τοῦ Μιθριδάτου , δείσαντες ἐπὶ τῷ πυρὶ παρέδοσαν ἑαυτοὺς ἄγεσται ) (App. Mithr . 108). All of them must have been in some building on the acrop- olis. The fact that our excavations revealed the ruins of that very building (or 168 Krushkol 1952, 146. 169 Zakharov 2005, 113-114. 170 Krushkol 1952, 147.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 104 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 palace?) is proven not only by the traces of a huge fire, but also by the find of an epitaph on the marble base for the statue of Hypsikrateia, Mithradates VI’s wife. 171 The base was re-used for building port structures in Phanagoria. Hypsikrateia probably died during the Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates in 63 BC. It seems that she was on the acropolis together with his children; among them could have been their own children. For a long time scholars were unable to localize the Phanagorian acropolis. Quite recently one of the authors of this article wrote that its location is still unknown. 172 Now we can confidently claim that the acropolis has been found. The traces of a tremendous fire and the finds of the golden jewelry, the “hoard”, the purses and a lot of separate coins are evidence for it. However, they are not the only proof. The hill where the trench “Upper City” is situated occupies a central strategic position at the Phanagorian settlement. What is more, it is naturally protected by a slope of the upper plateau from the north and by a hollow from the east. Without much detail, it should be noted that remains of several large buildings were discovered in the Classical and Hellenistic layers of the hill. The sizes and plans of the buildings signify that they served public purposes (we shall examine this architecture in a special study). So, the traces of the huge fire dating from 63 BC were found on the Phana- gorian acropolis. It should be assumed that Patraeus was also burnt down and destroyed simultaneously with the siege of Phanagoria, although, it is impos- sible to establish a direct link between the fire at the former settlement and these events. 173 We believe that the two Patraeus hoards (1950, 1998) and the Phanagorian “hoard” and purses 174 (2007, 2008) were connected with the aggression of Mithradates VI against the Bosporans in 63 BC. The 1950 Patra- eus hoard 175 was found in a thick layer of fire debris which covered a burnt Hellenistic building. The archaeological context and the absence of a vessel may indicate that the find was not a hoard, but a purse – like the Phanagorian purses – lost during the fire. It also contained bronze Bosporan coins dating from the end of the 2 nd century – the 80s-70s BC and tetrachalks from Sinope dating from 85-65 AD. 176 Perhaps, the term “purse” should also be applied to the 1998 “hoard” found in the same layer and containing silver Phanagorian 171 Kuznetsov 2007, 238-243. 172 Ibid. , 242, note 72. 173 Krushkol 1952, 147. 174 Seven “purses” have been discovered to date. 175 Krushkol 1952, 137-147; 1956, 116. 176 Krushkol mistakenly considered the monogram on the obverses of the tetrarchalks of Sinope as ΓΚΣ (223 g. Pont era = 75/74 BC). See Krushkol 1952, 145. However, such coins date from 85-65 BC. See SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 1543-1549; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 801-803).</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 105 hemidrachms 177 which date from 100-75 BC 178 or the first half of the 1 st cen- tury BC. 179 All things considered, the 2007-2008 Phanagorian “hoard” and purses found in the fire layer on the acropolis most probably date from 63 BC. Catalogue of Coins from the Purse Found in 2008 I. The Bosporos 1. Panticapaion Circa 200-120 BC. Chalks AE. Obv . Apollo laur. r. Rev . Bowcase; below ∏AN . Burachkov 1884, pl . XXI, 114 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 9 ; Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 95 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 5, 169; SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 920-922; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 573-575. 