Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano
Identifieur interne : 000501 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000500; suivant : 000502Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano
Auteurs : R. P. Dziak ; E. T. Baker ; A. M. Shaw ; D. R. Bohnenstiehl ; W. W. Chadwick Jr. ; J. H. Haxel ; H. Matsumoto ; S. L. WalkerSource :
- Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems [ 1525-2027 ] ; 2012-11.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acoustic, Acoustic observations, Acoustic pressure, Acoustic signal, Acoustic signals, Acoustic waves, Aiuppa, Atmospheric administration, Best estimate, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide degassing, Chadwick, Chem, Continuous monitoring, Cumulative flux, Cumulative mass flux, Degassing, Different density, Diffuse degassing, Diffuse emission, Dioxide, Dziak, Early june, Embley, Emission rates, Eruption, Eruption cycle, Eruption style, Eruption vent, Eruptive, Eruptive activity, Eruptive vent, Etna, Excess ocean sound pressures, Excess pressure, Explosion intensity, Explosion pulses, Explosive activity, Explosive degassing, Explosive eruptions, Flux estimates, Flux measurements, Gassing, Geochem, Geochemistry, Geochemistry geophysics geosystems, Geol, Geophys, Geophysics, Geosystems, Geotherm, Health association, Homogeneous medium, Hydroacoustic, Hydroacoustic explosion records, Hydroacoustic monitoring, Hydroacoustic record, Hydrophone, Hydrophone deployment, Hydrophone mooring, Hydrophone record, Individual explosion pulses, Infrasound, Infrasound arrivals, Instrument response, Lett, Linear relationship, Magma, Magma column, Magmatic, Magmatic gases, Many volcanoes, Mariana, Marine resources studies, Mass flux, Mole ratio, Monowai submarine volcano, National oceanic, Nephelometric turbidity units, Ocean acoustics, Oregon state, Other submarine volcanoes, Pacaya volcano, Particle displacement, Particle motion, Particle velocity, Plume, Point source, Popocatepetl volcano, Quiescent volcanoes, Resing, Sand point, Seafloor, Shallow ocean, Slant range, Sound pressure levels, Sound velocity, Stromboli, Stromboli volcano, Strombolian, Strombolian explosions, Subaerial, Subaerial volcanoes, Subduction zones, Submarine arcs, Submarine volcano, Submarine volcano figure, Submarine volcanoes, Sulfur dioxide, Summit vent, Symonds, Time history, Total uncertainty, Turbidity, Volcanic, Volcanic eruptions, Volcanic explosions, Volcanic vent, Volcanism, Volcano, Volcano summit, Volcanol, Volumetric change, Vulcano island, Water column, Wave equation, Woods hole, Yearlong hydroacoustic record.
- Teeft :
- Acoustic, Acoustic observations, Acoustic pressure, Acoustic signal, Acoustic signals, Acoustic waves, Aiuppa, Atmospheric administration, Best estimate, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide degassing, Chadwick, Chem, Continuous monitoring, Cumulative flux, Cumulative mass flux, Degassing, Different density, Diffuse degassing, Diffuse emission, Dioxide, Dziak, Early june, Embley, Emission rates, Eruption, Eruption cycle, Eruption style, Eruption vent, Eruptive, Eruptive activity, Eruptive vent, Etna, Excess ocean sound pressures, Excess pressure, Explosion intensity, Explosion pulses, Explosive activity, Explosive degassing, Explosive eruptions, Flux estimates, Flux measurements, Gassing, Geochem, Geochemistry, Geochemistry geophysics geosystems, Geol, Geophys, Geophysics, Geosystems, Geotherm, Health association, Homogeneous medium, Hydroacoustic, Hydroacoustic explosion records, Hydroacoustic monitoring, Hydroacoustic record, Hydrophone, Hydrophone deployment, Hydrophone mooring, Hydrophone record, Individual explosion pulses, Infrasound, Infrasound arrivals, Instrument response, Lett, Linear relationship, Magma, Magma column, Magmatic, Magmatic gases, Many volcanoes, Mariana, Marine resources studies, Mass flux, Mole ratio, Monowai submarine volcano, National oceanic, Nephelometric turbidity units, Ocean acoustics, Oregon state, Other submarine volcanoes, Pacaya volcano, Particle displacement, Particle motion, Particle velocity, Plume, Point source, Popocatepetl volcano, Quiescent volcanoes, Resing, Sand point, Seafloor, Shallow ocean, Slant range, Sound pressure levels, Sound velocity, Stromboli, Stromboli volcano, Strombolian, Strombolian explosions, Subaerial, Subaerial volcanoes, Subduction zones, Submarine arcs, Submarine volcano, Submarine volcano figure, Submarine volcanoes, Sulfur dioxide, Summit vent, Symonds, Time history, Total uncertainty, Turbidity, Volcanic, Volcanic eruptions, Volcanic explosions, Volcanic vent, Volcanism, Volcano, Volcano summit, Volcanol, Volumetric change, Vulcano island, Water column, Wave equation, Woods hole, Yearlong hydroacoustic record.
