Time-variation of hydrothermal discharge at selected sites in the western United States: implications for monitoring
Identifieur interne : 000426 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000425; suivant : 000427Time-variation of hydrothermal discharge at selected sites in the western United States: implications for monitoring
Auteurs : S. E. Ingebritsen ; D. L. Galloway ; E. M. Colvard ; M. L. Sorey ; R. H. MarinerSource :
- Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research [ 0377-0273 ] ; 2001.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Advected, Advective, Advective heat, Advective heat transport, Arsenic, Borah, Borah peak event, Brantley, Breitenbush, Breitenbush river, Caldera, Cascade, Cascade range, Chloride, Chloride concentration, Clackamas river, Colvard, Continuous monitoring, Corwin springs, Costa rica, Crater, Crater lakes, Creek gorge, Dawson, Devils kitchen, Direct discharge, Discharge, Discharge measurements, Entire data, Farrar, Firehole, Firehole river, Fournier, Friedman, Fumarole, Fumaroles, Fumarolic, Fumarolic areas, Gardner river, Geochemical, Geochemical monitoring, Geological survey, Geological survey bulletin, Geological survey investigations report, Geological survey report, Geophysical, Geophysical research, Geothermal, Geothermal development, Geothermal fumaroles, Geothermal research, Geothermal resources, Geothermal resources area, Glover, Heat advected, Heat discharge, Heat loss, Horse creek, Human activity, Hydrologic, Hydrothermal, Hydrothermal discharge, Hydrothermal systems, Individual vents, Ingebritsen, Lassen, Long valley, Long valley caldera, Magmatic, Major earthquakes, Major streams, Mammoth mountain, Mono county, National park, Poa, Poas volcano, Regional tectonic events, Rojstaczer, Seasonality, Solute, Sorey, Spring systems, Springs creek, Standard deviation, Stream discharge, Thermal areas, Thermal features, Thermal springs, Thermal waters, Time series, Total discharge, Total heat, Total heat loss, Transient storage, Usgs, Uxes, Volcan colima, Volcanic, Volcanic activity, Volcanic fumaroles, Volcanic unrest, Volcano, Volcanology, Wairakei, Waring, Yellowstone, Yellowstone region, Zealand, Zealand journal, fumaroles, hot springs, monitoring, time series.
- Teeft :
- Advected, Advective, Advective heat, Advective heat transport, Arsenic, Borah, Borah peak event, Brantley, Breitenbush, Breitenbush river, Caldera, Cascade, Cascade range, Chloride, Chloride concentration, Clackamas river, Colvard, Continuous monitoring, Corwin springs, Costa rica, Crater, Crater lakes, Creek gorge, Dawson, Devils kitchen, Direct discharge, Discharge, Discharge measurements, Entire data, Farrar, Firehole, Firehole river, Fournier, Friedman, Fumarole, Fumaroles, Fumarolic, Fumarolic areas, Gardner river, Geochemical, Geochemical monitoring, Geological survey, Geological survey bulletin, Geological survey investigations report, Geological survey report, Geophysical, Geophysical research, Geothermal, Geothermal development, Geothermal fumaroles, Geothermal research, Geothermal resources, Geothermal resources area, Glover, Heat advected, Heat discharge, Heat loss, Horse creek, Human activity, Hydrologic, Hydrothermal, Hydrothermal discharge, Hydrothermal systems, Individual vents, Ingebritsen, Lassen, Long valley, Long valley caldera, Magmatic, Major earthquakes, Major streams, Mammoth mountain, Mono county, National park, Poa, Poas volcano, Regional tectonic events, Rojstaczer, Seasonality, Solute, Sorey, Spring systems, Springs creek, Standard deviation, Stream discharge, Thermal areas, Thermal features, Thermal springs, Thermal waters, Time series, Total discharge, Total heat, Total heat loss, Transient storage, Usgs, Uxes, Volcan colima, Volcanic, Volcanic activity, Volcanic fumaroles, Volcanic unrest, Volcano, Volcanology, Wairakei, Waring, Yellowstone, Yellowstone region, Zealand, Zealand journal.