1. Inv. no. Ph-08-61; 1.19 g. 2. Inv. no. Ph-08-62; 1.58 g. 3. Inv. no. Ph-08-63; 1.93 g. 4. Inv. no. Ph-08-64; 1.36 g. 5. Inv. no. Ph-08-65; 2.27 g. 6. Inv. no. Ph-08-66; 1.92 g. 7. Inv. no. Ph-08-67; 1.71 g. 8. Inv. no. Ph-08-68; 2.16 g. 9. Inv. no. Ph-08-69; 1.83 g; yellow bronze. 10. Inv. no. Ph-08-70; 2.87 g; yellow bronze. 11. Inv. no. Ph-08-71; 2.39 g. 12. Inv. no. Ph-08-72; 1.03 g. 13. Inv. no. Ph-08-73; 2.20 g. 14. Inv. no. Ph-08-74; 1.41 g; yellow bronze. 15. Inv. no. Ph-08-75; 1.01 g. 16. Inv. no. Ph-08-76; 2.13 g; yellow bronze. 17. Inv. no. Ph-08-77; 1.31 g. 18. Inv. no. Ph-08-78; 1.73 g. 177 Abramov, Boldÿrev 2001, 144. 178 Zograf 1951, pl. XLIII, 10 . 179 Frolova, Ireland 1999, pl. VII, 16, 16a ; Frolova, Ireland 2002, pl. VII, 16, 16a .</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 106 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 Circa 200-150 BC. Chalk AE. Obv . Apollo laur. r. Rev . Bow and arrow; below ∏AN . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXI, 115 ; Zograf 1951, pl . XLII, 11 ; Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 96 ; Anokhin 1986, pl . 5, 146 . 19. Inv. no. Ph-08-79; 2.14 g. Circa 120-110 BC. Tetrachalks AE. Obv . Bearded Pan wreathed in ivy l. Rev . Cornucopia between pilei; ∏AN TI . Burachkov 1884, pl. XIX, 55, 56 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLI, 20 ; Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 100 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 6, 175; SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 924-925; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 576-578. 20. Inv. no. Ph-08-80; 3.28 g. 21. Inv. no. Ph-08-81; 3.24 g. 22. Inv. no. Ph-08-82; 3.22 g. 23. Inv. no. Ph-08-83; 2.89 g. 24. Inv. no. Ph-08-84; 3.59 g. 25. Inv. no. Ph-08-85; 3.20 g. 26. Inv. no. Ph-08-86; 3.29 g. 27. Inv. no. Ph-08-87; 2.86 g. 28. Inv. no. Ph-08-88; 3.25 g; yellow bronze. 29. Inv. no. Ph-08-89; 3.08 g. 30. Inv. no. Ph-08-90; 3.28 g. 31. Inv. no. Ph-08-91; 3.33 g. 32. Inv. no. Ph-08-92; 4.14 g. 33. Inv. no. Ph-08-93; 3.18 g. 34. Inv. no. Ph-08-94; 2.98 g. 35. Inv. no. Ph-08-95; 3.28 g. 36. Inv. no. Ph-08-96; 3.38 g. 37. Inv. no. Ph-08-97; 2.29 g. 38. Inv. no. Ph-08-98; 2.93 g. 39. Inv. no. Ph-08-99; 2.54 g. 40. Inv. no. Ph-08-100; 3.26 g. 41. Inv. no. Ph-08-101; 2.64 g. 42. Inv. no. Ph-08-102; 2.67 g. 43. Inv. no. Ph-08-103; 2.74 g. 44. Inv. no. Ph-08-104; 2.55 g. 45. Inv. no. Ph-08-105; 2.00 g. 46. Inv. no. Ph-08-106; 2.09 g.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 107 47. Inv. no. Ph-08-107; 2.15. Broken. 48. Inv. no. Ph-08-108; 3.61 g. Early 1 st cent. BC (after 96/95 BC). Chalks AE. Obv. Star, in rays ∏ANTIΚA∏ . Rev. Tripod. Burachkov 1884, pl. XXI, 130 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLIII, 18 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 7, 203; SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 941-944; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 587- 588; Frolova, Ireland 2002, 11-12, pl. I, 1-26 . 49. Inv. no. Ph-08-109; 3.23 g. 50. Inv. no. Ph-08-110; 2.25 g. 51. Inv. no. Ph-08-111; 2.55 g. 52. Inv. no. Ph-08-112; 0.96 g. 53. Inv. no. Ph-08-113; 1.82 g. 2. Phanagoria 2 nd cent. BC AE. Obv . Pan r. Rev . Bow and arrow; below, ΦA . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXIII, 8-11 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 13 ; Shelov 1956, pl. IX, 112 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 5, 147; SNG BM I 1993, Nos. 990-994; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 622. 