Abstract
The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota‐1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1–2 min intervals during the entire 12‐month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step‐function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 ± 0.6 Tg a−1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota‐1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of ∼100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 ± 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 ± 0.1 Tg a−1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents ∼0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and ∼0.4–0.6% of the mid‐ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota‐1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.
First continuous, yearlong record of an ongoing seafloor volcanic eruption Developed mathematical method to estimate volcanic gas flux from hydroacoustic data Used melt inclusion information to estimate carbon dioxide flux
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2012GC004211
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1Le document en format XML
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Baker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, A M" sort="Shaw, A M" uniqKey="Shaw A" first="A. M." last="Shaw">A. M. Shaw</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bohnenstiehl, D R" sort="Bohnenstiehl, D R" uniqKey="Bohnenstiehl D" first="D. R." last="Bohnenstiehl">D. R. Bohnenstiehl</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chadwick Jr, W W" sort="Chadwick Jr, W W" uniqKey="Chadwick Jr W" first="W. W." last="Chadwick Jr.">W. W. Chadwick Jr.</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haxel, J H" sort="Haxel, J H" uniqKey="Haxel J" first="J. H." last="Haxel">J. H. Haxel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, H" sort="Matsumoto, H" uniqKey="Matsumoto H" first="H." last="Matsumoto">H. Matsumoto</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, S L" sort="Walker, S L" uniqKey="Walker S" first="S. 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P." last="Dziak">R. P. Dziak</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: robert.p.dziak@noaa.gov</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, E T" sort="Baker, E T" uniqKey="Baker E" first="E. T." last="Baker">E. T. Baker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, A M" sort="Shaw, A M" uniqKey="Shaw A" first="A. M." last="Shaw">A. M. Shaw</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bohnenstiehl, D R" sort="Bohnenstiehl, D R" uniqKey="Bohnenstiehl D" first="D. R." last="Bohnenstiehl">D. R. Bohnenstiehl</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chadwick Jr, W W" sort="Chadwick Jr, W W" uniqKey="Chadwick Jr W" first="W. W." last="Chadwick Jr.">W. W. Chadwick Jr.</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haxel, J H" sort="Haxel, J H" uniqKey="Haxel J" first="J. H." last="Haxel">J. H. Haxel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, H" sort="Matsumoto, H" uniqKey="Matsumoto H" first="H." last="Matsumoto">H. Matsumoto</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, S L" sort="Walker, S L" uniqKey="Walker S" first="S. L." last="Walker">S. L. Walker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</title><title level="j" type="alt">GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS</title><idno type="ISSN">1525-2027</idno><idno type="eISSN">1525-2027</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">14</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-11">2012-11</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1525-2027</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1525-2027</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acoustic</term><term>Acoustic observations</term><term>Acoustic pressure</term><term>Acoustic signal</term><term>Acoustic signals</term><term>Acoustic waves</term><term>Aiuppa</term><term>Atmospheric administration</term><term>Best estimate</term><term>Carbon dioxide</term><term>Carbon dioxide degassing</term><term>Chadwick</term><term>Chem</term><term>Continuous monitoring</term><term>Cumulative flux</term><term>Cumulative mass flux</term><term>Degassing</term><term>Different density</term><term>Diffuse degassing</term><term>Diffuse emission</term><term>Dioxide</term><term>Dziak</term><term>Early june</term><term>Embley</term><term>Emission rates</term><term>Eruption</term><term>Eruption cycle</term><term>Eruption style</term><term>Eruption vent</term><term>Eruptive</term><term>Eruptive activity</term><term>Eruptive vent</term><term>Etna</term><term>Excess ocean sound pressures</term><term>Excess pressure</term><term>Explosion intensity</term><term>Explosion pulses</term><term>Explosive activity</term><term>Explosive degassing</term><term>Explosive eruptions</term><term>Flux estimates</term><term>Flux measurements</term><term>Gassing</term><term>Geochem</term><term>Geochemistry</term><term>Geochemistry geophysics geosystems</term><term>Geol</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Geophysics</term><term>Geosystems</term><term>Geotherm</term><term>Health association</term><term>Homogeneous medium</term><term>Hydroacoustic</term><term>Hydroacoustic explosion records</term><term>Hydroacoustic monitoring</term><term>Hydroacoustic record</term><term>Hydrophone</term><term>Hydrophone deployment</term><term>Hydrophone mooring</term><term>Hydrophone record</term><term>Individual explosion pulses</term><term>Infrasound</term><term>Infrasound arrivals</term><term>Instrument response</term><term>Lett</term><term>Linear relationship</term><term>Magma</term><term>Magma column</term><term>Magmatic</term><term>Magmatic gases</term><term>Many volcanoes</term><term>Mariana</term><term>Marine resources studies</term><term>Mass flux</term><term>Mole ratio</term><term>Monowai submarine volcano</term><term>National oceanic</term><term>Nephelometric turbidity units</term><term>Ocean acoustics</term><term>Oregon state</term><term>Other submarine volcanoes</term><term>Pacaya volcano</term><term>Particle displacement</term><term>Particle motion</term><term>Particle velocity</term><term>Plume</term><term>Point source</term><term>Popocatepetl volcano</term><term>Quiescent volcanoes</term><term>Resing</term><term>Sand point</term><term>Seafloor</term><term>Shallow ocean</term><term>Slant range</term><term>Sound