Abstract
Abstract: We compiled time series of hydrothermal discharge consisting of 3593 chloride- or heat-flux measurements from 24 sites in the Yellowstone region, the northern Oregon Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, and Long Valley, California. At all of these sites the hydrothermal phenomena are believed to be as yet unaffected by human activity, though much of the data collection was driven by mandates to collect environmental-baseline data in anticipation of geothermal development. The time series average 19years in length and some of the Yellowstone sites have been monitored intermittently for over 30 years. Many sites show strong seasonality but few show clear long-term trends, and at most sites statistically significant decadal-scale trends are absent. Thus, the data provide robust estimates of advective heat flow ranging from ∼130MW in the north-central Oregon Cascades to ∼6100MW in the Yellowstone region, and also document Yellowstone hydrothermal chloride and arsenic fluxes of 1740 and 15–20g/s, respectively. The discharge time series show little sensitivity to regional tectonic events such as earthquakes or inflation/deflation cycles. Most long-term monitoring to date has focused on high-chloride springs and low-temperature fumaroles. The relative stability of these features suggests that discharge measurements done as part of volcano-monitoring programs should focus instead on high-temperature fumaroles, which may be more immediately linked to the magmatic heat source.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00207-4
Links to Exploration step
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<term>Advective</term>
<term>Advective heat</term>
<term>Advective heat transport</term>
<term>Arsenic</term>
<term>Borah</term>
<term>Borah peak event</term>
<term>Brantley</term>
<term>Breitenbush</term>
<term>Breitenbush river</term>
<term>Caldera</term>
<term>Cascade</term>
<term>Cascade range</term>
<term>Chloride</term>
<term>Chloride concentration</term>
<term>Clackamas river</term>
<term>Colvard</term>
<term>Continuous monitoring</term>
<term>Corwin springs</term>
<term>Costa rica</term>
<term>Crater</term>
<term>Crater lakes</term>
<term>Creek gorge</term>
<term>Dawson</term>
<term>Devils kitchen</term>
<term>Direct discharge</term>
<term>Discharge</term>
<term>Discharge measurements</term>
<term>Entire data</term>
<term>Farrar</term>
<term>Firehole</term>
<term>Firehole river</term>
<term>Fournier</term>
<term>Friedman</term>
<term>Fumarole</term>
<term>Fumaroles</term>
<term>Fumarolic</term>
<term>Fumarolic areas</term>
<term>Gardner river</term>
<term>Geochemical</term>
<term>Geochemical monitoring</term>
<term>Geological survey</term>
<term>Geological survey bulletin</term>
<term>Geological survey investigations report</term>
<term>Geological survey report</term>
<term>Geophysical</term>
<term>Geophysical research</term>
<term>Geothermal</term>
<term>Geothermal development</term>
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<term>Geothermal research</term>
<term>Geothermal resources</term>
<term>Geothermal resources area</term>
<term>Glover</term>
<term>Heat advected</term>
<term>Heat discharge</term>
<term>Heat loss</term>
<term>Horse creek</term>
<term>Human activity</term>
<term>Hydrologic</term>
<term>Hydrothermal</term>
<term>Hydrothermal discharge</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Individual vents</term>
<term>Ingebritsen</term>
<term>Lassen</term>
<term>Long valley</term>
<term>Long valley caldera</term>
<term>Magmatic</term>
<term>Major earthquakes</term>
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<term>Mammoth mountain</term>
<term>Mono county</term>
<term>National park</term>
<term>Poa</term>
<term>Poas volcano</term>
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<term>Seasonality</term>
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<term>Springs creek</term>
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<term>Stream discharge</term>
<term>Thermal areas</term>
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<term>Thermal waters</term>
<term>Time series</term>
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<term>Total heat</term>
<term>Total heat loss</term>
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<term>Usgs</term>
<term>Uxes</term>
<term>Volcan colima</term>
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<term>Volcanic activity</term>
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<term>Advective heat</term>
<term>Advective heat transport</term>
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<term>Borah peak event</term>
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<term>Breitenbush</term>
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<term>Cascade</term>