54. Inv. no. Ph-08-114; 1.49 g; yellow copper. 55. Inv. no. Ph-08-115; 2.24 g. 56. Inv. no. Ph-08-116; 2.39 g. 57. Inv. no. Ph-08-117; 1.72 g. 58. Inv. no. Ph-08-118; 2.13 g. 59. Inv. no. Ph-08-119; 2.23 g; restruck from the type “Apollo – bowcase” (Shelov 1956, pl. VIII, 95 ). Circa 120-110 BC. Tetrobols AR. Obv . Artemis diademed r., quiver at shoulder. Rev . Pomegranate flower or rose; ΦANAΓΟ ΡITΩN . Burachkov 1884, pl. XXIII, 6 ; Zograf 1951, pl. XLII, 12 ; Shelov 1956, pl. IX, 114 ; Anokhin 1986, pl. 7, 193; SNG BM 1993, No. 999; SNG Stancomb 2000, No. 623. 60. Inv. no. Ph-08-120; 2.12 g. 61. Inv. no. Ph 08-121; 0.76 g; burnt.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 108 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 II. Pontos Amisos Circa 100-85 BC. Obol AE. Obv . Zeus laur. r. Rev. Eagle on thunderbolt; below, AMI ΣOY . SNG BM I, 1993, No. 1145-1146; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 674-675. 62. Inv. no. Ph-08-122; 15.45 g. Circa 100-85 BC. Tetrachalk AE. Obv . Ares in creasted helmet r. Rev . Sword in sheath; AMI ΣOY . SNG BM I, 1993, Nos. 1147-1149; SNG Stancomb 2000, Nos. 676-682. 63. Inv. no. Ph-08-123; 7.61 g. Bibliography Abramov, A. P., Boldÿrev, S. I. 2001: “Kladÿ” 1998 g. iz Patreya. In Bosporskiï fenomen: koloni- zatsia regiona, formirovanie polisov, obrazovanie gosudarstva. Materialÿ mezhdunarodnoï kon- ferentsii I (St.-Petersburg), 143-144. Abramzon, M. G., Frolova, N. A. 2007-2008: Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnÿkh monet I (1834-2005). Bosporskie Issledovaniya. Supplementum 2 (Simferopol, Kerch). Abramzon, M. G., Frolova, N. A., Gorlov, Yu. V. 1999: Fadeevskiï klad bronzovÿkh bosporskikh monet IV-I vv. do n. é. PIFK VII, 326-343. Abramzon, M. G., Frolova, N. A., Gorlov, Yu. V. 2002: Kumatÿrskiï klad bronzovÿkh monet IV-I v. do n. é. RosArkh n o 3, 145-152. Abramzon, M. G., Frolova, N. A., Gorlov, Yu. V. 2002a: Kladÿ antichnÿkh monet na yuge Rossii ( po materialam Krasnodarskogo kraya ) (Moscow). Abramzon, M. G., Kuznetsov, V. D. 2008: Dva klada mednyÿkh monet I v. do n. é. iz Phanago- rii. VDI n o 4, 184-194. Akimov, V. 2005: Monetnÿe nakhodki s gorodishcha Patrei. In Patrei. Materialÿ i issledovania 2 (Moscow), 99-110. Alekseeva, E. M. 1997: Antichnÿï gorod Gorgippiya (Moscow). Anokhin, V. A. 1986: Monetnoe delo Bospora (Kiev). Aptekarev, A. Z. 2002: Novÿï klad pantikapeïskikh monet II v. do n. é. iz Krasnodarskogo kraya. In Materialÿ i issledovaniya po arkheologii Kubani 2 (Krasnodar), 72-77. Ashton, R. 2003: Excavation coins from Phanagoreia. NC 163, 379-385. Burachkov, P. O. 1884: Obshchiï katalog monet, prinadlezhavshikh éllinskim koloniyam, sushchest- vovavshim v drevnosti na severnom beregu Chernogo morya, v predelakh nÿneshnoï Rossii I (Odessa). Callataÿ, F. de. 1997: L’histoire des guerres Mithridatiques vue par les monnaies (Louvain-la-Neuve). Callataÿ, F. de. 2005: Coins and Archaeology: the (Mis)use of Mithridatic Coins for Chrono- logical Purposes in the Bosporan Area. In Stolba, V. F., Hannestad L. (eds.), Chronologies of the Black Sea Area in the Period c. 400-100 BC. Black Sea Studies 3 (Aarhus), 119-136.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 109 Dyukov, Yu. L. 1977: O monetnoï chekanke Bospora pri Mitridate Evpatore. In Proshloe nashei Rodinÿ v pamyatnikakh numismatiki (Leningrad), 156-160. Frolova, N. A. 1981: Monetÿ iz raskopok Fanagorii. VDI n o 1, 100-136. Frolova, N. A. 1998: Klad bosporskikh monet kontsa III-II vv. do n. é. (Kerch, 1996). In Shestaya Vserossiïskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya. St.-Petersburg, 20-25 aprelya 1998 g. Tezisÿ dokladov i soobshcheniï (St.