pressure levels</term><term>Sound velocity</term><term>Stromboli</term><term>Stromboli volcano</term><term>Strombolian</term><term>Strombolian explosions</term><term>Subaerial</term><term>Subaerial volcanoes</term><term>Subduction zones</term><term>Submarine arcs</term><term>Submarine volcano</term><term>Submarine volcano figure</term><term>Submarine volcanoes</term><term>Sulfur dioxide</term><term>Summit vent</term><term>Symonds</term><term>Time history</term><term>Total uncertainty</term><term>Turbidity</term><term>Volcanic</term><term>Volcanic eruptions</term><term>Volcanic explosions</term><term>Volcanic vent</term><term>Volcanism</term><term>Volcano</term><term>Volcano summit</term><term>Volcanol</term><term>Volumetric change</term><term>Vulcano island</term><term>Water column</term><term>Wave equation</term><term>Woods hole</term><term>Yearlong hydroacoustic record</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acoustic</term><term>Acoustic observations</term><term>Acoustic pressure</term><term>Acoustic signal</term><term>Acoustic signals</term><term>Acoustic waves</term><term>Aiuppa</term><term>Atmospheric administration</term><term>Best estimate</term><term>Carbon dioxide</term><term>Carbon dioxide degassing</term><term>Chadwick</term><term>Chem</term><term>Continuous monitoring</term><term>Cumulative flux</term><term>Cumulative mass flux</term><term>Degassing</term><term>Different density</term><term>Diffuse degassing</term><term>Diffuse emission</term><term>Dioxide</term><term>Dziak</term><term>Early june</term><term>Embley</term><term>Emission rates</term><term>Eruption</term><term>Eruption cycle</term><term>Eruption style</term><term>Eruption vent</term><term>Eruptive</term><term>Eruptive activity</term><term>Eruptive vent</term><term>Etna</term><term>Excess ocean sound pressures</term><term>Excess pressure</term><term>Explosion intensity</term><term>Explosion pulses</term><term>Explosive activity</term><term>Explosive degassing</term><term>Explosive eruptions</term><term>Flux estimates</term><term>Flux measurements</term><term>Gassing</term><term>Geochem</term><term>Geochemistry</term><term>Geochemistry geophysics geosystems</term><term>Geol</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Geophysics</term><term>Geosystems</term><term>Geotherm</term><term>Health association</term><term>Homogeneous medium</term><term>Hydroacoustic</term><term>Hydroacoustic explosion records</term><term>Hydroacoustic monitoring</term><term>Hydroacoustic record</term><term>Hydrophone</term><term>Hydrophone deployment</term><term>Hydrophone mooring</term><term>Hydrophone record</term><term>Individual explosion pulses</term><term>Infrasound</term><term>Infrasound arrivals</term><term>Instrument response</term><term>Lett</term><term>Linear relationship</term><term>Magma</term><term>Magma column</term><term>Magmatic</term><term>Magmatic gases</term><term>Many volcanoes</term><term>Mariana</term><term>Marine resources studies</term><term>Mass flux</term><term>Mole ratio</term><term>Monowai submarine volcano</term><term>National oceanic</term><term>Nephelometric turbidity units</term><term>Ocean acoustics</term><term>Oregon state</term><term>Other submarine volcanoes</term><term>Pacaya volcano</term><term>Particle displacement</term><term>Particle motion</term><term>Particle velocity</term><term>Plume</term><term>Point source</term><term>Popocatepetl volcano</term><term>Quiescent volcanoes</term><term>Resing</term><term>Sand point</term><term>Seafloor</term><term>Shallow ocean</term><term>Slant range</term><term>Sound pressure levels</term><term>Sound velocity</term><term>Stromboli</term><term>Stromboli volcano</term><term>Strombolian</term><term>Strombolian explosions</term><term>Subaerial</term><term>Subaerial volcanoes</term><term>Subduction zones</term><term>Submarine arcs</term><term>Submarine volcano</term><term>Submarine volcano figure</term><term>Submarine volcanoes</term><term>Sulfur dioxide</term><term>Summit vent</term><term>Symonds</term><term>Time history</term><term>Total uncertainty</term><term>Turbidity</term><term>Volcanic</term><term>Volcanic eruptions</term><term>Volcanic explosions</term><term>Volcanic vent</term><term>Volcanism</term><term>Volcano</term><term>Volcano summit</term><term>Volcanol</term><term>Volumetric change</term><term>Vulcano island</term><term>Water column</term><term>Wave equation</term><term>Woods hole</term><term>Yearlong hydroacoustic record</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota‐1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1–2 min intervals during the entire 12‐month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step‐function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 ± 0.6 Tg a−1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota‐1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of ∼100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 ± 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 ± 0.1 Tg a−1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents ∼0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and ∼0.4–0.6% of the mid‐ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota‐1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.</div><div type="abstract">First continuous, yearlong record of an ongoing seafloor volcanic eruption Developed mathematical method to estimate volcanic gas flux from hydroacoustic data Used melt inclusion information to estimate carbon dioxide flux</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>hydrophone</json:string><json:string>volcano</json:string><json:string>degassing</json:string><json:string>eruptive</json:string><json:string>geophys</json:string><json:string>hydroacoustic</json:string><json:string>dziak</json:string><json:string>subaerial</json:string><json:string>geophysics</json:string><json:string>acoustic</json:string><json:string>geochemistry geophysics geosystems</json:string><json:string>geosystems</json:string><json:string>submarine 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estimate</json:string><json:string>volcano summit</json:string><json:string>other submarine volcanoes</json:string><json:string>submarine arcs</json:string><json:string>hydroacoustic monitoring</json:string><json:string>emission rates</json:string><json:string>continuous monitoring</json:string><json:string>woods hole</json:string><json:string>hydrophone record</json:string><json:string>sulfur