<term>Cascade range</term>
<term>Chloride</term>
<term>Chloride concentration</term>
<term>Clackamas river</term>
<term>Colvard</term>
<term>Continuous monitoring</term>
<term>Corwin springs</term>
<term>Costa rica</term>
<term>Crater</term>
<term>Crater lakes</term>
<term>Creek gorge</term>
<term>Dawson</term>
<term>Devils kitchen</term>
<term>Direct discharge</term>
<term>Discharge</term>
<term>Discharge measurements</term>
<term>Entire data</term>
<term>Farrar</term>
<term>Firehole</term>
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<term>Friedman</term>
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<term>Fumaroles</term>
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<term>Geochemical</term>
<term>Geochemical monitoring</term>
<term>Geological survey</term>
<term>Geological survey bulletin</term>
<term>Geological survey investigations report</term>
<term>Geological survey report</term>
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<term>National park</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: We compiled time series of hydrothermal discharge consisting of 3593 chloride- or heat-flux measurements from 24 sites in the Yellowstone region, the northern Oregon Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, and Long Valley, California. At all of these sites the hydrothermal phenomena are believed to be as yet unaffected by human activity, though much of the data collection was driven by mandates to collect environmental-baseline data in anticipation of geothermal development. The time series average 19years in length and some of the Yellowstone sites have been monitored intermittently for over 30 years. Many sites show strong seasonality but few show clear long-term trends, and at most sites statistically significant decadal-scale trends are absent. Thus, the data provide robust estimates of advective heat flow ranging from ∼130MW in the north-central Oregon Cascades to ∼6100MW in the Yellowstone region, and also document Yellowstone hydrothermal chloride and arsenic fluxes of 1740 and 15–20g/s, respectively. The discharge time series show little sensitivity to regional tectonic events such as earthquakes or inflation/deflation cycles. Most long-term monitoring to date has focused on high-chloride springs and low-temperature fumaroles. The relative stability of these features suggests that discharge measurements done as part of volcano-monitoring programs should focus instead on high-temperature fumaroles, which may be more immediately linked to the magmatic heat source.</div>
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<abstract>We compiled time series of hydrothermal discharge consisting of 3593 chloride- or heat-flux measurements from 24 sites in the Yellowstone region, the northern Oregon Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, and Long Valley, California. At all of these sites the hydrothermal phenomena are believed to be as yet unaffected by human activity, though much of the data collection was driven by mandates to collect environmental-baseline data in anticipation of geothermal development. The time series average 19years in length and some of the Yellowstone sites have been monitored intermittently for over 30 years. Many sites show strong seasonality but few show clear long-term trends, and at most sites statistically significant decadal-scale trends are absent. Thus, the data provide robust estimates of advective heat flow ranging from ∼130MW in the north-central Oregon Cascades to ∼6100MW in the Yellowstone region, and also document Yellowstone hydrothermal chloride and arsenic fluxes of 1740 and 15–20g/s, respectively. The discharge time series show little sensitivity to regional tectonic events such as earthquakes or inflation/deflation cycles. Most long-term monitoring to date has focused on high-chloride springs and low-temperature fumaroles. The relative stability of these features suggests that discharge measurements done as part of volcano-monitoring programs should focus instead on high-temperature fumaroles, which may be more immediately linked to the magmatic heat source.</abstract>