-Petersburg), 23-26. Frolova, N. A. 2001: Monetÿ Mitridata VI Evpatora (120-63 gg. do n. é.) iz sobraniya Gosu- darstvennogo Istoricheskogo muzeya. DB 4, 442-453. Frolova, N. A., Ireland, S. 1999: O chronologii emissii na Bospore v mitridatovskiï period (110/109-63 gg. do n. é.), DB 2, 232-265. Frolova N. A., Ireland S. 2002: The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom from the First Century BC to the First Century AD ( British Archaeological Report. International Series 1102) (Oxford). Frolova, N. A., Shelov, D. B. 1965: Monetÿ iz raskopok 1958-1963 gg. NS 2, 168-193. Gaïdukevich, V. V. 1949: Bosporskoe tsarstvo (Moscow). Golenko, K. V. 1952: Monetÿ iz sluchaïnÿkh nakhodok v Patree (1947-1950). VDI n o 3, 147-155. Golenko, K. V. 1955: K utochneniyu datirovki odnoï gruppÿ monet Fanagorii. KSIIMK 58, 139-141. Golenko, K. V. 1964: Monetnaya med’ gorodov Ponta i Paflagonii vremen Mitridata VI v bos- porskikh nakhodkakh. In Palestinskiï sbornik 11 (74) (Moscow, Leningrad), 58-73. Golenko, K. V. 1965: Fantalovskiï klad bosporskikh didrakhm I v. do n. é. VDI n o 4, 141-158. Golenko, K. V. 1972: Tamanskiï klad monet 1970 g. Klio 54, 239-249. Golenko, K. V. 1974: Monetÿ iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939-1970 gg. NÉ 11, 61-93. Golenko, K. 2003: Pontic Currency of the period of Mithradates VI on the Bosporos. Numis- matic Circular 111/2, 64-68. Head, B. 1897: British Museum Catalogue XIX. Caria and Islands (London). Imhoof-Blumer, Fr. 1912: Die Kupferprägung de mithridatischen Reiches und andere Münzen des Pontos und Paphlagoniens. Numismatische Zeitschrift , 169-192. Jackson, M. M. 2006: Hellenistic gold Eros jewellery . Technique, style and chronology (Oxford). Kazamanova, L. N. 1964: Klad monet IV-II vv. do n. é. iz Sudaka. VDI n o 4, 144-151. Kharko, L. P. 1968: Monetnÿe nakhodki v Phanagorii. SGAIMK 4, 94-98. Krushkol, Ju. 1951: Monetÿ Fanagoriïskogo gorodishcha raskopok 1937 i 1939 gg. Gosudarst- vennogo Istoricheskogo museia. SA 15, 256-272. Krushkol, Yu. V. 1952: Monetÿ s monogrammami iz Patreïskogo klada 1950 g. VDI n o 3, 137-147. Krushkol, Yu. V. 1956: Patreïskiï klad 1950 g. KSIIMK 66, 116. Kuznetsov, V. D. 2007: Novÿe nadpisi iz Fanagorii. VDI n o 1, 238-243. Lagos, C. 2000: Two Second Century BC Bronze Hoards from the Black Sea. NC 160, 268-270. Nesterenko, N. D. 1981: Kladÿ Gorgippii. KSIA 168, 86-87. Nesterenko, N. D. 1987: Zametki po denezhnomu obrashcheniyu medi Bospora posledneï chetverti II v. do n. é. VDI n o 2, 74-84. Salov, A. I. 1974: Klad bosporskikh monet iz pos. Vinogradnÿï. NÉ 11, 94-98. Saprykin, S. Yu. 2007: The Unification of Pontos: The Bronze Coins of Mithridates VI Eupator as Evidence for Commerce in the Euxine. In Gabrielsen, V., Lund, J. (eds.), The Black Sea in Antiquity. Regional and Interregional Economic Exchanges . Black Sea Studies 6 (Aarhus), 195-208. Shelov, D. B. 1962: Nakhodki monet v Phanagorii v 1947-1951 gg. NÉ 3, 56-129. Shelov, D. B. 1963: Monetnÿe nahhodki na Maïskoï gore. NÉ 4, 89-94. Shelov, D. B. 1965: Monetnoe delo Bospora VI-II vv. do n. é. (Moscow). Shelov, D. B. 1965a: Materialÿ k istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniya v gorodakh Bospora v VI-I vv. do n. é. NÉ 5, 31-50. Shelov, D. B. 1982: K istorii obrashcheniya pantikapeïskikh mednÿkh monet. In Numizmatika Antichnogo Prichernomor’ya (Kiev), 45-50.</p>
<p>M. G. Abramzon, V. D. Kuznetsov / 110 Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17 (2011) 75-110 Shelov, D. B. 1983: Goroda Severnogo Prichernomor’ya i Mitridat Evpator. VDI n o 2, 40-58. Ustinova, Y. 1999: The supreme gods of the Bosporan Kingdom. Celestial Aphrodite and the most high god (Leiden, Boston, Köln). Zakharov, E. V. 2005: Kladÿ vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora, naïdennÿe na poselenii Garkusha I. In Patreï. Materialÿ i issledovaniya 2 (Moscow), 113-114. Zin’ko, V. 2000: Pontiïskie monetÿ iz pantikapeïskogo khrama v antakh. MAIET 7, 219-221. Zin’ko, V., Avetikov, A. 