dioxide</json:string><json:string>carbon dioxide</json:string><json:string>sand point</json:string><json:string>carbon dioxide degassing</json:string><json:string>atmospheric administration</json:string><json:string>oregon state</json:string><json:string>marine resources studies</json:string><json:string>vulcano island</json:string><json:string>yearlong hydroacoustic record</json:string><json:string>popocatepetl volcano</json:string><json:string>acoustic observations</json:string><json:string>strombolian explosions</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>R. P. Dziak</name><affiliations><json:string>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: robert.p.dziak@noaa.gov</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E. T. Baker</name><affiliations><json:string>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. M. Shaw</name><affiliations><json:string>Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. R. Bohnenstiehl</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>W. W. Chadwick Jr.</name><affiliations><json:string>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. H. Haxel</name><affiliations><json:string>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>H. Matsumoto</name><affiliations><json:string>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. L. Walker</name><affiliations><json:string>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>gas flux</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ocean acoustics</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>seafloor volcanism</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2012GC004211</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><qualityIndicators><score>9.368</score><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1511</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>7201</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>45713</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>239</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1525-2027</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>1525-2027</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1525-2027</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>GGGE</json:string></publisherId><volume>13</volume><issue>11</issue><pages><first>n/a</first><last>n/a</last><total>14</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra‐Oceanic Arcs and Back‐Arcs</value></json:item><json:item><value>Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra-Oceanic Arcs and Back-Arcs</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ocean acoustics</value></json:item><json:item><value>NATURAL HAZARDS</value></json:item><json:item><value>Geological</value></json:item><json:item><value>VOLCANOLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Subaqueous volcanism</value></json:item><json:item><value>Explosive volcanism</value></json:item></subject></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>geochemistry & geophysics</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2012</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2012</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2012GC004211</json:string></doi><id>C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><licence>©2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2012-11"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</title><title level="a" type="short">GAS FLUX FROM A SUBMARINE VOLCANO</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">R. P.</forename><surname>Dziak</surname></persName><email>robert.p.dziak@noaa.gov</email><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">E. T.</forename><surname>Baker</surname></persName><affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">A. M.</forename><surname>Shaw</surname></persName><affiliation>Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">D. R.</forename><surname>Bohnenstiehl</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><genName>Jr.</genName><forename type="first">W. W.</forename><surname>Chadwick</surname></persName><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">J. H.</forename><surname>Haxel</surname></persName><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">H.</forename><surname>Matsumoto</surname></persName><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">S. L.</forename><surname>Walker</surname></persName><affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2012GC004211</idno><idno type="editorialOffice">2012GC004211</idno><idno type="society">Q0AF07</idno><idno type="unit">GGGE2325</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:GGGE.GGGE2325.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</title><title level="j" type="alt">GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS</title><idno type="pISSN">1525-2027</idno><idno type="eISSN">1525-2027</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1525-2027</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/ggge.v13.11</idno><idno type="product">GGGE</idno><idno type="coden">GGGGFR</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">14</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-11"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main"><p xml:id="ggge2325-para-0001">The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota‐1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1–2 min intervals during the entire 12‐month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step‐function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 ± 0.6 Tg a<hi rend="superscript">−1</hi>, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota‐1 are primarily H<hi rend="subscript">2</hi>O, SO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi>, and CO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi>. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of ∼100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi> in the explosive gases as 6.9 ± 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi> eruption flux of 0.4 ± 0.1 Tg a<hi rend="superscript">−1</hi>. This result is within the range of measured CO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi> fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents ∼0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi>from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and ∼0.4–0.6% of the mid‐ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota‐1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO<hi rend="subscript">2</hi> to the shallow ocean.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><head>Key Points</head><p xml:id="ggge2325-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><item>First continuous, yearlong record of an ongoing seafloor volcanic eruption</item><item>Developed mathematical method to estimate volcanic gas flux from hydroacoustic data</item><item>Used melt inclusion information to estimate carbon dioxide flux</item></list></p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="ggge2325-kwd-0001">gas flux</term><term xml:id="ggge2325-kwd-0002">ocean acoustics</term><term xml:id="ggge2325-kwd-0003">seafloor volcanism</term></keywords><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OCEANARC1">Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra‐Oceanic Arcs and Back‐Arcs</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OCEANARC1">Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra-Oceanic Arcs and Back-Arcs</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8400">VOLCANOLOGY</classCode></textClass><langUsage><language ident="EN"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="ggge2325"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)1525-2027</doi><issn type="print">1525-2027</issn><issn type="electronic">1525-2027</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="GGGE"></id><id type="coden" value="GGGGFR"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS">Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</title><title type="short">Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="110"><doi>10.1002/ggge.v13.11</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="13">13</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">11</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2012-11">November 2012</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="30" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2012GC004211</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2012GC004211"></id><id type="society" value="Q0AF07"></id><id type="unit" value="GGGE2325"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="14"></count></countGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">©2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2012-04-25"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2012-10-18"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2012-10-23"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-11-29"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2012-11-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv5.2_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.3; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0" date="2013-03-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-26"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.3.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-02-24"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OCEANARC1">Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra‐Oceanic Arcs and Back‐Arcs</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OCEANARC1">Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra-Oceanic Arcs and Back-Arcs</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4259">Ocean acoustics</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4302">Geological</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8400">VOLCANOLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8427">Subaqueous volcanism</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8428">Explosive volcanism</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="ggge2325-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Dziak</familyName>, <givenNames>R. P.</givenNames></author>, <author><givenNames>E. T.</givenNames> <familyName>Baker</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>A. M.</givenNames> <familyName>Shaw</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>D. R.</givenNames> <familyName>Bohnenstiehl</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>W. W.</givenNames> <familyName>Chadwick</familyName> <nameSuffix>Jr.</nameSuffix></author>, <author><givenNames>J. H.</givenNames> <familyName>Haxel</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>H.</givenNames> <familyName>Matsumoto</familyName></author>, and <author><givenNames>S. L.</givenNames> <familyName>Walker</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2012">2012</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.</journalTitle>, <vol>13</vol>, Q0AF07, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2012GC004211">10.1029/2012GC004211</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:GGGE.GGGE2325.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="wordTotal" number="7900"></count><count type="figureTotal" number="6"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</title><title type="shortAuthors">DZIAK ET AL.</title><title type="short">GAS FLUX FROM A SUBMARINE VOLCANO</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0001" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>R. P.</givenNames><familyName>Dziak</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>robert.p.dziak@noaa.gov</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0002" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>E. T.</givenNames><familyName>Baker</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0003" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>A. M.</givenNames><familyName>Shaw</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0004" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>D. R.</givenNames><familyName>Bohnenstiehl</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0005" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>W. W.</givenNames><familyName>Chadwick</familyName><nameSuffix>Jr.</nameSuffix></personName></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0006" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>J. H.</givenNames><familyName>Haxel</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0007" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>H.</givenNames><familyName>Matsumoto</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="ggge2325-cr-0008" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#ggge2325-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>S. L.</givenNames><familyName>Walker</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="ggge2325-aff-0001" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="ggge2325-aff-0002" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="ggge2325-aff-0003" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="ggge2325-aff-0004" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="ggge2325-kwd-0001">gas flux</keyword><keyword xml:id="ggge2325-kwd-0002">ocean acoustics</keyword><keyword xml:id="ggge2325-kwd-0003">seafloor volcanism</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge2325:ggge2325-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="ggge2325-para-0001" label="1">The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota‐1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1–2 min intervals during the entire 12‐month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step‐function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 ± 0.6 Tg a<sup>−1</sup>, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota‐1 are primarily H<sub>2</sub>O, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub>. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of ∼100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the explosive gases as 6.9 ± 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO<sub>2</sub> eruption flux of 0.4 ± 0.1 Tg a<sup>−1</sup>. This result is within the range of measured CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents ∼0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO<sub>2</sub>from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and ∼0.4–0.6% of the mid‐ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota‐1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO<sub>2</sub> to the shallow ocean.</p></abstract><abstract type="short"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p xml:id="ggge2325-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><listItem>First continuous, yearlong record of an ongoing seafloor volcanic eruption</listItem><listItem>Developed mathematical method to estimate volcanic gas flux from hydroacoustic data</listItem><listItem>Used melt inclusion information to estimate carbon dioxide flux</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>GAS FLUX FROM A SUBMARINE VOLCANO</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Dziak</namePart><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: robert.p.dziak@noaa.gov</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E. T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Baker</namePart><affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Shaw</namePart><affiliation>Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D. R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bohnenstiehl</namePart><affiliation>Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W. W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Chadwick Jr.</namePart><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Haxel</namePart><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Matsumoto</namePart><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, HMSC, Oregon State University/NOAA, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Walker</namePart><affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-11</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2012-04-25</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2012-10-23</dateValid><edition>Dziak, R. P., E. T. Baker, A. M. Shaw, D. R. Bohnenstiehl, W. W. Chadwick Jr., J. H. Haxel, H. Matsumoto, and S. L. Walker (2012), Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q0AF07, doi:10.1029/2012GC004211.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">6</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="words">7900</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota‐1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1–2 min intervals during the entire 12‐month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step‐function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 ± 0.6 Tg a−1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota‐1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of ∼100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 ± 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 ± 0.1 Tg a−1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents ∼0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and ∼0.4–0.6% of the mid‐ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota‐1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.</abstract><abstract type="short">First continuous, yearlong record of an ongoing seafloor volcanic eruption Developed mathematical method to estimate volcanic gas flux from hydroacoustic data Used melt inclusion information to estimate carbon dioxide flux</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>gas flux</topic><topic>ocean acoustics</topic><topic>seafloor volcanism</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OCEANARC1">Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra‐Oceanic Arcs and Back‐Arcs</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OCEANARC1">Assessing Magmatic, Neovolcanic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Processes along Intra-Oceanic Arcs and Back-Arcs</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4259">Ocean acoustics</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4302">Geological</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8400">VOLCANOLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8427">Subaqueous volcanism</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8428">Explosive volcanism</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1525-2027</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1525-2027</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1525-2027</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">GGGGFR</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">GGGE</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>13</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>14</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">C68B52024533FBAC31F8E78B96367BE2B74453B1</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2012GC004211</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2012GC004211</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2012. 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