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<notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Conceptual model of the three types of thermal-discharge features discussed in the text: high-chloride springs; geothermal fumaroles and acid-sulfate springs; and volcanic fumaroles.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 2: Example showing how hot-spring discharge is calculated by solute-inventory methods. Here the discharge of Austin Hot Springs, Oregon (long. 122°00′30″, lat. 45°01′18″) on 8/15/85 was calculated based on the downstream increases in chloride and sodium and by using a two-component mixing model. In the mixing-model approach, the Na/Cl ratio of the thermal component was assumed to be that of the nearest hot spring, and the Na/Cl ratio of the non-thermal component was assumed to be 5.4 based on a linear least-squares fit to stream-chemistry data. Austin Hot Springs vents are located in and near the Clackamas River, which was flowing at 9400l/s at the time of sampling. All three variants of the solute-inventory method gave Qt=120l/s. After Ingebritsen et al., (1994).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 3: Location of sampling sites in the western United States.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 4: Relation between variability in excess Cl flux (standard deviation/mean) and the strength of the correlation between excess Cl flux and stream discharge (r2), showing that the largest variability tends to occur where Cl flux is well-correlated with stream discharge.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 5: Eight-year time series of excess Cl flux from sites exhibiting varying degrees of seasonality.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 6: Time series showing long-term trends in excess Cl flux.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 7: Map showing areas of thermal-fluid discharge and major streams in the Lassen region. ‘Steam-heated’ areas with fumaroles, acid-sulfate springs, and/or low-chloride conductively heated springs are shown as triangles (SW, Sulphur Works; LHSV; BH, Bumpass Hell; DB, Drakesbad; DK; BSL, Boiling Springs Lake; TG, Terminal Geyser). Areas with high-Cl thermal-liquid discharge are shown as solid circles (MHS, Morgan Hot Springs; GHS, Growler Hot Spring; DS, Domingo Spring).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 8: Relation between heat advected from Devils Kitchen in Hot Springs Creek and discharge of Hot Springs Creek, Lassen Volcanic National Park, 1922–1996.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 9: Relation between chloride concentration and stream discharge, Firehole River, Wyoming, and Falls River, Idaho. Left-hand panels show best polynomial fits to chloride vs. log streamflow (r2=0.84 for Firehole River, 0.87 for Falls River). Right-hand panels show residual chloride concentrations for each site based on departures from the best-fit polynomial. Measurements for which the absolute value of the residual chloride concentration exceeds two standard deviations of the residuals population are labeled with measurement dates. Measurements immediately preceding and following the main shock of the Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake (10/28/1983, M 7.3) are also date-labeled.</note>
<note type="content">Table 1: Chloride-flux data from selected high-chloride hot-spring systems in the western United States. Italicized type indicates sites having long-term trends in excess chloride-flux that are statistically significant at the 5% level</note>
<note type="content">Table 2: Mean advective heat flow through selected high-chloride hot-spring systems in the western United States. Values are averages for the periods of record indicated in Table 1. Subsurface temperatures are assumed constant</note>
<note type="content">Table 3: Heat-loss data from fumarolic areas in California. Sulphur Works, Little Hot Springs Valley, Bumpass Hell, and Devils Kitchen are ‘steam-heated’ geothermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park (see left-hand-side of conceptual model in Fig. 1). Mammoth Mountain fumarole is a low-temperature volcanic fumarole (right-hand side of Fig. 1). Values in parentheses in heat-loss column are percentages of total heat loss for that area under late-summer conditions; na denotes ‘not applicable’</note>
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<abstract lang="en">Abstract: We compiled time series of hydrothermal discharge consisting of 3593 chloride- or heat-flux measurements from 24 sites in the Yellowstone region, the northern Oregon Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, and Long Valley, California. At all of these sites the hydrothermal phenomena are believed to be as yet unaffected by human activity, though much of the data collection was driven by mandates to collect environmental-baseline data in anticipation of geothermal development. The time series average 19years in length and some of the Yellowstone sites have been monitored intermittently for over 30 years. Many sites show strong seasonality but few show clear long-term trends, and at most sites statistically significant decadal-scale trends are absent. Thus, the data provide robust estimates of advective heat flow ranging from ∼130MW in the north-central Oregon Cascades to ∼6100MW in the Yellowstone region, and also document Yellowstone hydrothermal chloride and arsenic fluxes of 1740 and 15–20g/s, respectively. The discharge time series show little sensitivity to regional tectonic events such as earthquakes or inflation/deflation cycles. Most long-term monitoring to date has focused on high-chloride springs and low-temperature fumaroles. The relative stability of these features suggests that discharge measurements done as part of volcano-monitoring programs should focus instead on high-temperature fumaroles, which may be more immediately linked to the magmatic heat source.</abstract>
<note type="content">Fig. 1: Conceptual model of the three types of thermal-discharge features discussed in the text: high-chloride springs; geothermal fumaroles and acid-sulfate springs; and volcanic fumaroles.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 2: Example showing how hot-spring discharge is calculated by solute-inventory methods. Here the discharge of Austin Hot Springs, Oregon (long. 122°00′30″, lat. 45°01′18″) on 8/15/85 was calculated based on the downstream increases in chloride and sodium and by using a two-component mixing model. In the mixing-model approach, the Na/Cl ratio of the thermal component was assumed to be that of the nearest hot spring, and the Na/Cl ratio of the non-thermal component was assumed to be 5.4 based on a linear least-squares fit to stream-chemistry data. Austin Hot Springs vents are located in and near the Clackamas River, which was flowing at 9400l/s at the time of sampling. All three variants of the solute-inventory method gave Qt=120l/s. After Ingebritsen et al., (1994).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 3: Location of sampling sites in the western United States.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 4: Relation between variability in excess Cl flux (standard deviation/mean) and the strength of the correlation between excess Cl flux and stream discharge (r2), showing that the largest variability tends to occur where Cl flux is well-correlated with stream discharge.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 5: Eight-year time series of excess Cl flux from sites exhibiting varying degrees of seasonality.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 6: Time series showing long-term trends in excess Cl flux.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 7: Map showing areas of thermal-fluid discharge and major streams in the Lassen region. ‘Steam-heated’ areas with fumaroles, acid-sulfate springs, and/or low-chloride conductively heated springs are shown as triangles (SW, Sulphur Works; LHSV; BH, Bumpass Hell; DB, Drakesbad; DK; BSL, Boiling Springs Lake; TG, Terminal Geyser). Areas with high-Cl thermal-liquid discharge are shown as solid circles (MHS, Morgan Hot Springs; GHS, Growler Hot Spring; DS, Domingo Spring).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 8: Relation between heat advected from Devils Kitchen in Hot Springs Creek and discharge of Hot Springs Creek, Lassen Volcanic National Park, 1922–1996.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 9: Relation between chloride concentration and stream discharge, Firehole River, Wyoming, and Falls River, Idaho. Left-hand panels show best polynomial fits to chloride vs. log streamflow (r2=0.84 for Firehole River, 0.87 for Falls River). Right-hand panels show residual chloride concentrations for each site based on departures from the best-fit polynomial. Measurements for which the absolute value of the residual chloride concentration exceeds two standard deviations of the residuals population are labeled with measurement dates. Measurements immediately preceding and following the main shock of the Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake (10/28/1983, M 7.3) are also date-labeled.</note>
<note type="content">Table 1: Chloride-flux data from selected high-chloride hot-spring systems in the western United States. Italicized type indicates sites having long-term trends in excess chloride-flux that are statistically significant at the 5% level</note>
<note type="content">Table 2: Mean advective heat flow through selected high-chloride hot-spring systems in the western United States. Values are averages for the periods of record indicated in Table 1. Subsurface temperatures are assumed constant</note>
<note type="content">Table 3: Heat-loss data from fumarolic areas in California. Sulphur Works, Little Hot Springs Valley, Bumpass Hell, and Devils Kitchen are ‘steam-heated’ geothermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park (see left-hand-side of conceptual model in Fig. 1). Mammoth Mountain fumarole is a low-temperature volcanic fumarole (right-hand side of Fig. 1). Values in parentheses in heat-loss column are percentages of total heat loss for that area under late-summer conditions; na denotes ‘not applicable’</note>
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