1996: Monetÿ iz raskopok kul’tovogo zdaniya severo-zapadnogo raïona Pantikapeya. PIFK 3/1, 71-74. Zograf, A. 1945: Rasprostranenie nakhodok antichnÿkh monet na Kavkaze. TONGE I, 29-86. Zograf, A. N. 1951: Antichnÿe monetÿ ( MIA 16) (Moscow). Abbreviations ACSS Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. An International Jour- nal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology (Leiden). BMC 19 1897 Head, B. 1897: British Museum Catalogue XIX. Caria and Islands (London). DB Drevnosti Bospora (Moscow). IGCH Thompson, M., Mørkholm, O, Kraay C. M. 1973: An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (New York). KSIA Kratkie soobshcheeniya Instituta Arkheologii RAN (Moscow). KSIIMK Kratkie soobshcheeniya Instituta istorii materialnoï kul ʾ turÿ (Moscow). MAIET Materialÿ po arkheologii, istorii i étnografii Tavrii (Simferopol). MIA Materialÿ i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR (Moscow, Leningrad). NC Numismatic Chronicle (London). NE Numizmatika i Épigrafika (Moscow). NS Numizmatika i Sfragistika (Kiev). PIFK Problemÿ istorii, filologii, kul’turÿ (Moscow, Magnitogorsk, Novosibirsk). RosArkh Rossiïskaya Arkheologiya (Moscow). RN Revue Numismatique (Paris). SA Sovetskaya Archeologiya (Moscow). SGAIMK Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennoï Akademii Istorii material ʾ noï kul ʾ turÿ (Leningrad). SNG von Aulock II 1987 Aulock, von, S. 1987: Collection of Greek coins from Asia Minor II. Caria, Lydia, Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia. Sylloge Numorum Graeco- rum Deutschland I-IV (West Mitford). SNG BM I 1993 Price, M. 1993: British Museum Catalogue. The Black Sea . Sylloge Numorum Graecorum IX.I (London). SNG Stancomb 2000 Stancomb, W. 2000: The William Stancomb Collection of Coins of the Black Sea Region . Sylloge Numorum Graecorum XI (London). TONGE Trudÿ Otdela Numizmatiki Gosudarstvennogo Érmitazha (Leningrad). VDI Vestnik drevneï istorii (Moscow).</p>
</body>
</article>
</istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Vladimir D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kuznetsov</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mikhail G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Abramzon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>BRILL</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">The Netherlands</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2011</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Pontos</topic><topic>Acropolis</topic><topic>Bosporos</topic><topic>Phanagoria</topic><topic>Mithradates VI Eupator</topic><topic>Coins</topic><topic>Revolt of 63 BC</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</title><subTitle>An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>ACSS</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0929-077X</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1570-0577</identifier><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>75</start><end>110</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/JKT-PJW9SN1F-V</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1163/092907711X575340</identifier><identifier type="href">15700577_017_01_s005_text.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2011 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-56W3KPD5-3">brill-journals</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>© 2011 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Terre/explor/NissirosV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000518 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000518 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Terre
|area= NissirosV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:1AD1E197342CD3EC4D7DBE14BFA6178FB807C4C3
|texte= The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |